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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Community-based disaster management during the 1997 Red River Flood in Canada.

This paper examines the relationship between community preparedness and response to natural disaster and their level and pattern of community development. This is done by investigating preparation and response to the 1997 Red River Flood by three rural communities in Manitoba, Canada. The communities were selected because of their different ethnic mix and associated level and pattern of community development. The hypothesis was supported that the level and pattern of community development affect community capacity to respond to flooding. Communities characterised by higher levels of physical, human and social capital were better prepared and more effective responders to the flood. However, where the pattern of community development was characterised by high levels of social capital, decision-making processes were complicated.

Community Networks↗
PubMed1995

Community partnership primary care: a new paradigm for primary care.

Primary care has become the focal point of health care reform. For too long primary care has been narrowly conceptualized as office-based care for common problems of individuals. In this article, a nurse practitioner describes a new model for primary care, community partnership primary care (CPPC), which moves beyond typical primary care practice to create what may be a new paradigm for primary care. This proposed new paradigm moves beyond older models of primary care into new dimensions of practice. The CPPC model emphasizes new roles for clinicians and a unique goal to foster the empowerment of individuals, families, and community. Innovative features of the CPPC model include blending a clinical role with a new area of practice called community practice. CPPC emphasizes new, innovative roles for nurse practitioners and nurses in community development and community empowerment activities. A 4-year funded project permitted the development and implementation of the CPPC model in an urban Hispanic community. This article provides an overview of the CPPC model and the initial steps of model implementation.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Incidence of hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in a rapidly developing Caribbean community: the St James survey, Trinidad.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence rates of hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in relation to ethnicity and other characteristics in a rapidly developing community. DESIGN: Prospective surveillance of a total community for five years. SUBJECTS: Cohort of 2491 men and women aged 35 to 69 years (79% response), of African, Indian and "other' (mainly Afro-European) descent. RESULTS: During surveillance, secular increases occurred in fasting blood glucose concentrations in both sexes and in body mass index (BMI) in men, with apparent secular reductions in systolic blood pressure in both sexes. Incidence rates of hypertension did not differ significantly with ethnicity, ranging between 33 and 41 per 1000 person-years in men and between 27 and 32 per 1000 person-years in women. In men, the incidence of diabetes (per 1000 person-years) in Indians (24) was significantly higher than in Africans (13) and others (11). In women, the diabetic incidence was similar to that for men in Indians (23) and Africans (14), but in others was twice that in men (21). In both sexes, weight gain was an important risk factor for hypertension, whereas risk of diabetes increased with BMI at baseline. The increased risk of diabetes in Indians among men was independent of baseline BMI and blood glucose. CONCLUSION: Apart from the increased risk of diabetes in Indians, ethnicity had no significant influence on incidence rates of hypertension and diabetes in Trinidad. Secular increases in blood glucose in both sexes and in BMI in men probably contributed to the concurrent increase in mortality from coronary heart disease in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Glasgow nursery-based caries experience, before and after a community development-based oral health programme's implementation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate NHS-based strategies likely to improve dental health and reduce inequalities in pre-5-year-old's oral health in Greater Glasgow, Scotland, by ecological study of community-based oral health promotion programmes in two of the area's most socio-economically deprived communities. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Following an initial health service-based Oral Health Needs Assessment (OHNA) in a severely deprived community, culturally relevant dental health promotion interventions were initiated with multidisciplinary collaborative networks. Ecological studies to monitor dental health involved cross-sectional caries epidemiology of nursery children aged 36-59 months at baseline (1995/96), after two (1997/98) and four years (1999/00), in the G22 (pilot) and G33 post code areas. These areas had similar socio-economic status (SES), i.e. severe social deprivation. RESULTS: At the outset, mean dmft scores in the pilot area for the age groups 36-47 months and 48-59 months were respectively 3.9 (95% CI 2.8 5.1) and 5.9 (95% CI 5.1-6.8), with the proportions of caries-free children being 38% and 17%, respectively. Reductions in mean dmft of 46% for the 36-47 month-olds and 37% for the 48-59 month-olds occurred in the pilot public health programme area over the four-year period; the proportions of caries-free children increased to 51% and 40%, respectively. During the first two years of the programme, increases in the mean dmft of 36-47 month- and 48-59 month-olds in the G33 (comparator) area were recorded. However, this trend was reversed significantly two years later following the introduction of a similar community development-based caries-prevention programme. CONCLUSION: While not being able to attribute causation, a programme of community development to promote the dental health of pre-school children residing in two socio-economically disadvantaged areas of Glasgow was associated with significant improvements in the dental health of these pre-school populations.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing community-academic partnerships to enhance breast health among rural and Hispanic migrant and seasonal farmworker women.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine effective strategies for building community-academic partnerships for the promotion of breast cancer education and outreach among rural and Hispanic migrant and seasonal farmworker women, mostly from Mexican descent. DATA SOURCES: Published research and education articles and books, community-education models, personal experiences, and community key informant feedback. DATA SYNTHESIS: Effective community partnerships for enhanced education and outreach include a framework based on a network of partners with common goals, communication processes based on trust, and bilingual/bicultural and culturally competent staff. CONCLUSIONS: A sustainable community partnership can be achieved through systematic but flexible approaches to community planning. Involvement of community members in the development and implementation of education and screening activities helps ensure that community needs are met. Relationships based on mutual respect are key. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can act as catalysts through community capacity building to create community-academic partnerships to reach medically underserved populations with cancer screening, outreach, and education through the delivery of strategies that are based on common goals.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

The GLBT Health Access Project: a state-funded effort to improve access to care.

The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender (GLBT) Health Access Project is a unique public-private collaboration working to eliminate barriers to health care for the GLBT community, foster development of comprehensive, culturally appropriate health promotion policies and health care services for GLBT people and their families, and expand appropriate data collection on GLBT health. Funded by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, the project developed community standards of practice for provision of quality health care services to GLBT clients. A health access training curriculum was developed and technical assistance was offered to health care providers implementing the standards, which cover personnel, clients' rights, intake and assessment, service delivery and planning, confidentiality, and community outreach and health promotion. Training participants (324 individuals from 89 agencies) reported positive though not statistically significant changes in attitude.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2001

Development of community- and state-based immunization registries. CDC response to a report from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee.

Immunization registries are confidential, population-based computerized systems that contain information regarding children's vaccinations. Registries provide a critical tool for increasing and sustaining vaccination coverage. A national health objective for 2010 is to increase to 95% the proportion of children aged <6 years who participate in fully operational population-based immunization registries. According to 2000 data, 24% of U.S. children are participating in population-based immunization registries. In 1998, to facilitate community- and state-based immunization registry development in the United States, the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) launched the Initiative on Immunization Registries. Through public hearings and parent focus groups, NVAC identified four concerns that needed to be addressed to increase registry participation: a) protecting each person's privacy and the confidentiality of registry information; b) ensuring participation of vaccination providers and recipients; c) overcoming technical and operational challenges; and d) determining resources needed to develop and maintain immunization registries. In January 1999, NVAC approved the report Development of Community- and State-Based Immunization Registries (available at ; accessed July 30, 2001). The following report summarizes NVAC's recommendations and describes CDC's National Immunization Program activities in response to NVAC's recommendations.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1994

[Mental health services in Japan: development of community care for mentally ill patients and their families].

Psychiatric care in Japan has received criticisms not only within Japan but from other parts of the world. In contrast, the services for the mentally ill in England are considered to be superior, despite serious criticisms. Psychiatric services in Japan and England are compared using government statistics. In Japan, the number of inpatients per 100,000 population has increased from the 1950s, while that of England has decreased since 1954. Since 1972 the prevalence of inpatients has been higher in Japan than in England. The history of psychiatric services in England where, after World War II, deinstitutionalization has been occurring is briefly described. For developing community care of the mentally ill in Japan, alternatives to inpatient care are thought to be important. These include primary care, day care and residential service in the community. Studies on families of mentally ill patients are crucial in community care and, among them, Expressed Emotion (EE) study is promising. Twenty cohort studies on EE and schizophrenic relapse, most of which successfully replicated the relationship between EE of the family and the course of the disease, are reviewed. Finally, some important aspects of EE study in Japan are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

An eye witness perspective of the changing patterns of food allergy.

Food allergy may affect the gastrointestinal tract of children and adults too, albeit less commonly. The changing clinico-pathological expression of such food allergy in children over a 30 year period is related, from the eye witness perspective of a paediatric gastroenterologist in London. Tissue diagnosis by biopsy, related to dietary elimination and challenge has been the basis for the first clinico-pathological descriptions and accurate clinical diagnosis of these syndromes as they affect the gastrointestinal tract. In the 1970s cow's milk sensitive enteropathy presenting as chronic diarrhoea and failure to thrive in infancy often after infective gastroenteritis, especially with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, was an important problem. By the late 1990s such presentations had become most uncommon in developed communities but they continue to occur in developing communities. By contrast in more recent times, multiple food allergy associated with minor small intestinal enteropathy and gastro-oesophageal reflux in older children has become an important clinical problem in children seen in developed communities. Accompanying these changes has been a dramatic fall in the number of children with clinically severe gastroenteritis with severe dehydration requiring hospital admission. Furthermore, the widespread diagnostic use of endoscopy of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract in children with multiple biopsies has expanded gastroenterological diagnosis in children. This approach gives information about the oesophagus and ileo-colon not available in the earlier studies, which largely concentrated upon small intestinal biopsies, obtained by Crosby capsule biopsy. So, over this 30 year period clinico-pathological expression has altered but also the diagnostic approach has technically changed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The making of an interdisciplinary partnership: the case of the Chicago Food System Collaborative.

Interdisciplinary partnerships foster innovation to address pressing social problems. This paper describes an interdisciplinary partnership called the Chicago Food System Collaborative (CFSC) composed of a team of partners from four academic institutions and three community-based organizations representing a total of eight disciplines that included: community development and community organizing, community psychology, geography, nursing, nutrition, public health, sociology, and urban planning and policy. Partners came together to address the issue of access to healthy foods and nutrition in a working class African American neighborhood. We analyze and discuss the core principles that guided the partnership and its impact across three dimensions: understanding through interdisciplinary action research, building capacity, and facilitating innovations in practices and policies. Despite the challenges of interdisciplinary partnerships, the potential benefits and impact of such efforts reflect their value as a comprehensive approach to addressing complex social problems.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Researching practice: the methodological case for narrative inquiry.

Research interest in the analysis of stories has increased as researchers in many disciplines endeavor to see the world through the eyes of others. We make the methodological case for narrative inquiry as a unique means to get inside the world of health promotion practice. We demonstrate how this form of inquiry may reveal what practitioners value most in and through their practice, and the indigenous theory or the cause-and-consequence thinking that governs their actions. Our examples draw on a unique data set, i.e. 2 two years' of diaries being kept by community development officers in eight communities engaged in a primary care and community development intervention to reduce postnatal depression and promote the physical health of recent mothers. Narrative inquiry examines the way a story is told by considering the positioning of the actor/storyteller, the endpoints, the supporting cast, the sequencing and the tension created by the revelation of some events, in preference to others. Narrative methods may provide special insights into the complexity of community intervention implementation over and above more familiar research methods.

Community Networks↗
PubMed2004

Influence of an oyster reef on development of the microbial heterotrophic community of an estuarine biofilm.

We characterized microbial biofilm communities developed over two very closely located but distinct benthic habitats in the Pensacola Bay estuary using two complementary cultivation-independent molecular techniques. Biofilms were grown for 7 days on glass slides held in racks 10 to 15 cm over an oyster reef and an adjacent muddy sand bottom. Total biomass and optical densities of dried biofilms showed dramatic differences for oyster reef versus non-oyster reef biofilms. This study assessed whether the observed spatial variation was reflected in the heterotrophic prokaryotic species composition. Genomic biofilm DNA from both locations was isolated and served as a template to amplify 16S rRNA genes with universal eubacterial primers. Fluorescently labeled PCR products were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, creating a genetic fingerprint of the composition of the microbial communities. Unlabeled PCR products were cloned in order to construct a clone library of 16S rRNA genes. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis was used to screen and define ribotypes. Partial sequences from unique ribotypes were compared with existing database entries to identify species and to construct phylogenetic trees representative of community structures. A pronounced difference in species richness and evenness was observed at the two sites. The biofilm community structure from the oyster reef setting had greater evenness and species richness than the one from the muddy sand bottom. The vast majority of the bacteria in the oyster reef biofilm were related to members of the gamma- and delta-subdivisions of Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium -Bacteroides cluster, and the phyla Planctomyces and Holophaga-Acidobacterium. The same groups were also present in the biofilm harvested at the muddy sand bottom, with the difference that nearly half of the community consisted of representatives of the Planctomyces phylum. Total species richness was estimated to be 417 for the oyster reef and 60 for the muddy sand bottom, with 10.5% of the total unique species identified being shared between habitats. The results suggest dramatic differences in habitat-specific microbial diversity that have implications for overall microbial diversity within estuaries.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A novel approach for addressing enrichment and exercise for dogs in a teaching institution.

The author describes a pilot Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) program that provides additional enrichment and exercise for beagles maintained for educational purposes. In addition, the program educates the community on research involving animals, provides positive interactions between the institution and the community, and develops community service skills in students.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

The meshing of youth development and community building.

Practitioners, policymakers, residents, workers, researchers, and even funders have an opportunity to merge their many practices into a more comprehensive and focused approach to change communities substantially. People are affiliated with a number of communities, and not just those with geographical definitions. There are communities based on gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, race, ethnicity, and institutions such as family and school. Building the bridges between youth development and community building and merging their principles and practices will create a force of change. This chapter lays the foundation for meshing the worlds of youth development and community building to make powerful connections that will be important to the community of youth and bring them into wider circles and forces that ultimately will be important to the adult community as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A conceptual model of community capacity development for health promotion in the Alberta Heart Health Project.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to derive a conceptual model of community capacity development for health promotion based on the 5-year demonstration phase of the Alberta Heart Health Project. METHOD: Community actions associated with successful implementation and uptake of initiatives in four diverse target sites were identified by case study evaluation. RESULTS: Thirteen common elements of capacity development were found across the projects and categorized to define three primary dimensions of the process: (a) leadership that provided a driving force for implementation, (b) policy making that ensured diffusion and sustainability, and (c) use of local community resources and infrastructure. A conceptual model was constructed using these 3 dimensions and their interactions. CONCLUSION: Effective implementation of community health initiatives to promote heart health can be conceptualized as the involvement of local leadership, policy advocacy, and enhancement of existing infrastructure. The model highlights building these dimensions of community capacity development for health promotion.

Alberta↗
PubMed1996

Dynamics of participation in a community health project.

Although the term 'participation' is widely used in discussing community development strategies, there has been relatively little said about the characteristics of 'participatory relationships', i.e. the interactions between community developers and those who stand to benefit from community development initiatives. There is seen to be a need for case studies which attempt to understand the relational and communicative processes involved in participatory development. The paper presents an analysis of the participatory dynamics of a community health development project. The principal source of data is interviews conducted with thirteen selected participants in the project. Analysis of interview data using a structured hermeneutic method led to a description of the meaning of participation for each of the participants interviewed. Further interpretation led to the identification of a number of modes of participation in the project as a whole. For each mode of participation descriptions were developed of how it was perceived by others not participating from that mode. An attempt was made to understand the dynamics of the project in terms of the relationship between the different modes of participation and in terms of the discrepancies between how participants saw themselves and how others saw them. Finally, these problems were discussed at a general theoretical level and suggestions were made about how such problems might be alleviated.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMed1996

The development of community care policy for the elderly: a comparative perspective.

A comparison of the development of community care for the elderly in the province of Ontario, Canada, and in the State of Israel is presented in the light of the economic constraints currently challenging the expansion of welfare state services. The inquiry identified several common issues regarding the nature of the policy mandate for long-term care delivered in the home, the structure of the service delivery system and matters concerning funding arrangements for community care. Issues that emerged in both settings include the relationship between health and social services in the delivery of care at the local level; the separation of purchaser and provider functions; the question of needs-driven versus service-driven social care provisions; accessibility concerns and the aspiration for one-stop entry to the delivery system; the growing involvement of the private sector in the delivery of domiciliary-based personal care services; and the relative paucity of current efforts to address the needs of family caregivers.

Aged↗