Dietary studies in Ethiopia. II. Dietary pattern in two rural communities in N. Ethiopia. A study with special attention to the situation in young children.
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Adolescent↗
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Dietary patterns and nutritional status in free-living older white men with established vascular disease.
Thirty-nine white men aged 51-84 years with established vascular disease were studied to investigate the effect of fish oil capsules on the regression of these lesions. This article deals with the baseline data of the study. The subjects completed a 7-day dietary record, weight and height were measured and a fasting blood sample was analysed for proteins, haematological values and certain vitamins. Dietary analysis indicated that the mean energy intake was 8,552 kJ (SD = 2,095). The energy distribution was 15.5% protein, 33.6% fat and 46.4% carbohydrate. In the light of the recommended dietary allowances the diet was lacking in zinc, vitamin B6 and folic acid, which suggests that the subjects might be deficient in these micronutrients. Although the diets were lacking in these nutrients, no clinical stigmata were observed. The subjects averaged a body mass index of 26.1 and could therefore be classified as overweight. The mean haematological values as well as the plasma vitamins were within the normal range. In conclusion it can be said that the men consumed a diet that was too high in fat and that the diet lacked certain micronutrients.
Aged↗
Dietary patterns in Them and Copenhagen, Denmark.
Four-day weighing and 24-hour recall were used to record food consumption in groups of 30 men, aged 50-59 years, in 2 areas of Denmark: Them, a rural Danish community, and Copenhagen. Fat consumption was found to be higher in Them, whereas alcohol consumption was higher in Copenhagen. The absolute daily intake of dietary fiber was higher in Them than in Copenhagen. These observations document changes due to industrialization of food production, modern distribution, and marketing methods.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Re: "Dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet in the National Health Examination Follow-Up Study: identification of potential confounders for epidemiologic analyses" and "toward a clearer definition of confounding".
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Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗
[Dietary pattern and nutrient intake in preschool children from three rural villages in the Province of Santa Rosa, Guatemala].
We present here the results of a nutritional survey to show the pattern of food consumption, as well as nutrient intake, of 303 pre-school children (six to 71 months old) from three rural hamlets of the South-East region of Guatemala. This survey was performed prior to the establishment of a nutritional intervention in the same geographical area. Information was gathered from June through August 1991, by personnel from the Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism (CeSSIAM) using two data collection instruments during home visits. Informats were mothers or other caretakers in charge of the children feeding. Data collected were initially converted to individual food item weight, and then, to micronutrients values. These values were used to establish their adequacy to standard requirements for children of these ages. Results showed a pattern in which corn tortilla, and beans were the most commonly consumed food items. Those items were also the relatively most important sources of calories, protein, and iron. Vitamin A intake was low, and it came mainly from plant sources. Nutrients intake was below the recommended dietary allowances, except for protein and iron.
Calcium, Dietary↗
Dietary studies in Ethiopia. 3. Dietary pattern among the Sidamo ethnic group. A study on villagers in the enset monoculture area in S. Ethiopia with special attention to the situation in young children.
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Adolescent↗
AHA Science Advisory: Lyon Diet Heart Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease.
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American Heart Association↗
Dietary patterns and nutritional assessment of working children at Abou El-Dardar industrial area in Alexandria City.
The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the nutritional status of young working children aged 8 to 18 years, working in workshops at Abou-El-Dardar industrial area in Alexandria Governorate. A total sample of 154 of young male workers were recruited from workshops. The nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric, dietary and biochemical criteria. The results of the study revealed that 45% of the working children were considered malnourished: 16% were wasted, 23% were stunted and 3% were both wasted and stunted and 3% were overweight. Analysis of nutrient intake revealed that the intakes were less than the recommended for energy, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C and niacin, while the intake of protein, iron, thiamin and riboflavin were more than sufficient. About 77% of the young workers were found to have haemoglobin levels below the cut-off levels issued by WHO. A high prevalence of parasitic infection (food-borne) (72%) was found among young workers. The results also revealed that stunting, wasting and stunting together and overweight were more common in young workers who were both anaemic and had evidence of parasitic infection than those who were anaemic only or had parasitic infection only.
Adolescent↗
Patterns of dietary behavior associated with selecting diets low in fat: reliability and validity of a behavioral approach to dietary assessment.
This report describes the development and evaluation of a behavioral measure of dietary patterns related to selecting low-fat diets. An 18-item questionnaire, based on an anthropological theory of dietary change, was developed to assess four relevant dimensions of dietary behavior: (a) excluding high-fat ingredients and preparation techniques, (b) modifying high-fat foods, (c) substituting specially manufactured low-fat foods for their higher-fat counterparts, and (d) replacing high-fat foods with low-fat alternatives. In this study, 99 women completed the diet behavior questionnaire twice and, to characterize precisely their dietary fat intake, also completed two 4-day food records and a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were aged 45 to 59 years and were selected to have a wide range of fat intakes (19.4% to 49.4% of calories from fat). Confirmatory factor analysis identified five scales that corresponded to those hypothesized, except for exclusion, which split into avoiding meat and avoiding fat as a seasoning. The scales had high test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities, and correlations with percent of calories from fat ranged from 0.34 to 0.57 (p less than .01). The correlation of the sum of the five scales (18 items) with percent of calories from fat was 0.68 (p less than .001) and, in multiple regression models, the multiple R2 using all factors to predict percent of calories from fat was 0.47. Overall, these findings supported the validity of the theoretical model of dietary patterns related to selecting diets low in fat. We conclude that a standardized, behavioral approach to measuring fat-related dietary behavior may be useful for designing and evaluating nutrition intervention programs.
Algorithms↗
Dietary patterns and nutrition in pregnancy in Jamaica.
During a study of nutrition in pregnancy, the diets of 108 Jamaican pregnant women were assessed by single 24-hour recalls. The women were 16-45 years old, of mixed parity (0-9), attended private (23 per cent) and public (77 per cent) antenatal clinics and differed in stage of pregnancy at interview. Mean energy intake (2110 +/- 739 kcal/d) was low, 83 per cent of the average Recommended Dietary Allowance for the Caribbean (CFNI 1976). Most (76 per cent) women had low energy and dietary iron (75 per cent) intakes. Fewer women had low riboflavin (42 per cent) or protein intakes (29 per cent). Maternal age, parity, obstetric performance, and unusual cravings influenced maternal nutrition to some extent. Dietary assessments overestimated the risk of maternal malnutrition.
Adolescent↗
Dietary patterns among children aged 6-7 y in four Spanish cities with widely differing cardiovascular mortality.
OBJECTIVE: Classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, cannot explain a substantial part of the geographic differences in cardiovascular mortality. Anthropometric and nutritional factors in early stages of life may contribute to adult cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this work examines certain anthropometric variables and diet among children aged 6-7 y, living in four Spanish cities with widely differing ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional anthropometric and dietary survey in four cities in Spain. SUBJECTS: A total of 1112 children (50.1% males, 49.9% females) attending public and private schools in Cadiz and Murcia, cities with a relatively high IHD mortality, and Madrid and Orense, cities with a relatively low IHD mortality. A standardized method was used to measure anthropometric variables, and a food-frequency questionnaire completed by subjects' mothers, to measure diet. OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI), overweight (BMI>17.6 kg/m(2)), obesity (BMI>20.1 kg/m(2)) and intake of food and nutrients. RESULTS: Children in the four cities showed a high prevalence of overweight (range across cities, 28.9-34.5%) and obesity (8.5-15.7%). They also had a moderately hypercaloric diet (range, 2078-2218 kcal/day), marked by an excessive intake of lipids (45.0-47.3% kcal), particularly saturated fats (16.6-16.9% kcal), proteins (17.0-17.3% kcal), sugars (20.0-21.9% kcal) and cholesterol (161.6-182.9 mg/1000 kcal/day), and a low intake of complex carbohydrates (17.5-18.1% kcal) and fibre (19.6-19.9 g/day). Compared with children in the two low-IHD-mortality cities, those in the two high-IHD-mortality cities had a greater BMI (mean difference, 0.61 kg/m(2); P=0.0001) and ponderal index (0.58 kg/m(3); P=0.0001) and a higher intake of energy (104 kcal/day; P=0.007), cholesterol (16.00 mg/1000 kcal/day; P=0.0001) and sodium (321 mg/day; P=0.0001). Inter-city differences in anthropometric variables remained after adjustment for birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Intake of fats, especially saturated fats, and cholesterol should be reduced among Spanish children. It could contribute to a needed reduction of the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. If the differences in anthropometric variables and diet between children from the cities with high and low coronary mortality are maintained in future or continue into adulthood, this could contribute to consolidate or even increase the IHD mortality gradient across cities. The finding that differences in anthropometric variables are independent of birthweight suggests that the childhood, rather than intrauterine environment, is involved in the development of such differences. SPONSORSHIP: This study was partly funded by grants from the International Olive Oil Board (Consejo Oleícola Internacional), Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, and Fundación Eugenio Rodríguez Pascual.
Anthropometry↗
Using cluster analysis to examine dietary patterns: nutrient intakes, gender, and weight status differ across food pattern clusters.
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the usefulness of cluster analysis in identifying food choice patterns of three groups of adults in relation to their energy intake. DESIGN: Food frequency data were converted to percentage of total energy from 38 food groups and entered into a cluster analysis procedure. Subjects in the emerging food group patterns were compared in terms of weight status, demographics, and the nutrition composition of their usual diet. SETTING: Data were collected as part of three studies in two US metropolitan areas using identical protocols. Participants were university employees (103 women and 99 men) who volunteered for a reliability study of health behavior questionnaires and moderately obese volunteers (223 women and 101 men) to two weight-loss studies who were recruited by newspaper advertisements. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Subjects were clustered according to food energy sources using the FASTCLUS procedure in the Statistical Analysis System. One-way analysis of variance and chi 2 analysis were then performed to compared the weight status, nutrient intakes, and demographics of the food patterns. RESULTS: Six food pattern clusters were identified. Subjects in the two clusters associated with high consumption of pastry and meat had significantly higher fat intakes (P = .0001). Subjects in two other clusters, those associated with high intake of skim milk and a broad distribution of energy sources had significantly higher micronutrient levels (P = .0001). Body mass index and the distribution of gender were also significantly different across clusters. CONCLUSIONS: The success of cluster analysis in identifying dietary exposure categories with unique demographic and nutritional correlates suggests that the approach may be useful in epidemiologic studies that examine conditions such as obesity, and in the design of nutrition interventions.
Adult↗
From diet to DNA: dietary patterning of gene expression.
The role of molecular biology in understanding structure/function relationships as well as the influence of metabolic processes on host nutrition is becoming increasingly important. Not only is this field having a major effect in elucidating the detailed structure of nutritionally important enzymes but it is also allowing the nutrition scientist to study metabolic function and the significance of different pathways in whole animals. In this review, the use of gene transfer studies, in particular, the creation of transgenic animals to study mechanisms in which nutrients may regulate gene expression is discussed. Although these studies are presently quite specific, it is envisioned that these studies will ultimately lead to a better understanding of dietary host interactions, which may lead to the ability of the clinician to optimize dietary intake in order to more favorably modify metabolic disorders.
Cholesterol↗
Trends and differentials in dietary patterns and nutrient intake among migrant Puerto Rican families.
Preoccupation to define the nutritional status of Puerto Rican families migrating to the United States, motivated the present research. A total of 526 families residing in the South Bronx, New York, and four communities in Puerto Rico, were therefore studied. Results in regard to nutrient intake suggest that the mothers' diets appear to be adequate in the South Bronx as well as in Puerto Rico, except in iron consumption, in the latter. Furthermore, the data show an apparent tendency to overconsumption of certain foods in both the South Bronx and Puerto Rico, particularly of the protein group, as well as a high consumption of sugar and carbonated beverages in Puerto Rico. Dietary data were corroborated through nutritional anthropometry, conforming a tendency for overweight and obesity among the women studied. Detailed information on the dietary changes occurred during the last five years, is provided. Educational programs such as EFNEP, availability of new foods, and the food preferences of children in their homes, seem to be influencing factors in the dynamics of food modifications within societal groups in transition.
Body Weight↗
Changing dietary patterns with changing dentition: how do people cope?
Food plays a significant and essential role in the survival of all people. There has been a suggestion that there is a strong association between changes in dental status such as loss of teeth and denture wearing and low intake of essential nutrients. This paper explores the relationship between diet and nutrition and a change from (A) an old complete denture to an implant-supported denture, from (B) the dentate status to an immediate complete denture, and from (C) an old complete denture to a functionally corrected new complete denture. A summary of the findings is that loss of teeth influences masticatory efficiency and function and that a replacement prosthesis may improve function but does not significantly change dietary intake.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
A one-year follow-up study in anorexia nervosa. Dietary pattern and anthropometrical evolution.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the modifications and the interrelationships between the energy and macronutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements of a group of anorexia nervosa patients (ANP), with homogenous diagnosis, age and treatment, during a 1 y follow-up. DESIGN: Longitudinal study design. SUBJECTS: Fourteen restricting-type ANP in the adolescent age (11-21 y) were recruited for the study and evaluated at four time intervals during 1 y of multidisciplinary treatment: (a) on admission (AN0); (b) after 1 month (AN1); (c) after 6 months (AN6); (d) after 1 y (AN12). MEASURES: Energy and macronutrient composition of the diet (48 h recall) and anthropometric measurements including skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Mean weight and BMI were under the 3rd percentile in AN0. All anthropometrical parameters increased significantly in AN1 compared to AN0 and did not change in AN6 and AN12. Energy and macronutrient intakes increased significantly in AN1. The dietary changes were not maintained in the subsequent time intervals and there was an overall tendency to turn back to AN0 results. Energy intake adequacy to Spanish Recommended Intakes (RI) showed only an acceptable ratio in AN1 (94% RI); however, a preserved protein intake was found throughout the study (mean intakes between 128.5% and 230.0% RI). Negative correlations were found at AN12 between size of arm's subcutaneous fat stores and energy and macronutrient intakes. CONCLUSION: In this 1 y follow-up study the decrease in the intake of energy and macronutrients after discharge seems to be related to anthropometric evolution, so that a return to restrictive eating behaviour had occurred in those subjects who had reached the highest values in their subcutaneous fat stores, probably related to dissatisfaction with self-body image.
Adolescent↗
Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: dietary pattern and fecal sterol concentrations of three populations.
The nutrient intake, fecal neutral sterol concentration, and bile acid concentration of populations with a varied risk for colon cancer development were investigated. High-risk populations in the metropolitan New York area and Malmo, Sweden, were compared with an intermediate-risk population in Umea, Sweden. The mean daily intake of protein and fat was comparable in all groups, but the total daily fiber intake was higher in Umea, as was the total daily stool output. There was no difference in the total fiber intake and stool output between Malmo and metropolitan New York. The fecal secondary bile acid concentration was lower in Umea than in the other two areas; no difference was observed between Malmo and metropolitan New York. These results suggest that high fiber intake may be considered protective against colon cancer even in a population with a high risk intake. A high dietary fiber intake may limit colon cancer risk by increasing stool bulk, and thus diluting and/or binding tumor promoters.
Adult↗
Historical development of Chinese dietary patterns and nutrition from the ancient to the modern society.
Actually, food, diet and diet therapy germinated together with the change of meal patterns and traditional Chinese medicine from very ancient China; they appeared in an embryonic form till the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and received great importance from the governors who arranged officials to manage their diets and banquets. Moreover, food, diet and meal patterns were replenished through the Zhou, Qin, Han and Jin Dynasties and epitomized and reached thriving and prosperous standards till the Tang Dynasty. They then became perfected, developed, and formed a complete theory in the dynasties of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The basis of modern nutrition was made up until the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, which was the time when natural science, including microbiology, chemistry, food industry, etc. were extended into China, yet it was not fully formed until the established of the People's Republic of China. Practicing, teaching, training and research activities started regularly in 1950. With a big population and poor economy basis, the first problem that the Chinese people has now been basically solved. Chinese nutritional scientists worked hard to find out the nutritional problems and status of the people. Through the broad-scale 'Nationwide Nutrition Survey', we now understand our main problems. On this basis, RDA, dietary goal and dietary guidance have been put forward. Although the problem of adequate food and clothing has been basically solved, the Chinese are still facing both the problem of nutrition insufficiency and nutrition excess. However, although nutrition insufficiency and deficiency still extensively exist, nutrition excess and imbalance are emerging in other sections of the population. There is still a shortage of qualified nutritional scientists and technicians, and the training of nutritionists is urgent. Food supplies, including milk, beef, green vegetables and fruit should be increased, especially for some rural and remote areas. The good traditional eating habits and meal patterns should be kept, e.g., breakfast and lunch cannot be neglected, and plant protein meals and Chinese medicinal diets should be promoted. Animals fat intake and fried foods should be reduced, and exercise and fitness programs should be recommended for the overweight population. In the future, our meal pattern take on a mixed form with the advantages of both the eastern and western diets. Chinese scientists are confident of solving the nutritional problems and improving the whole nation's physical fitness and physique under the situation of gradual improvements of the economy and nutritional status of people.
Aged↗