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The limited use of digital ink in the private-sector primary care physician's office.

Two of the greatest obstacles to the implementation of the standardized electronic medical record are physician and staff acceptance and the development of a complete standardized medical vocabulary. Physicians have found the familiar desktop computer environment cumbersome in the examination room and the coding and hierarchic structure of existing vocabulary inadequate. The author recommends the use of digital ink, the graphic form of the pen computer, in telephone messaging and as a supplement in the examination room encounter note. A key concept in this paper is that the development of a standard electronic medical record cannot occur without the thorough evaluation of the office environment and physicians' concerns. This approach reveals a role for digital ink in telephone messaging and as a supplement to the encounter note. It is hoped that the utilization of digital ink will foster greater physician participation in the development of the electronic medical record.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Enterprise digital assistants: the progression of wireless clinical computing.

By virtue of increasingly pervasive wireless connectivity, the proliferation of wireless handheld devices in clinical care is rapidly transforming the concept of the personal digital assistant (PDA) to the enterprise digital assistant (EDA). Wireless handheld devices are becoming extensions of the central hospital information system, in which it's understood that the health care enterprise, not the clinician carrying the information-dispensing device, owns the data. The practical implication for clinicians is that, despite the potential long-term benefits of seamless, just-in-time clinical data access, this paradigm shift portends decreased efficiency in the short term, as clinicians duplicate clinical data collection on private devices. Assuming eventual clinician acceptance, EDAs can form the basis of a national real-time clinical data acquisition system that ensures uniform prescribing, decision support, and diagnosis, and the means for tracking unusual disease presentation patterns that could be indicative of bioterrorism or natural disease outbreaks.

Computer Communication Networks↗

A novel accelerometer tilt switch device for switch actuation in the patient with profound disability.

We describe the design and operation of a new switch that can be operated by patients with severely limited movement. The basis for the switch is an inexpensive single-chip accelerometer device. The switch responds to a relatively rapid rotation of the active components. We have ensured that the sensitivity of the switch device is adjustable over a wide range. The device automatically adjusts for changes in attitude of the device that result from a patient changing posture. We show that the device can operate in a wide range of attitudes. We describe 2 case studies in which the switch was successfully used as a head tilt switch.

Acceleration↗

Experimental comparisons of data entry by automated speech recognition, keyboard, and mouse.

In a series of experiments isolated-word automated speech recognition (ASR) was compared with keyboard and mouse interfaces for three data entry tasks: textual phrase entry, selection from a list, and numerical data entry. To effect fair comparisons, the tasks were designed to minimize the transaction cycle for each input mode and data type, and the main comparisons used times from only correct data entries. With the hardware and software employed the results indicate that for inputting short phrases, ASR competes only if the typist's speed is below 45 words per minute. For selecting an item from a list, ASR offers an advantage only if the list length exceeds 15 items. For entering numerical data, ASR offers no advantage over keypad or mouse. An extrapolation to latency-free ASR suggests that even as hardware and software become faster, human factors will dominate and the results would shift only slightly in favor of ASR.

Computer Peripherals↗

Computed tomography in deep-seated peripheral neurofibromas.

Seven peripheral deep-seated neurofibromas in five patients were examined by computed tomography (CT). This proved to be the most helpful investigation for demonstrating the precise size, shape and localisation of the lesion prior to surgery. In some cases CT may suggest the correct diagnosis where this has not previously been considered.

Adult↗

Reduction in size of digital images: does it lead to less detectability or loss of diagnostic information? .

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the effect of reduction in size of digital images on diagnostic outcome. METHODS: A series of 100 Visualix III (Gendex Dental Systems, Milano, Italy; Dentsply, Des Plaines, IL, USA) images was made of size 10 and 15 endodontic files in upper and lower (pre)molars. Three forms of image were created: (a) the original images, (b) reduced to one-half (containing one-quarter of the information of the original, and (c) zoomed-in, half-size images (magnification 2:1; original image size but with only one-quarter of the original information). Seven radiologists were asked to rate the position of the tip of the file, using a five-point confidence scale. ROC data were analysed by means of MANOVA statistics. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the three image modalities for both size 10 (P < 0.005), and size 15 (P < 0.021) files. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in size of digital images may cause less detectability as well as loss of diagnostic information.

Computer Peripherals↗

Data capture workstations, scanned forms, and pen-based systems for clinician use.

Data capture is the most difficult aspect of creating an automated medical record. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (V.A.) is developing, testing and evaluating the benefits of a number of data capture technologies, including physician's workstations, scanned forms, and pen-based system as an aid to medical data capture in the outpatient clinic environment. The software being used for physician data entry, which supports a variety of data capture devices, will be demonstrated.

Computer Peripherals↗

Comparison of the treatment effects of ossein-hydroxyapatite compound and calcium carbonate in osteoporotic females.

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether ossein-hydroxyapatite (OHC) is more effective than calcium carbonate (CC) in preventing further bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Forty osteoporotic patients were monitored for 20 months. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups and treated in a double-masked manner with 1400 mg calcium per day, in the form of either OHC or CC. OHC consists of hydroxyapatite, collagens and non-collagenous proteins/peptides containing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; 1341 ng), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II; 670 ng), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta; 166 ng) and osteocalcin (47 micrograms). The bone densities were evaluated at intervals of 4 months with high-precision peripheral quantitative computed tomography. After 20 months of treatment the loss of trabecular bone was 0.8 +/- 0.5% in the OHC group and 1.8 +/- 0.7% in the CC group. The difference between the OHC and CC groups was statistically significant. This study shows that OHC is more effective than CC in slowing peripheral trabecular bone loss in patients with manifest osteoporosis.

Aged↗

Action potential classification with dual channel intrafascicular electrodes.

Using recordings of peripheral nerve activity made with carbon fiber intrafascicular electrodes, we compared the performance of three different recording techniques (single channel, differential, and dual channel) and four different unit classification methods (linear discriminant analysis, template matching, a novel time amplitude windowing technique, and neural networks) in terms of errors in waveform classification and artifact rejection. Dual channel recording provided uniformly superior unit separability, neural networks gave the lowest classification error rates, and template matching had the best artifact rejection performance.

Action Potentials↗

Artificial neural networks for discriminating pathologic from normal peripheral vascular tissue.

The identification of the state of human peripheral vascular tissue by using artificial neural networks is discussed in this paper. Two different laser emission lines (He-Cd, Ar+) are used to excite the chromophores of tissue samples. The fluorescence spectrum obtained, is passed through a nonlinear filter based on a high-order (HO) neural network neural network (NN) [HONN] whose weights are updated by stable learning laws, to perform feature extraction. The values of the feature vector reveal information regarding the tissue state. Then a classical multilayer perceptron is employed to serve as a classifier of the feature vector, giving 100% successful results for the specific data set considered. Our method achieves not only the discrimination between normal and pathologic human tissue, but also the successful discrimination between the different types of pathologic tissue (fibrous, calcified). Furthermore, the small time needed to acquire and analyze the fluorescence spectra together with the high rates of success, proves our method very attractive for real-time applications.

Arteriosclerosis↗

Computer usage with cold hands; an experiment with pointing devices.

Computers are used in the outdoors and in connection with cold store work. Cold hand and fingers limit data input, as studied here. Six input devices; trackballs, pens, and a mouse were tested by 19 participants in a Fitts' target acquisition task with 2 target sizes under 2 experimental conditions; warm and cold right hand. Measures were acquisition times, number of errors, participant's preferences, and observed handling of the devices. Effects of device, target size, and cold were significant. Learning and attempts to improve handgrip were confirmed. Large enough targets, a thick pen, and a mouse make computer work practicable in the cold. Direct visual feedback, as with pen on template with target images, shortened acquisition times by half a second.

Adult↗

Computed tomography correlation in atypical (peripheral) right upper lobe collapse: the minor fissure as an explanation for the pleural-based density.

Peripheral right upper lobe collapse describes the unusual plain film finding in which the collapsed lobe simulates a peripheral, pleural-based mass. Most investigators have postulated that the peripheral opacity is explained by the interface between the superior segment of the lower lobe and the posterior aspect of the collapsed upper lobe, which does not swing as far medial as in the normal pattern of collapse. In our patient, using computed tomography (CT) correlation, we demonstrated that the finding is explained by the interface between the middle lobe and the anterior aspect of the collapsed upper lobe.

Humans↗

Assistance in the palm of your hand. Portable technology can free physicians from billing and coding chains.

PROBLEM: Paper-based billing system required unmanageable amount of paper, time and work. SOLUTION: Integration of handheld devices with ASP-based charge capture service. RESULTS: Increased accuracy in billing information, reduced incidence of denied claims, faster reimbursement, more accurate view of financial status. KEYS TO SUCCESS: The technology's ease of use, varied capabilities and early benefits.

Accounts Payable and Receivable↗

[Selection criteria for dental software].

Dentists who wish to introduce a computer based patient record system in their office are confronted with a lack of information concerning the selection of dental software. As wishes and demands concerning the content and options given by a dental computer program can vary widely from dentist to dentist and as dental software is changing rapidly a global objective evaluation is of no practical validity. Therefore a list of general and specific selection criteria was developed, enabling the practitioner to make a personal, objective comparison of quality of content versus wishes, price and service of different dental software programs. The criteria are discussed in this article.

Computer Peripherals↗

Examining the symptom experience of hospitalized patients using a pen-based computer.

The purposes of this study were to test the feasibility of using a pen-based computer to capture self-reported symptom data, to evaluate the system, and to evaluate the importance of obtaining symptom data. The sample included 72 patients who were hospitalized for a variety of medical conditions. Self-reported symptom data was obtained with the automated Sign and Symptom Checklist. The feasibility of using an automated symptom checklist to capture self-reported symptom data was demonstrated. Patients' evaluations of the ease of use and the format of the system were primarily positive; mean ratings ranged from 4.58 to 4.70 on a 5-point scale. Patients indicated the importance of documenting symptoms, with a few suggesting that the use of an automated symptom checklist may increase communication between providers and patients. Study findings support the inclusion of self-reported symptom data in electronic health records and national health care databases.

Attitude to Computers↗

Accessing oncology information at the point of care: experience using speech, pen, and 3-D interfaces with a knowledge server.

Oncologists' information needs arise at diverse times and settings. For example: "Is superior vena cava syndrome a medical emergency?" Our collaborative group is developing a system that supports an interface with combinations of spoken, gestural, and simulated three-dimensional manipulation to help an oncologist focus on the information need, not the system. The system requires a small amount of input from the oncologist, and then anticipates what information is pertinent to the patient at hand, based on the sources it has available. The system makes use of a "Knowledge Server" to find relevant information. The Knowledge Server uses selected data for the particular patient from a Computer-based Patient Record (CPR) to provide context for the information needs. The Knowledge Server leverages the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) resources as well as relevant communications standards. A layered, interaction protocol is used to help manage the fulfillment of information needs. Each of the oncology knowledge sources is transformed into a uniform representation that utilizes both its formal schema (e.g., its table of contents) and its concepts and words indexed through the UMLS Metathesaurus. Our focus on the appropriate use of information from a CPR, and on anticipating oncologists' information needs, resulted from our study of several longitudinal patient scenarios. We believe that our use of scenario-based design techniques will help to ensure the system's success.

California↗