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PubMed2006

Facts on fats.

Cardiovascular disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may share common risk factors in their causal pathways. Decades of research from the cardiovascular sciences on fats have led investigators to focus on specific types of fats rather than total fat as a whole. They have established that saturated and trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats) are damaging to cardiovascular health while polyunsaturated fats, particularly the marine omega 3 fatty acids appear protective. This has led to a number of studies investigating the associations of fat and AMD. Though the causal relationship between fats and AMD remain unproven, some studies suggest that an association may be present. To be able to understand and interpret the study results and their implications, an understanding of the fats in the diet is important. This review aims to give an overview of fatty acids, particularly the trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and the relevant food groups.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2002

Fatty acid saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and cholesterol efflux capacity.

BACKGROUND: The fatty acid content and saturation degree of the diet can modulate HDL composition and cholesterol efflux. OBJECTIVE: We studied the modifications in plasma lipoprotein particles and serum capacity to stimulate cholesterol efflux induced by different fatty acids. DESIGN: Seventeen women and 24 men followed in the same sequence 4 diets containing 35% of total energy as fat. The saturated fat diet contained 17% palm oil; the monounsaturated fat diet, 20.9% olive oil; the n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet, 12.5% sunflower oil; and the n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet, sunflower oil supplemented with 4-4.5 g fish oil/d. Each phase lasted 4-5 wk. RESULTS: In both sexes, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I concentrations were significantly lower with unsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet, but concentrations of lipoproteins containing only apo A-I (Lp A-I) were lower only in the men. Concentrations of lipoproteins containing both apo A-I and apo A-II (Lp A-I:A-II) were lower with both polyunsaturated fat diets in the women but significantly higher in the men. Lp E concentrations were significantly higher with the 2 polyunsaturated fat diets. Lp E non-B particle concentrations were not modified in the men but were significantly higher in the women in both polyunsaturated fat phases. Lp C-III concentrations were higher with the saturated fat diet only in the men. The serum samples taken after the n-3 polyunsaturated fat phase were the most efficient for extracting cellular cholesterol in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat diets were healthier, producing a better lipid profile. The n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet increased the capacity of serum to promote the efflux of cholesterol from cells in culture.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed2006

Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle and vascular factors have been linked to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the role of dietary fats in the development of dementia is less clear. METHODS: Participants were derived from random, population-based samples initially studied in midlife (1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987). Fat intake from spreads and milk products was assessed using a structured questionnaire and an interview. After an average follow-up of 21 years, a total of 1,449 (73%) individuals aged 65-80 years participated in the re-examination in 1998. Altogether 117 persons had dementia. RESULTS: Moderate intake of polyunsaturated fats at midlife decreased the risk of dementia even after adjustment for demographic variables, other subtypes of fats, vascular risk factors and disorders, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype (OR 0.40, CI 0.17-0.94 for the 2nd quartile vs. 1st quartile), whereas saturated fat intake was associated with an increased risk (OR 2.45, CI 1.10-5.47 for the 2nd quartile). The associations were seen only among the ApoE epsilon4 carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate intake of unsaturated fats at midlife is protective, whereas a moderate intake of saturated fats may increase the risk of dementia and AD, especially among ApoE epsilon4 carriers. Thus, dietary interventions may potentially modify the risk of dementia, particularly among genetically susceptible individuals.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients: evaluation of 2 enteral nutrition formulas (low carbohydrate-high monounsaturated fat vs high carbohydrate).

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetic patients may need enteral nutrition support as part of their treatment. The objective was to compare glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes requiring feeding via nasogastric tube using enteral feedings with either a highcarbohydrate or a high-monounsaturated-fat content. METHODS: This trial included type 2 diabetes patients admitted to the hospital for neurologic disorders or head and neck cancer surgery who received either a low-carbohydrate-high-mono-unsaturated-fat (Glucerna) or a high-carbohydrate diet (Precitene Diabet). Glycemic and lipid control was determined weekly. Safety and gastrointestinal tolerance were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were randomized and 63 were evaluable according to preestablished protocol criteria. Median duration of therapy was 13 days in both groups. Mean glucose was significantly increased at 7 days of treatment (p = .006) in the Precitene arm, with no significant variations in the Glucerna arm. Mean weekly blood triglycerides levels in the Precitene arm were increased without reaching statistical significance, whereas patients in the Glucerna arm showed a stable trend. Patients in the Precitene arm showed a significantly higher incidence of diarrhea than patients in Glucerna arm (p = .008), whereas the incidence of nausea was smaller in the Precitene arm than in the Glucerna arm (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: An enteral formula with lower carbohydrate and higher monounsaturated fat (Glucerna) has a neutral effect on glycemic control and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients compared with a high-carbohydrate and a lower-fat formula (Precitene Diabet).

Aged↗
PubMed1980

[Comparative status of dietetic and therapeutic measures in idiopathic hyperlipidaemia (author's transl)].

The indications for dietetic and therapeutic measures vary according to the type of hyperlipidaemia. A low fat diet is difficult to maintain and has exceptional and precise indications. It is indispensable in type I hyperlipidaemia, particularly since there is at present no drug capable of reducing hyperchylomicronaemia. It is also indicated in type V hyperlipidaemia in association with a low carbohydrate diet--a dietetic treatment which may become troublesome in long terme and must be supervised by highly specialized dieticians. In all other types of hyperlipidaemia systematic reduction of fats is wrong on theoretical grounds and must be firmly rejected on account of its detrimental consequences. When the patient's weight is normal, a normolipidic diet should be prescribed, with emphasis on unsaturated fats. In obese patients, but only at the onset of treatment, an overall low calorie diet with restriction of fats and carbohydrates should be advised. As soon as the target weight is reached, however, this should be replaced by another weight-stabilizing, isocaloric and normolipidic diet. It is, in fact, this kind of diet which all patients with type II, III and IV hyperlipidaemia will finally require.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed1989

Saturation of fat and cholecystokinin release: implications for pancreatic carcinogenesis.

In a study to determine the effect of saturation of fats on their ability to stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) release six normal volunteers ate five test meals containing different fats with intervals of 1 week. Plasma CCK levels were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay and the gallbladder volume was calculated from ultrasound measurements. The sodium salt of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (3.5 g) produced a significantly greater integrated CCK response than that of the saturated fatty acid stearic acid (mean [SEM] 103 [41] vs 8[41] pmol.l-1.min). The gallbladder contracted to 42 (3)% of its initial volume after oleate but remained at 89 (8)% of its initial volume after stearate. Integrated CCK responses to dietary triglycerides (30 g) also differed significantly according to the degree of saturation--277 (58) pmol.l-1.min after corn oil (predominantly diunsaturated), 143 (14) pmol.l-1.min after olive oil (predominantly monounsaturated), and 44 (12) pmol.l-1.min after suet (predominantly saturated). The finding that unsaturated fats are stronger stimulants of CCK release than saturated fats may explain the promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats by unsaturated but not saturated fats and may support the role of CCK in this effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Level of dietary iron, not type of dietary fat, is hyperlipidemic in copper-deficient rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine whether high dietary iron will negate the protective effect of unsaturated fat against hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Forty-eight weanling, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eight dietary groups differing in the levels of copper and iron and type of dietary fat (saturated or unsaturated). The diets were either deficient (0.6 microg Cu/g) or adequate (6.8 microg Cu/g) copper and either adequate (53 microg Fe/g) or high (506 microg Fe/g) iron. All diets contained starch as the sole source of dietary carbohydrate. RESULTS: Regardless of the type of dietary fat, three copper-deficient rats fed the high levels of dietary iron died prematurely due to ruptured hearts. Surviving rats belonging to the copper deficiency and high-dietary iron regimen developed severe anemia, enlarged hearts and livers, and exhibited the highest levels of liver iron. These rats also developed hypercholesterolemia. Triglycerides were elevated by the consumption of high iron diets. CONCLUSION: Data show that levels of dietary iron, not the type of dietary fat, are potential inducers of hypertriglyceridemia. Data also show that the combination of high iron intake and dietary copper deficiency is responsible for elevating blood cholesterol.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Effect of dietary cholesterol and polyunsaturated fats on plasma and liver lipids in guinea pigs.

Weanling male Hartley guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on a regular chow supplemented with 5% polyunsaturated fats (safflower, linseed, or evening primrose oil) or 5% saturated fats (hydrogenated coconut oil) with or without the addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet. Cholesterol feeding resulted in slower growth, hyperlipidemia, and a fatty liver. Cholesterol contents (predominantly in the form of cholesterol esters) in plasma and liver were increased, but the increase of plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced when unsaturated fats in place of saturated fat were added to the diet. The essential fatty acid contents in plasma and liver lipids were modulated by the dietary fats and by the cholesterol feeding. The latter reduced the proportions of 20:4 (n-6), but increased or had no effect on the levels of 18:2 (n-6). These results led to a reduced ratio of 20:4 (n-6)/18:2 (n-6), suggesting that cholesterol feeding may impair the desaturase activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol dietary intervention on fatty acid compositions in serum lipid fractions in 5-year-old children. The STRIP project.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol intervention on fat intake and fatty acid compositions in serum cholesterol ester (CE), phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) fractions in five-year-old children. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The STRIP project is a prospective, randomised intervention project in which 1062 seven-month-old infants were recruited from the well-baby clinics. 764 children participated in the 5-year follow-up; 202 of them were randomly selected for this study. Diet was assessed with 4-d dietary records. Serum CE, PL and TG fatty acid compositions were analysed with gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Saturated fat intake of intervention children (mean (confidence interval)) (girls 11.9 (11.2-12.6) % of energy intake (E%); boys 12.5 (11.9-13.1)) was lower than that of the control children (girls 14.4 (13.7-15.2) E%; boys 15.0 (14.3-15. 8) E%) (P=0.0001 for the difference between intervention and control groups). The intake of unsaturated fat differed only slightly. Dietary ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PS ratios) of the intervention and control diets were 0.44 and 0.33, respectively (P=0.0001). Furthermore, serum cholesterol concentrations of the intervention and control children differed (4. 28 (4.13-4.43) mmol/L vs 4.49 (4.35-4.63) mmol/L; P=0.04). Relative proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum TG was lower (34.9% vs 36.3%; P=0.04) and that of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids higher (13.9% vs 12.4%; P=0.0004) in the intervention than in the control children, whereas serum CE and PL fatty acid compositions of intervention and control groups were closely similar. However, intake of linoleic acid correlated better with serum linoleic acid relative content in the CE fraction (r=0.36; P=0.0001) than in the PL (r=0.27; P=0.0002) or in the TG (r=0.23; P=0.0016) fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention resulted in decreased intake of saturated fatty acids and lowered serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. Of serum lipid fractions, TG fatty acid composition was the most sensitive and parallelled the findings in dietary food records.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Elevated insulin receptor protein expression in experimentally induced colonic tumors.

Insulin is associated with augmented colon carcinogenesis in vivo, but the mechanism(s) of growth promotion is not known. This study investigates the expression profile of a key component of the insulin signaling pathway, the insulin receptor (IR), in colonic tumors in comparison to normal colonic mucosa and the effects of dietary lipids. Male F344 rats harboring preneoplastic lesions were randomly allocated to three high fat diet groups: beef tallow (HFB), corn oil (HFC), fish oil (HFF) or a low fat corn oil (LFC) diet for 16 weeks. Colonic tumors and mucosae were analyzed for IR protein by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. IR mRNA expression was also analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Western blot analysis demonstrated that IR protein level was significantly greater (P < or =0.001) in tumors than in normal-appearing mucosae in each diet group, and varied (P < or =0.001) among the tumors in the order HFF>LFC>HFB>HFC. Immunohistochemical assessment of the tumors as compared to the normal mucosa confirmed the elevated expression of IR protein in the tumor cells compared to normal mucosae. Immunoreactivity was noted in the nuclear compartment. In normal colonic mucosae, IR protein levels were lower (P < or =0.001) in the saturated fat diet group (HFB) than the three unsaturated fat diet groups (LFC, HFC and HFF). IR mRNA transcript levels did not differ between colonic tumors and mucosae, and no significant diet effect was observed. These results demonstrate that steady state levels of IR are elevated in colonic tumors above that of normal mucosae in vivo irrespective of the dietary lipid environment. However, the IR mRNA transcript levels did not reflect any significant diet effect and remained relatively steady between the tumor and normal mucosa, indicating altered post transcriptional regulation of IR in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosae.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism.

The relationship between dietary fat and glucose metabolism has been recognized for at least 60 years. In experimental animals, high fat diets result in impaired glucose tolerance. This impairment is associated with decreased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. Impaired insulin binding and/or glucose transporters has been related to changes in the fatty acid composition of the membrane induced by dietary fat modification. In humans, high-fat diets, independent of fatty acid profile, have been reported to result in decreased insulin sensitivity. Saturated fat, relative to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat, appears to be more deleterious with respect to fat-induced insulin insensitivity. Some of the adverse effects induced by fat feeding can be ameliorated with omega-3 fatty acid. Epidemiological data in humans suggest that subjects with higher intakes of fat are more prone to develop disturbances in glucose metabolism, type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, than subjects with lower intakes of fat. Inconsistencies in the data may be attributable to clustering of high intakes of dietary fat (especially animal fat) with obesity and inactivity. Metabolic studies suggest that higher-fat diets containing a higher proportion of unsaturated fat result in better measures of glucose metabolism than high-carbohydrate diet. Clearly, the area of dietary fat and glucose metabolism has yet to be fully elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on brush border membrane-bound enzyme activity in rat small intestine.

The effects of various types of dietary fat on brush border membrane-bound enzymes in rat intestinal mucosa were examined. Four groups of five rats were pair-fed defined diets for 10 d. The control group was fed a diet containing 57% sucrose and 2% corn oil as a fixed carbohydrate reference; the three experimental groups received diets containing 57% sucrose and 2% corn oil plus 13% fat in the form of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) (either lard as a highly saturated fat or corn oil as a highly unsaturated fat). Feeding LCT compared to the control diet, decreased sucrase activity in mucosal brush borders of the duodenum and jejunum. In these segments of MCT-fed rats, sucrase activity was similar to that in the control animals. In another experiment, measuring immunoreactive sucrase-isomaltase in jejunal brush border membranes revealed that feeding a high corn oil diet, but not a high MCT diet, led to a reduction in the sucrase catalytic activity per unit weight of enzyme protein, suggesting that the degradation status of sucrase-isomaltase might be altered by the different types of dietary fats. With MCT feeding, jejunal alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced to a large extent compared to the activity in other groups. Feeding MCT, compared to lard or corn oil, also increased microvillus phospholipids of the jejunal mucosa. These results suggest that MCT, unlike LCT, do not suppress the activity of mucosal microvillus membrane enzymes in rat small intestine.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Reproducibility and validity of a short food questionnaire for the assessment of dietary habits.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dietary changes such as reducing the consumption of foods high in saturated fat, and increasing the daily intake of unsaturated fat, fibre and vitamins may have beneficial effects on long-term health. Accurate dietary information is essential for dietary counselling. Most of the methods used to examine an individual's diet (food records, diet interview, food frequency questionnaires) are too complicated and time-consuming for routine clinical use. There is a need for a fast and simple tool for food assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate a short and simple food questionnaire for use in clinical practice that emphasises the intakes of fat, fibre, fruit and vegetables representative of the usual diet of an individual or group. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 15-item questionnaire was completed twice on the same day by 111 participants in order to study reproducibility, and its validity was checked by comparing the results with those of a 7-day food record for 101 subjects. The participants reported a positive attitude to the questionnaire. The reproducibility and validity studies comparing the sum scores of the questionnaire and food record gave correlation coefficients of respectively 0.95 and 0.73, thus indicating good agreement. The reproducibility study showed weighted Kappa coefficients ranging from 0.97 for milk and snacks to 0.75 for vegetables. In the validity assessment, the weighted Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.73 for butter and margarine to 0.14-0.25 for vegetables, fish and snacks, which is a less satisfactory result. The correlation coefficient between the sum score of the questionnaire and the percentage of dietary saturated fat was-0.59. CONCLUSIONS: This simple self-administered questionnaire allows for the rapid assessment of the constituents of the usual diet of an individual. It provides a good estimate of dietary fat and fibre but is less accurate in terms of the intake of vegetables, fish and snacks. It also offers an opportunity to discuss central points in the improvement of dietary habits and may be a useful health educational tool in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of dietary fats and butylated hydroxytoluene on mutagen activation in rats.

The effects of hydrogenated fats and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diets of rats on the hepatic activation of benzo(a)pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), and 2-aminofluorene by liver homogenates (S-9 fraction) were evaluated. The Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay (Strain TA 98) was utilized to determine the mutagenic potential of the activated compounds. The S-9 fraction was obtained from animals fed a 15% fat diet consisting of hydrogenated fats (43% trans-fatty acids) or unsaturated fats (0% trans-fatty acids). BHT was administered orally (0.5%) 6 days prior to sacrifice in both groups. The incorporation of BHT in the diet of rats enhanced the mutagenic potential of AAF and 2-aminofluorene but not of benzo(a)pyrene. This effect was independent of the lipid composition of the diet. The most significant increment in the production of mutagenic metabolites was observed with AAF when BHT and hydrogenated fats were included in the diet of rats. Dietary hydrogenated fats appeared to potentiate the effects of BHT on AAF mutagenicity. Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which BHT and hydrogenated fats enhance AAF mutagenicity are warranted.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1983

Role of diet in cancer incidence in Hawaii.

Incidence rates for many sites of cancer show wide variations among the main ethnic groups in Hawaii (Caucasians, Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, and Hawaiians). Major shifts in cancer rates among migrants to the islands suggest that environmental factors are at least in part responsible for these variations. One prominent area of difference among these ethnic populations is their diets, which can vary substantially, not only in the consumption of particular food items but also in mean nutrient intakes. In aggregate correlational analyses based on data from representative samples of these ethnic groups and corresponding population-based cancer incidence rates, we found significant associations between ethnic-sex-specific intakes of dietary fat (including total fat, as well as animal, saturated, and unsaturated fats) and breast, endometrial, and prostate cancers. Animal protein intake showed associations similar to those for dietary fat, but these two nutrients were highly correlated in the data. Cholesterol intake showed significant correlations with lung and laryngeal cancers. Analyses of both nutrient and food item data suggested an association of stomach cancer incidence with the consumption of fish products, particularly dried/salted fish, and with a lower intake of vitamin C. Preliminary findings from ongoing case-control studies showed the following relationships: an inverse association between lung cancer risk and the intake of food sources of vitamin A, especially foods containing carotenes; an inverse association between cancers of the lower urinary tract and vitamin A consumption, especially from supplements; a positive association between prostate cancer risk and dietary fat intake in men above age 69, but not in younger men; and a positive association between breast cancer risk and the intake of dietary fat (particularly saturated fat) and animal protein in postmenopausal women, especially the Japanese. Two large cohorts (50,000 and 5,000 subjects) on whom dietary information was collected between 1975 and 1980 are being followed prospectively for their occurrence of cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Nutritional aspects of hydrogenated and regular soybean oil added to diets of broiler chickens.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of degree of saturation of fat incorporated into broiler diets on performance and body fatty acid (FA) profile. The various degrees of saturation were achieved by using regular soybean oil (SO) and hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO), mixed at different proportions. The work was carried out on commercial broilers (Experiment 1) and on lines of chickens divergently selected for high (HF) or low (LF) abdominal fat (Experiment 2). Daily BW gain and gain:feed ratio increased and the amount of feed intake decreased as the dietary fat saturation decreased. Digestibility of total fat and of each of the FA was lowest in the HSO group and reached maximal values when 23% or more of the added oil was SO. The AMEn values of the diets were almost parallel to fat digestibility. The performance of the HF and LF chickens was affected by the degree of saturation similarly to that observed for the commercial stock. The degree of dietary fat saturation had very little effect on saturated FA (C16:0 and C18:0) in body lipids, reduced the level of monoenoic FA (C16:1 and C18:1), and raised that of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) (C18:2, C18:3, and C20:4). Monoenoic FA were higher, whereas PUFA were lower in the HF than in the LF line. The improved AMEn in diets containing unsaturated fat is probably due to higher fat digestibility, direct deposition of PUFA in body lipids, and lower lipogenesis, associated with lower heat production.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Metabolic activation of DMH by colonic microsomes: a process influenced by type of dietary fat.

A study was conducted to determine whether 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a potent colon carcinogen, is activated to a more potent mutagen by the drug-metabolizing system of the colonic mucosa and to determine the extent to which this metabolism is modified by lipids in the diet. DMH-treated rats fed a diet enriched with 10% corn oil exhibited markedly elevated colonic enzyme levels for mutagen production. This diet also produced the greatest number of animals with colon tumors, when compared with diets containing other levels and sources of lipid. The potential risk of a diet in which unsaturated fat is the sole source of lipid is underlined.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗