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PubMed1989

[An epidemiologic survey of caries frequency and periodontal status in children 6 to 15 years of age in 11 provincial regions in central France, Bourgogne and the Ile de France].

An epidemiological survey of dental caries and periodontal conditions was conducted on 2,022 children in eleven french "departments" of Center of France and part of Bourgogne and lle de France. It showed a dft of 3.03 and dfs of 4.83 at the age of 6 years, as well as an increasing DMFT from 0.65 at the age of 6 to 7.26 at the age of 15. The DMFS increased from 0.91 at 6 years to 12.31 at the age of 15. The calculus index increased steadily from 0.14 at the age of 6 to 0.64 at the age of 15. The gingival index increased from 0.27 in the 6 year old, to 0.55 in the 15 year old.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A low concentration of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI in whole saliva is associated with caries prevalence.

Carbonic anhydrases maintain pH homeostasis in various tissues of the human body by catalyzing the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O <=> HCO3- + H+. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) is secreted into human saliva by the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. Although it represents about 3% of the total protein in stimulated parotid saliva, its exact physiological significance in the saliva has not been established. In the present study, saliva samples were collected under strictly controlled conditions from young, healthy men and assayed for CA VI concentrations using a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Salivary secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, alpha-amylase activity levels, lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts were also determined, and the results were correlated with the dental status of the subjects. Salivary CA VI concentration, pH and buffering capacity values correlated negatively with the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT index). The correlations between salivary CA VI concentration and DMFT index were most significant in subjects with poor oral hygiene. No correlation was found between salivary CA VI concentration and lactobacillus or Streptococcus mutans counts. As predicted, salivary lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts showed a close positive correlation with the DMFT index. In contrast, no significant correlation was seen between salivary secretion rate or amylase activity and the DMFT index. The present results indicate that low salivary CA VI concentrations are associated with increased caries prevalence, particularly in subjects with neglected oral hygiene.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Effect of partial substitution of invert sugar for sucrose in combination with Duraphat treatment on caries development in preschool children: the Malmö Study.

The aim was to study the effect of substitution of invert sugar for sucrose, in combination with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) treatment twice a year, on caries development in preschool children. One hundred and eighty-seven 4-years-olds were divided randomly into four sugar groups: (1) sucrose (S), (2) sucrose-Duraphat (SD), (3) invert sugar (I), and (4) invert sugar-Duraphat (ID). All families were asked to buy beverages, biscuits, breakfast cereals, marmalade, ice cream, jam, ketchup, sweets and table sugar, totally 32 different food items, sweetened with invert sugar or sucrose. The substitution was, thus, restricted to a number of sugar-rich between-meal products. The study was carried out double-blind for 2 years. The children of those parents who did not want to participate in the sugar groups were divided randomly into one of the following two groups: (5) Duraphat (D), and control (C). Because of lack of cooperation, only 114 of the 187 children (61%) were considered to have completed the study. The mean caries increment, including initial lesions, was 3.86 dmfs in the combined groups S and SD (n = 63) and 3.10 dmfs in the combined groups I and ID (n = 51) during the 2 years (p = 0.34). The corresponding values for the 2nd year only were 1.84 and 0.67 dmfs, respectively (p = 0.09). The mean caries increment was 2.86 dmfs in group D (n = 113) and 4.10 dmfs (p = 0.08) in group C (n = 93). If initial caries lesions were excluded from the index, the difference between groups D and C was significant (p = 0.008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cariogenic Agents↗

PubMed1991

[Community trial for the evaluation of the fluoride mouthwash program among students in Palma de Mallorca].

It is presented the assessment of the weekly fluoride mouthwash program conducted among public primary school students in Palma de Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. It was carried out with students of 5th year (aged 10 years old) who had been participating in the program for four years. The prevalence of caries according to the CFLT index (Cavity Filling Lost Tooth) in those students who followed the program is compared with the rest of the 5th year students to whom the program was not applied. According to the CFLT index, the difference noticed between the two groups was 21.15%. This caused a 0.52% reduction of decayed pieces per child following the program. In the same way, the restoration index is 50% higher in the group of intervention than in that of control.

Child↗

PubMed1989

[Caries, gingivitis and periodontitis in l2- to 14-year olds under conditions of sugar restriction--research on type-1 diabetics].

In observing medical prescriptions the therapeutic diet of the diabetic children is a model of stomatologic preventive behaviour of nutrition. Compared are clinical dental statements of children, differently long diseased on diabetes mellitus and those with healthy metabolism of the same age. After 5 years restriction of sugar the dental statements of diabetic children show a third less carious destruction then the group in comparison. Gingivitis are widely spread in this group of age, but after the criteria of the sulcus-bleeding index they are less marked distinctly. Bone destructions of the marginal periodontium can be observed on bite-wing-radiograms of lateral teeth at 5.7% of patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[An orodental epidemiologic survey conducted in the school environment in the Great Southwest of France].

Within the framework of a national epidemiological study, a regional study of the oral conditions of a representative survey of 1174 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years, was conducted in the south-west Region of France. This Region studied by the Dental School of Bordeaux comprised the departments of Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Charente and Charente-Maritime. Only 8.8% of the 15 years old children were caries free. The mean DMFT was 4.3 at age 12 years whereas the mean DMFS at the same age was 6.6. At the age of 15, these indices reached respectively the values of 6.5 and 11.4. The most affected sites were the pits and fissures, followed by the approximal and smooth surfaces (respectively 59.3%, 25.4% and 15.3% at age 15). The plaque index varied only slightly around 0.9, whereas the calculus index increased regularly from 0.0 to 0.4 between the ages of 6 to 15 years. The gingival index, which was 0.1 at age 6, remained stable around 0.3 between 8 and 15 years of age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[Status of the teeth and degree of care in handicapped in Flanders].

In general, handicapped 12-year old do not show statistical relevant differences with non-handicapped age-matched children in Flanders regarding general caries prevalence, caries distribution and total caries experience. However, important differences were found for the restorative index showing a higher caries treatment need in handicapped children. When the results were analysed according to the type of handicapping condition, it was seen that children with borderline and mild mental handicap and children with speech-, language and/or learning difficulties show the most unfavorable picture. They have a high caries prevalence and caries experience and a low restorative index. Additional analysis of the results can throw some light on the presence of additional caries risk indicators and contributing caries risk factors.

Belgium↗

PubMed2004

[The current applicability of Viegas simplified indices to dental caries epidemiological surveys].

The aim of this study was to verify whether two simplified Viegas indices, "Method One" and "Method Two", could be recommended for epidemiological surveys. The sample was obtained from secondary data for 29 cities, totaling 2,378 epidemiological tests in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Considering mean DMFT in each city, three prevalence groups were obtained (low, moderate, and high), calculating the estimated value of simplified indices in each group. Moderate correlation in the three prevalence groups and similarity among the mean DMFT was found in "Method One", which describes first molar caries experience (p < 0.05). "Method Two", which in addition to first molar caries experience included upper central incisor caries experience, showed similarity in mean DMFT only in low caries prevalence. The results allow one to conclude that the "Method One" simplified index can be used with low, moderate, and high dental caries prevalence, showing the first molar as an important indicator of caries level in populations.

Brazil↗

PubMed2005

Estimation of salivary bacteria capable of inhibiting and stimulating Streptococcus mutans and its correlation to dental caries and untreated carious teeth.

Bacteriocins are bacteriocidal proteinaceous molecules produced by the Gram-positive bacteria not active against the produced strain. Many investigations have revealed that certain bacteria using antibacterial or the inhibitory substance inhibit some other bacteria. A study was conducted in a group of 60 children to ascertain whether any correlation exists between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting and stimulating Streptococcus mutans and the oral health indices (DMFT, deft and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs). A definite inverse correlation was observed between the percentage of salivary inhibiting S. mutans and untreated carious teeth (UCT).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The relationship between deprivation, ethnicity and dental health in 5-year-old children in Leeds, UK.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between material deprivation, ethnicity, dental health and related behaviour in the five-year-old population of Leeds. DESIGN: Analytical survey using a stratified cluster sample of primary schools and a questionnaire to parents. Children were assigned to one of five bands according to the ranking of the Townsend deprivation index for the census enumeration district in which they lived. Standard clinical criteria were used. SETTING: Clinical examinations were carried out in school by four trained and calibrated examiners. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand six hundred and seventy seven children were examined and 1881 parental questionnaires were returned (70 per cent response). OUTCOME MEASURES: Caries experience expressed as mean dmft. RESULTS: Caries experience increased significantly with deprivation. Deprivation gradients were found in reported dental visiting, parental dental attendance and use of the Community Dental Service. Differences in caries experience between ethnic groups were independent of deprivation score with Asian children from the most deprived districts having a higher mean dmft than their white Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean counterparts (4.80, 3.21, 2.00; P < 0.001). Muslim Asians had significantly higher (P < 0.001) caries experience (dmft = 4.63) than non-Muslim Asians (dmft = 2.08) and the difference was maintained when the effect of deprivation was controlled (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Townsend index is a useful indicator of dental health and related behaviour among populations but does not explain variations between ethnic groups.

Asia↗

PubMed1997

The dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in the United Kingdom. Surveys coordinated by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in 1995/96.

This paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 172,659 five-year-old children from across the United Kingdom. These 1995/96 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. The criteria and conventions of the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry were used. Representative samples were drawn from participating Health Authorities and Boards and caries was diagnosed at the caries into dentine (d3) threshold using a visual method without radiography or fibre-optic transillumination. The results demonstrated once again a wide variation in prevalence across the United Kingdom, with mean values for d3 mft for the current English regions (of the National Health Service) and the other UK territories ranging from 1.08 in the West Midlands to 3.04 in Northern Ireland. The mean value for d3mft across the United Kingdom was 1.84 (d3t = 1.32, mt = 0.30, ft = 0.22). Overall, 44 per cent of children had evidence of caries experience at the dentinal level of detection (d3mft > 0), although the means ranged between 33 per cent (West Midlands) and 63 per cent (Northern Ireland). Trends over time demonstrate a modest improvement of 6.7 per cent in overall d3mft for Great Britain since 1993/94, compared with the modest deterioration seen two years previously. Over recent years the overall trend in this age group seems to be flat, with evidence that there are minor deviations above and below a plateau value. However, there have been some changes. Both dt and the proportion with d > 0 have increased while ft and care index have fallen. The number of fillings provided in 1995/96, and thus the care index, remain low (UK mean care index = 12 per cent, regional/country means range from 8-20 per cent). These findings demonstrate the continuing need for more effective preventive and treatment services for this important age group.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2000

Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds.

AIM: To describe a new index, the 'Significant Caries Index' (SiC Index) with the intention of focusing attention on those individuals with the highest caries scores in each population. METHOD: Attention is drawn to the skewed distribution of dental caries within a given population, indicating that there are still large groups of individuals who have considerably more caries than the WHO/FDI target level of DMFT 3 by the year 2000. The index is calculated as follows: individuals are sorted according to their DMFT values. The one third of the population with the highest caries score is selected and the mean DMFT for this subgroup is calculated. This value constitutes the SiC Index. RESULTS: The SiC Index can be easily calculated and used as a measure for future oral health goals. CONCLUSION: The SiC Index should be less than 3 DMFT in the 12-year-olds in a given population and it is hoped that this global oral health goal is reached at the latest by the year 2015.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Restorative care and economic wealth: a global perspective.

There are increasing numbers of reports of inequalities in access to, and the provision of, restorative care that may be related to economic factors. This brief communication reports an investigation as to whether a relationship may be established between the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), the average number of filled teeth (FT) and the Care Index (CI) for 35-44-year-old adults in different countries. It is concluded that a direct proportional relationship does exist for the countries investigated in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Caries in Croatian Army recruits in 2000].

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health of Croatian army recruits, and subsequently, by DMFT index and FST index, to point to dental status of each recruit and to make the diagnosis and treatment plan accordingly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 248 randomly chosen Croatian Army recruits aged 19-29 underwent examination at a dental office in Koprivnica barracks. Their oral health status was clinically observed and evaluated by use of DMFT and FST indexes. The quality of dental treatment and number of restorations were estimated according to the formula: FTx100/DFT. The study included recruits who had no decayed teeth (DMFT=0), and all teeth, apart from wisdom teeth, were examined. The subjects were divided according to age and place of residence (urban, rural), all of them living in central Croatian counties. They were also interviewed about their dietary habits, and personal oral and dental care. The methods of nonparameter statistics were used due to abnormal data distribution. RESULTS: Healthy teeth were found in 4% of study subjects. The median value of DMFT was 6, and of FST index 25. There were no statistically significant differences in the indices according to either residence or age of recruits. A statistically significant difference was recorded between DT and FST index (p<0.05) according to educational level and understanding of the dietary role of carbohydrates reflected in caries development. Restorations were present in 18.6% of the recruits, i. e. their teeth were well treated, without any further carious lesions. DISCUSSION: The results of epidemiological studies, carried out in many countries, have revealed a decreased number of caries resulting from overall preventive measures that were taken from early childhood. Specific socioeconomic factors play an important role in Croatia as well as in other transition countries. CONCLUSION: The values of DMFT indexes recorded in recruits from other countries tend to be considerably lower than those in Croatian Army recruits. In populations with a high caries incidence it is more appropriate to use FST index. The study of caries in heterogeneous populations such as recruits points to the need of taking more effective preventive measures in childhood and adolescence.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The dental caries experience of 12-year-old children in England and Wales. Surveys coordinated by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in 2000/2001.

DESIGN: This paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 106,694 twelve-year-old children from England, Wales, the Isle of Man and Jersey. These 2000/01 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. METHOD: The criteria and conventions of the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry were used. Representative samples were drawn from participating health authorities and boards, and caries was diagnosed at the caries into dentine (D3) threshold using a visual method without radiography or fibre-optic transillumination. RESULTS: Once again a wide variation in caries prevalence across the United Kingdom was demonstrated, with mean values for D3MFT for the English 'regions' (of the National Health Service) and Wales ranging from 0.63 in the West Midlands to 1.31 in Wales. The mean value for DMFT across England Wales was 0.89 (D3T=0.39, MT=0.07, FT=0.43). Overall, 38% of children had evidence of caries experience at the dentinal level of detection (D3MFT>0), although the means ranged between 30% (West Midlands) and 51% (Wales). The mean D3MFT for those with disease at this threshold was 2.35. Trends over time demonstrate an improvement of 11% in overall D3MFT since 1996/97, compared to the 15% seen over the previous four year period. FT and care index fell. The number of fillings provided in 2000/01 and thus the care index, remained low. On average across England and Wales, only 48% of the dentinal caries experience identified by survey examinations of permanent teeth was seen as fillings (range in individual districts: 30% to 78%). The use of the SiC index highlights dental health inequalities. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings demonstrate the continuing need for more effective preventive strategies and treatment services for this important age group.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Changing oral health status of 6- and 12-year-old schoolchildren in Portugal.

AIMS: To assess the actual oral health status of Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6 and 12 years according to gender and urbanisation, to highlight the trend over time in dental caries prevalence of children, to assess the dental care habits and the provision of preventive services to children, and to analyse the effect of dental care habits on caries experience. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Clinical examinations of oral health status were carried out in 1999 according to WHO criteria and included dental caries, enamel lesions, oral hygiene status (OHI-S) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Structured questionnaires for interviewing children on dental care habits and participation in preventive programmes at school were used. The study comprised 799 6 year olds and 800 12 year olds. RESULTS: In 1999, the prevalence proportion rates of dental caries were 46.9% in 6 year olds and 52.9% in 12 year olds. Dental caries experience was 2.1 dmf-t and 1.5 DMF-T, respectively. Significant reductions in caries prevalence rates took place over time; in 1984 the mean dmf-t of 6 year olds was 5.2 and for 12 year olds it was 3.7 DMF-T. Enamel opacities were found for 7.2% of children and 2.1% had moderate dental fluorosis. At age 12, 90% of children had poor oral hygiene, i.e. CPI Score 2 (bleeding and calculus). Toothbrushing twice a day was reported for 31% of 6-year-olds and 55.6% of 12-year-olds; 17.8% of children aged 6 had seen a dentist during the past year and this was found to be 58.3% at age 12. Substantial proportions of the children received preventive dental services in school. Multivariate analysis of dental caries experience showed that gender, location, nationality, dental visits and frequency of toothbrushing were significant independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: Further implementation of school based oral health promotion and application of population-directed preventive strategies are needed in Portugal.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

[Epidemiological study of the oro-dental status of the children of the Alsace and the Franche-Comté].

Within a national epidemiological study conducted in France by the 16 Faculties of Dentistry, 946 school-children aged 6 to 15 years were randomly selected and examined in East of France. The Dental Faculty of Strasbourg studied the following departments: Doubs, Jura, Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Territoire de Belfort. Twenty per cent of the 12 year old children had a DMFT of 0, whereas by the age of 15 this percentage felt to 7%. The mean DMFT and DMFS of the 12 year old children were respectively of 4.6 and 8.7. The mean plaque index varied from 1.2 to 1.5 for all age groups. The mean calculus index increased progressively with age from 0.1 to 0.6. The mean gingival index was almost constant until the age of 8 (0.6 to 0.8). It reached 1.2 at 9 and remained unchanged until 15.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Caries extreme groups among adolescents, leaving organised dental care in Göteborg, Sweden.

The aim was--in a longitudinal respect--to study whether 15-year-old children, in caries-free groups, and groups with high frequency of carious lesions, had a stable caries development from 15 to 19 years of age, when they left the organised Public Dental Care. Caries index values were analysed for the period 1986/7-1990/1 for patients born 1971-72 and residing in Göteborg. The groups of caries-free children seemed to be stable in their dental health in about 60-70% according to the prevalence indices used; and about 80% according to the incidence index DS-a. The caries prevalence index mean values of the 15-year-old patient groups with high frequencies of lesions showed between 1.5 to 3.5 percentile units higher mean values when the individuals were 19 years of age. However, the corresponding caries incidence index values were as low as half the size, indicating a possible treatment effect of the caries prevention programme used. Related to the DFS-a index, the 20% groups with the highest caries index values were registered for about 80% of all approximal lesions, of special interest for dental care costs.

Adolescent↗