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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Effects of exposure regimen on changes in sensitivity to the effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior in rhesus monkeys.

It has been reported that conditions of drug exposure can influence changes in sensitivity to cocaine upon repeated administration. In the present experiment, the behavioral effects of prolonged exposure to continuous or intermittent infusion of cocaine were compared in rhesus monkeys responding under a multiple component fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food presentation. In order to quantify changes in sensitivity to cocaine, cumulative dose-response functions for acute cocaine were determined using a multiple schedule comprised of six 10-minute components separated by time-out periods of 3 minutes. Initially, cocaine decreased responding in a dose-related manner. Continuous infusion of cocaine (4 mg/kg per day) for a period of 4 weeks resulted in a 2- to 4-fold shift to the right in the cocaine dose-response function, i.e., tolerance developed. In contrast, when the same daily dose of cocaine was injected intermittently (1.0 mg/kg per injection) four times/day to different monkeys, there was no change in the effects of cocaine on responding. The present results support the notion that the dosing regimen is an important determinant of changes in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of cocaine. Additionally, since sensitization failed to develop upon intermittent administration of cocaine, behavioral baseline may play a role in changes in sensitivity to cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Nicotine-induced acute tolerance: studies involving schedule-controlled behavior.

The major goal of the present study was to examine acute tolerance to nicotine-induced disruption of operant behavior following a single, noncontingent injection. Rats were trained to lever press for food reinforcement under a fixed ratio-30 schedule. Once trained, rats were injected with either saline or nicotine (0.8 mg/kg) in their home cages. After either a 90- or 180-min delay, each rat was injected with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) and placed in the operant chamber for a 30-min behavioral evaluation session. This experiment was replicated with slight modifications 1 week later. The results of the present study suggest that 0.8 mg/kg of nicotine produces acute tolerance to the response rate decreasing effects of 0.4 mg/kg of nicotine. Because the tolerance-producing dose of nicotine was injected while rats were not in the test environment, they did not have an opportunity to practice the target behavior while under the influence of the drug. Hence, the acute tolerance observed in this study appears to be, at least partly, pharmacological (vs. behavioral) in nature, and may be related to a desensitization of central nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChRs).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of trialkyltins on the schedule-controlled behavior of the pigeon.

Male White Carneaux pigeons trained to respond for food under a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement were given single injections of trimethyltin (TMT), or triethyltin (TET). A dose of 0.3 mg/kg TMT produced no effect on behavior, while a 1.0 mg/kg dose was a threshold dose and 1.75 mg/kg produced behavioral changes that persisted for months in some birds. TMT produced effects on responding under the multiple schedule at approximately the same doses that produce neuronal damage in the hippocampus and the brain stem of the pigeon. Higher doses given to untrained birds produced signs of extensive neurological damage. A dose of 1.0 mg/kg of TET decreased rates of responding under both schedule components three hours after administration, but behavior usually had recovered by the next day. Doses of 3.0 and 5.6 mg/kg had similar effects, but responding did not recover for several days. Some birds showed significant rate increases, especially under the fixed-interval component several days to several weeks after TET administration. Doses greater than 10 mg/kg TET were lethal. Dose-effect curves for the effects of d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine and morphine on responding under the multiple schedule were determined for some birds before and one month after 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg of TMT. TMT shifted the dose-effect curve for d-amphetamine to the right, but it did not produce systematic changes in the dose-effect curves for morphine and chlorpromazine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short-term effects of paraoxon and atropine on schedule-controlled behavior in rats.

The effects of lethal (2.0 mg/kg) and high sublethal (1.3 mg/kg) dosages of the organophosphate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor paraoxon on FR10 performance rate was determined 1 and 2 days after intoxication. The lethal doses were antidoted with either centrally acting atropine sulfate (AS), or atropine methyl bromide (AMB) or atropine methyl nitrate (AMN), both quaternary salts and not expected to act centrally. AChE inhibition in the brain was about 35-60% on the second day after treatment. AS yielded a small transient depression in performance, while AMB and AMN yielded severe deficits, with incomplete recovery. Performance was depressed by 1.3 mg/kg paraoxon by 52% and 34% on days 1 and 2, respectively, while performance was more greatly depressed by the lethal dose, especially with the noncentrally acting antidotes: AS, 67 and 48%; AMB, 81 and 55%; AMN, 91 and 78%. However, a low dose of AS with 2 mg/kg paraoxon resulted in very severe, nonrecovering deficits. A lethal dose of the nonpersistent anti-AChE eserine sulfate, antidoted with a low dose of AS, yielded no deficits. Thus, a high level, acute intoxication with paraoxon yields behavioral deficits which are attenuated by high levels of a centrally acting muscarinic receptor antagonist. The paraoxon-induced performance deficits or their recovery do not correlate directly with AChE inhibition.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2006

Irt>t schedule controlled behavior in 'learned-helpless' rats: effects from a cannabinoid agonist.

Human depression is partly a congenital disorder. Aspects of the behavior accompanying depression can be magnified by genetic manipulation of bred animal species. Learned Helplessness (LH) is a trait-mark behavior that successfully breeds in rodents. Here, 'congenital' LH (cLH) rats were trained to recognize and respond to 12s long interval cues (irt>12s schedule). Rats compliant to an irt>t schedule will space responses evenly and respond rhythmically. Irt>t schedule derived data are plotted in histograms showing irt (interresponse time) frequencies. A pause response peak emerges, for outbred rats, at irt values approximating the minimum interval for reinforcement. cLH rats [n=9] complied poorly to schedule contingencies when diluent (vehicle) was injected before testing. Moderate and high dose injections of a CB 1 receptor selective agonist drug (AM 411), however, increased operant schedule compliance and normalized the cLH rats' irt>t histogram distributions. Performance indicators for cLH rats are presented alongside coordinate measures from a comparison group [n=5] of normally bred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In both cLH and SD rats, treatment session histograms revealed shifts of the pause response peak not accompanied by a change in motor responsiveness. The irt>12s histogram shifts were absent when AM 411 dosages were arranged to follow pre-medication injections of a CB 1 receptor selective antagonist drug (AM 251). In short, AM 411 increased timing acuity in rats prone to behavioral despair but had opposite timing effects in normally bred SD rats.

Adamantane↗
PubMed1998

Effect of once weekly treatment with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on schedule-controlled behavior in rats.

The present study examined the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), before and after once a week dosing, on the behavior of rats responding under a fixed ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement. Acutely, cumulative doses of MDMA dose-dependently decreased responding when compared to a series of water injections. Rats were then separated into two groups, one of which received only weekly MDMA ('paired') while the other received an additional injection of water each week ('unpaired'). Weekly dosing with MDMA resulted in significantly increased responding at low doses in the paired group but not in the unpaired group. When water injections were readministered there was a significant increase in responding in both groups. During the weekly regimen, locomotor activity also increased significantly over time after both water and MDMA injections. In conclusion, it appears that even weekly dosing with a small amount of MDMA can have long-lasting effects that are manifested in both operant and spontaneous behavior and that may be mediated by a conditioning mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Behavior control over aversive events: does control that requires effort reduce anxiety and physiological arousal?

Although it has been suggested that the ability to control (avoid) an aversive event will reduce arousal, it may be that the effort associated with exercising the control will offset the arousal reduction associated with avoidance. To determine whether the amount of effort required to control an aversive event influenced the amount of anxiety and physiological arousal associated with the aversive event, 89 subjects participated in a 3 (unavoidable threat, avoidable threat, no threat) X 2 (high-effort task performance, low-effort task performance) X 2 (anticipation period, performance period) factorial experiment. The results indicated that (a) the aversive event (threat of electrical shock) increased subjects' anxiety and physiological arousal; (b) exercising control was effective for decreasing subjects' anxiety to the non-threat level but only when low effort was required; (c) the prospect of control decreased subjects' physiological arousal to the no-threat level while the subjects were waiting to exercise control over the aversive event; however, (d) while actually exercising the control, subjects showed high physiological arousal like that of subjects who could not control the event. These findings impose important qualifications on the speculations concerning the influence of control.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1984

Behavioral control, aversive stimulus frequency, and pituitary-adrenal response.

Six females rats were trained to lever press under a free operant shock-postponement schedule. Each subject had a yoked control which received shock whenever the subject did. The shock-postponement interval (R-S) was varied from 5, 10, 20, 40, to 80 s over blocks of sessions. Corticosteroid levels were taken prior to training and before and after selected sessions. The rate of responding and the rate of shock were inversely related to the R-S interval. Corticosteroid levels were unrelated to the R-S parameter, although steroid samples taken during experimental periods were significantly elevated above preexperimental basal levels. Corticosteroid levels of avoidance subjects were significantly higher than basal levels at the beginning of a session. By the end of a session, these levels were significantly reduced, although still above basal levels. The results were reversed for the yoked control subjects. Their presession corticosteroid levels, although elevated over basal levels, were lower than postsession levels. The implication of these results for the notion that anticipation and control affect levels of arousal is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Environmental dependence of behavioral control mechanisms: effects of alcohol and information processing demands.

Studies show that alcohol increases a drinker's reliance on the environmental context for the maintenance of inhibitory and activational responding. The author of the present study examined additive effects of alcohol and cognitive load on the cue dependency of inhibitory and activational mechanisms of control. Adults received 0.0 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.65 g/kg alcohol and performed a cued go/no-go task that presented simple and complex go and no-go stimuli. Results showed that cue dependency of response inhibition increased as a function of dose, and this effect was similar across low and high cognitive load conditions. These findings are consistent with a capacity limitation account of alcohol impairment that could involve central or output stages of information processing.

Adult↗