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PubMed2005

Evidence for classically conditioned fatigue responses in patients receiving chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer.

Fatigue is the most common side effect of chemotherapy for cancer. Not yet explored is the possibility that patients may develop conditioned fatigue responses to clinic cues as a result of the repeated pairing of the clinic environment (conditioned stimulus) with infusions of chemotherapy (unconditioned stimulus) that cause fatigue (unconditioned response). As a first critical test of this possibility, breast cancer patients (N = 82) were studied across their first four cycles of chemotherapy. Consistent with conditioning: (1) fatigue levels in the clinic environment significantly increased with repeated pairings of the clinic environment and chemotherapy administration; (2) fatigue responses in the clinic environment prior to the fourth infusion (CR) were predicted by patients' previous experiences of post-infusion fatigue (UR) above and beyond effects of concurrent emotional distress. These results provide the first evidence in the literature that fatigue can be conditioned. Additional research is warranted to determine the clinical importance of this source of fatigue in chemotherapy patients.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1981

The dichotomy between classical conditioned and cognitively learned anxiety.

This paper describes how fears develop on the basis of one or other of two distinct processes--direct autonomic conditioning or the establishment of new cognitive associations to already existing fears. The dichotomy relates both to the appropriate fears of everyday life and to neurotic fears. In the case of the latter, the appropriate treatment procedure should be dictated by the fear basis that behavior analysis reveals. Failure to carry out such analysis is the reason for much confusion and inconclusiveness in therapeutic outcome studies. A retrospective survey of anxiety cases revealed that one-third of their fears were cognitively based and two-thirds due to autonomic conditioning. A study of a clinical population on the basis of a questionnaire designed to separate between cognitively based and conditioned fears has shown the expected bi-modal distribution. These findings undercut the conditioning versus cognition controversy on the causation of neurotic fears.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Information processing and classical conditioning: implications for exposure therapy and the integration of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy.

This article reviews Wagner's standard operating procedures (SOP) model, an information processing model of conditioning, and some of its supporting evidence. The implications of this model for behavior therapy are explored. Applying the SOP model to the anxiety reduction technique of exposure, it is predicted that: (1) rehearsal and attention-focusing should facilitate whereas distraction should attenuate the long-term benefits of exposure; and (2) successful exposure therapy should be associated with a demonstrable allocation of cognitive processing resources and indications of enhanced elaborative processing of the feared stimuli. At a more general level, the SOP model may provide a bridge between traditional behavior therapy techniques and the principles that underly cognitive therapy. That is, the SOP model suggests that even those behavior therapy techniques which represent the most straightforward applications of conditioning procedures can be seen as being mediated by information processing mechanisms.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Unit activity of the septo-hippocampal system in classical conditioning with rewarding brain stimulation.

Neuronal activity in dentate, hippocampus, septum and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was recorded with chronically implanted electrodes in rats. Responses to tone were measured before and after differential conditioning reinforced by rewarding brain stimulation. Differential unit response changes were found in hippocampus and MFB. The hippocampal response was enhanced in the early phase to the CS+ and gradually subsided. A similar pattern was obtained in the dentate, with a less remarkable differentiation. In contrast, MFB showed sustained enhancement to the CS+ during the whole period, but not to the CS--. It was proposed that the CS-UCS connection was formed in the MFB after conditioning, and that this connection had an effect that was the activation of this system by the CS+ itself.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Cerebellar vermis: essential for classically conditioned bradycardia in the rat.

The effects of lesions of the cerebellar vermis on the acquisition of heart-rate conditioning in rats was examined. Lesions of the vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of conditioned bradycardic responses in a simple conditioning procedure in restrained rats. Importantly, the vermal lesions did not affect resting heart-rate, unconditioned heart-rate orienting responses to a tone stimulus or unconditioned heart-rate responses to the shock unconditioned stimulus. It is concluded that the cerebellar vermis is an essential component of a heart-rate conditioned response circuit in the rat. The similarities between these effects and those following manipulations of the amygdala are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Septal unit activity during classical conditioning: a regional comparison.

Single unit activity was recorded from the lateral and medial septum of rats during aversive Pavlovian differential conditioning. One conditioned stimulus (CS+) was consistently paired with and another (CS-) was explicitly unpaired with a brief shock unconditioned stimulus (US). In the lateral septum single unit activity generally increased in the presence of a conditioned inhibitor of fear (CS-), while unit activity generally decreased in the presence of a conditioned excitor of fear (CS+). Responses in the medial septum were more heterogeneous. Many cells did not show plastic changes to the CSs, others showed responses to the conditioned stimuli opposite to that seen in the lateral septum. A small group of cells showed responses similar to that seen in the lateral septum. Finally, theta bursting cells were seen in the medial septum with some evidence of increased theta activity in the presence of a conditioned inhibitor of fear (CS-). The results were interpreted as consistent with the proposition that the lateral septum mediates the inhibition of aversive emotional states. The medial septum may have some involvement with the activation of fear or anxiety.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Hippocampectomy disrupts the topography of the rat eyeblink response during acquisition and extinction of classical conditioning.

The effect of hippocampal lesions on acquisition and extinction of eyeblink conditioning in rats was examined with the procedure described by Schmajuk and Christiansen (Physiol. Behav., 48 (1990) 755-758). Male Long-Evans rats received either sham, cortical control or hippocampal lesions. Animals were trained in a delay conditioning paradigm with a 500-ms, 98-dB, white noise conditioned stimulus; a 150-ms, 5-psi air puff unconditioned stimulus; a 350-ms interstimulus interval; and a 60-s average intertrial interval. Each animal received 50 trials daily until it reached a criterion of 80% conditioned responses (CR) on a given day. After acquisition criterion was reached, extinction began the next day and continued until each animal achieved a criterion of one CR in a block of 10 consecutive trials. Although hippocampal lesions affected neither acquisition nor extinction rates, hippocampal lesioned animals showed significantly shorter CR onset latency during acquisition and extinction, and larger CR peak amplitude during acquisition. The results are discussed in terms of hippocampal modulation of cerebellar learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Simultaneous single unit recording in the medial nucleus of the medial geniculate nucleus and amygdaloid central nucleus throughout habituation, acquisition, and extinction of the rabbit's classically conditioned heart rate.

The present study examined single neuron activity in the medial nucleus of the medial geniculate (mMG) and amygdaloid central nucleus (ACe) simultaneously across several phases of differential heart rate conditioning (habituation, acquisition, and extinction). Within the same animals, the magnitude of mMG and ACe unit responses to two tone conditioned stimuli (CS) exhibited habituation, differential acquisition, and extinction. Neurons in each area developed a differential response latency to the CSs during acquisition, suggesting that mMG and ACe may be involved in changes of synaptic efficacy. Units in both areas rapidly developed a differential response magnitude to the CSs (< 6 acquisition trials), however, mMG units responded to the CSs with a shorter latency than ACe units across all phases of training. This suggests that unlearned and learned CS information may access mMG before ACe. These results are consistent with the notion that conditioning-induced plasticity which occurs in mMG may influence the conditioning-induced plasticity that occurs further downstream in the amygdala.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Rotational behavior as a classically conditioned response to pentobarbital administration.

Pentobarbital stimulus control of rotational behavior was investigated in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of substantia nigra. In conditioning trials, lesioned rats were injected simultaneously with 10 mg/kg pentobarbital and 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine and their rotational (circling) behavior observed and counted. Subsequent to three consecutive daily conditioning sessions, animals were re-introduced to the rotation environment and tested with saline or pentobarbital. Pentobarbital, but not saline, administration was followed by a brief epoch of rapid contralateral rotation. After additional conditioning trials in which pentobarbital and apomorphine administration were paired, test sessions with 1 g/kg ethanol and with 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide were conducted. Most animals did not rotate in response to ethanol administration and most did rotate in response to chlordiazepoxide. Finally, in order to determine the persistence of the conditioned effect, animals were tested with pentobarbital 15 weeks after their last conditioning session and were found to rotate actively in response.

Animals↗