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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

[Patent foramen ovale and obstructive sleep apnea: their association and meaning].

The patent foramen ovale is a permanent aperture, similar to a floating membrane, remainder from fetal circulation. It can be easily diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography and/or transcraneal Doppler with contrast. It is being described an increasing number of pathologies, where the presence of a patent foramen ovale can have pathologic significance. The paradoxical embolism considered a rare clinic curiosity, can be an underestimated cause of ischemic stroke. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea present a major prevalence of patent foramen ovale than normal population. In these patients can easily concur, at least theoretically, the basic criteria for paradoxical embolism. In this study, we revised the pathologic implications that can derive from this association.

Foramen Ovale, Patent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Multiplanar metrizamide-enhanced CT imaging of the foramen magnum.

Definition of masses and malformations at the foramen magnum has been less than optimal with traditional radiographic techniques. The use of intrathecal metrizamide with computed tomographic (CT) scanning improves contrast resolution and facilitates detection of abnormalities that may not be apparent on Pantopaque cisternography, plain films, or conventional axial CT alone. Fifty patients with clinically suspected foramen-magnum lesions were evaluated with this technique. Forty were abnormal with the following findings: 14 cases of the Chiari malformation (five cases had associated syringomyelia), five meningiomas, three neuromas, a chondrosarcoma, a chordoma, and five cervical and three brainstem gliomas. Six cases of syringomyelia, a large posterior-fossa subarachnoid cyst, and an anomaly of the cisterna magna were also diagnosed. Sagittal and coronal images were beneficial in defining tonsillar position, configuration of the fourth ventricle, and the relations of mass lesions to the spinal canal and subarachnoid space. Metrizamide CT cisternography provides superior spatial and contrast resolution of lesions at the foramen magnum not obtainable with other radiographic techniques. Morbidity is minimal because of the low dose of metrizamide used. Multiplanar reformations are particularly helpful in assessing anatomic detail not readily recognized on axial scans alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Foramen magnum and upper cervical cord tumors. Diagnostic problems.

Five of six patients with foramen magnum and upper cervical cord tumors were inadequately treated owing to erroneous diagnoses. The time course from the onset of the disease to surgery ranged from six to 96 months (average, 37.3 months). Occipitalgia and neck stiffness are often of diagnostic importance, and foramen magnum and upper cervical cord tumors should be considered when these conditions are accompanied by upper motor neuron disturbance and/or sensory disturbance. Myelography, with careful examination up to the foramen magnum, is essential to establishing a diagnosis. CT scanning and vertebral angiography are also indispensable prior to surgery, as they offer important information as to tumor size and the distribution of nutritive arteries to the tumor.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Occipital foramen in pathology of the osteoarticular apparatus of the craniovertebral region and in normal subjects].

Clinical and X-ray examination of the occipital foramen in healthy individuals and in persons with various congenital and acquired lesions in this region showed, on the one hand, a wide variety of shapes of the foramen in normal conditions and, on the other, the direct dependence of neurologic disorders on the degree of changes in the position of the occipital foramen, its constriction and deformity of its edges. Marked bone changes call for emergency decompression of the compressed or dislocated bulbospinal parts of the central nervous system, the nerves and vessels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Benign extramedullary tumors of the foramen magnum.

This paper analyzes the clinical, diagnostic and surgical data of 18 benign extramedullary tumors at the foramen magnum extending into the posterior fossa and the spinal canal. These cases represent 30% of 60 foramen magnum tumors operated on between 1952 and 1978, among 4187 brain tumors and 587 tumors of the spinal cord. Foramen magnum meningiomas constitute 11 of this series (1.2% of 873 meningiomas, 113 of which were spinal). The considerable difficulty in early diagnosis is emphasized. However, in the present series, myelography showed positive findings in all cases, and angiography in most of them. CT scan, performed in one case, demonstrated the lesion. Surgical mortality was 11% (two deaths). On both patients who died after the operation, multiple surgical procedures had been performed because of erroneous diagnoses made in another unit. At the time of operation neurological symptoms were very advanced, and large tumors were located anteriorly. The review of the remaining patients showed a regression of preoperative symptoms with good to excellent results in all. No recurrences were recorded.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

A comparative study of the fallopian canal at the meatal foramen and labyrinthine segment in young children and adults.

If entrapment is a critical factor in pathogenesis, the lower incidence of Bell's palsy in children compared with adults may have an anatomical basis. Histologic sections of 20 temporal bones from children younger than 2 years were examined to determine the diameter of the facial nerve and fallopian canal at the meatal foramen and in the labyrinthine segment. No statistically significant difference in the nerve/canal ratios in these areas was found. Comparisons were made with similar data from 10 adult temporal bones. The nerve/canal ratios in the labyrinthine portion were similar in both age groups; however, the ratio at the meatal foramen was significantly smaller in children. This may be due, in part, to growth of the vertical crest, which was found to increase considerably in length and width by adulthood. These results suggest that the facial nerve is not as tightly contained at the meatal foramen in children and provides a possible explanation for the relative infrequency of Bell's palsy in this age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Retromolar foramen of the human mandible.

Analysis of retromolar foramen (RMF) in a large series of mandibles (N 2500) was undertaken to provide descriptive statistics for this variant. RMF of diameter 0.5 mm or greater were scored. Consistent with other data on accessory canals in the facial skeleton, RMF was found to occur more commonly in native populations of North America than in other populations (Africa, Europe, India, northeast Asia). The ratio of bilateral to unilateral occurrences was shown to increase with population incidence, a pattern consistent with the theoretical model of an epigenetic (threshold "quasicontinuous") variant. Male-female differences were not found. Age profiles were characterized by a marked peak in the adolescent cohort. In some populations RMF showed a positive intertrait correlation with accessory mandibular foramen and with accessory mental foramen, but correlations with presence/absence of third molar and three-rooted first molar were not found. With refinements in scoring criteria and, ideally, better evidence of its heritability, RMF should be useful along with other minor cranial variants for ethnohistorical studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Aberrant branch of the superior laryngeal artery passing through the thyroid foramen.

This study examines the microsurgical anatomy of the aberrant superior laryngeal artery (ASLA) which passes through the thyroid foramen. It defines the location of the ASLA and its main branches. The aberrant superior thyroid artery was looked for in 20 randomly selected Chinese adult cadavers, and when found, was dissected and measured under an operating microscope (7-30x magnification). The ASLA passed through the thyroid foramen, which only occurred in the presence of the artery. The foramen was observed in six of the 20 cadavers: one on the right, three on the left, and two on both sides. The study provides detailed information concerning the ASLA, which we hope will help explain the arterial bleeding that may occur during laryngeal surgery. The results might be helpful in improving surgery to the larynx and other neck operations. Incidental intraoperative injury of the aberrant artery could be avoided by understanding details of its course in relation to surrounding anatomic landmarks.

Arteries↗

PubMed1979

Schwannomas of the parapharyngeal space and jugular foramen.

Schwannomas or neurilemmomas are among the most common neoplasms occupying the parapharyngeal space, yet only 107 cases have been previously reported. Neurilemmomas involving the jugular foramen are extremely rare. Only 55 cases have been reported in the world literature. The neoplasm occurred in the parapharyngeal space in three of our patients and in the jugular foramen in another patient. Of the tumors located in the parapharyngeal space, the nerve of origin in one of them was the glossopharyngeal, which is extremely rare. Adequate exposure for complete excision of parapharyngeal space tumors is best obtained through an external incision and should not be attempted transorally. In the jugular foramen case, the neoplasm arose from the vagus nerve high in the neck and extended intracranially in a "dumbbell" shape into the posterior cranial fossa. Total removal was successfully accomplished in one stage, by using a subtotal temporal bone resection--upper neck--posterior cranial fossa approach. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice. Schwannomas rarely recur following complete excision.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The placenta and cardiac foramen ovale of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa).

The structures of the placenta and the cardiac foramen ovale of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) were studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy, with material from eleven fetal and neonatal animals. The babirusa has a diffuse epitheliochorial placenta. The chorion of the term placenta is fusiform in shape, and most of its surface comprises rows of villi interrupted by round, oval or irregularly shaped aerolae. A network of fetal placental capillaries indents the epithelial layer covering the tops and sides of the interareolar villi. The round and oval areolae have slender, irregularly shaped villi. The irregular areolae have undulating surfaces without villi. The umbilical cord contains two arteries, one vein and the urachus. The foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava has the appearance of a tunnel; a fold of tissue projects from the caudal edge of the foramen ovale into the lumen of the left atrium. This fold, the distal end of which is straight-edged, constitutes a large proportion of the tube, the remainder being formed by the atrial septum. Comparison of the anatomy of the placenta and heart with those of members of the Suidae and Hippopotamidae indicates that the babirusa has more characters in common with the pigs than with the hippos.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Foramen arcuale and syndrome of Barre-Lieou. Its surgical treatment.

At the point where the vertebral artery crosses the posterior arch of the atlas it may sometimes be enclosed by a bridge of bone, the so-called foramen arcuale. The foramen limits the normal mobility of the vessel during flexion and extension of the neck and may cause disturbances of arterial flow and of the peri-arterial sympathetic plexus giving rise to symptoms similar to those found in the Barre-Lieou syndrome. The authors describes the angiographic findings in such patients and a technique for the surgical excision of the foramen. The results of the operation in two groups of patients, with and without associated spondylosis of the lower cervical spine, are presented.

Cervical Atlas↗

PubMed1988

Comparative anatomy of the foramen ovale in the Suina.

The structure of the foramen ovale from six species of Suina was studied using the scanning electron microscope. In each species, the foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava had the appearance of a short tunnel. In the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), the wart hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and the bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus) a fold of tissue projected from the caudal edge of the foramen ovale into the lumen of the left atrium. It constituted a large proportion of the tube, and its distal end was generally straight-edged. In some domestic pig hearts small holes were found in the fold, and single threads of tissue arose from its trailing edge. These were not found in specimens from the other pigs or from the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), which had a thin unfenestrated tissue fold ending in a straight edge. In both species of hippopotamidae, the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pigmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) the fold of tissue was tubular, with strands of tissue extending from the atrial wall to insert on the outer surface of its proximal half. This tube was orientated at an angle of approximately 90 degrees to the caudal vena cava. Its walls were unfenestrated proximally and fenestrated distally, the latter forming a network over the end of the tube. The knotted appearance of the fold after birth suggested that the strands of the network had shortened and coalesced.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Magnetic resonance imaging of jugular foramen neurinomas.

Four cases of jugular foramen neurinoma, extending from the posterior fossa into the temporal bone through the jugular foramen, are reported. The information provided by magnetic resonance imaging was compared with that by computed tomography. Due to the excellent sensitivity, the absence of bone artifacts, and the ease of imaging in any plane, magnetic resonance imaging gave better information particularly about the location of the tumour than X-CT scan did. It included the dumb-bell shaped tumour through the jugular foramen, the extra-axial nature of the tumour, and the precise anatomical relationships between the tumour and the facial and acoustic nerves or the internal carotid artery. Sagittal and coronal views clearly demonstrated the superior and inferior margins of the tumour. The information is very useful not only for preoperative diagnosis but also for planning the surgical approaches and postoperative follow-up.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

A combined extradural-posterior petrous and suboccipital approach to the jugular foramen tumours.

An approach which improves on the conventional suboccipital craniectomy was used to explore a jugular foramen, a hypoglossal neurinoma, and a tentorial meningioma. A postero-medial mastoidectomy supplemented by the conventional suboccipital craniectomy made it possible to expose the entire sigmoid sinus. Subsequent medial retraction of the exposed sigmoid sinus and continuous dura mater and the extradural removal of petrous bone around the jugular foramen exposed the whole extracranial portion of the tumours. The tumours were totally removed by this approach in which the extradural route corresponded to the extracranial portion of the tumours and the suboccipital route to the intracranial portion. Facial nerve and hearing disturbances, which are frequent complications of the previous approaches, did not occur in our cases. Providing adequate exposure with simple surgical procedures and showing no adverse postoperative sequelae, this approach is most suitable for surgery upon jugular foramen tumours with extracranial extension.

Carotid Artery, Internal↗

PubMed1991

The lumbar mamillo-accessory foramen: a study of 203 lumbosacral spines.

We have examined 203 lumbar and sacral skeletal specimens and have noted the frequent occurrence of a mamillo-accessory foramen, formed by the ossification of the mamillo-accessory ligament. The dorsal ramus of the lumbar nerve passes through this foramen. At the L5 level, this foramen is found frequently: in 26% of the cases on the left side and in 13.5% on the right. In some cases it is seen as a simple, deep notch. It is found much less frequently at L4 and almost never seen above. It is equally rare at the sacral level where it is formed by a narrowing and closure of the groove between the zygapophyseal joint and the sacral lateral mass. The authors propose that these bony foramina are a manifestation of osteoarthritic changes and that they could, in certain cases, irritate or compress the dorsal ramus along its passage.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

A comparative study of the foramen transversarium of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the individual variations of the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra. This foramen sometimes has the same dimensions as the foramina of the other cervical vertebrae, but it can also be smaller, or absent. In cases where a foramen is present in the seventh cervical vertebra, vascular or nerve structures (or both) can be occasionally observed within. When the transverse foramina are found to contain none of the above structures, what then is to be found within this space? According to our results, the transverse foramina of the seventh cervical vertebra almost always contains vascular and nerve branches as well as fibrous and adipose tissues. This report concerns the results of the macroscopic and microscopic studies concerning the contents of the transverse foramina of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. The comparative study was completed at the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine, University Laval.

Cadaver↗

PubMed1993

The vertebral foramen: a report concerning its contents.

Thirteen subjects were randomly selected and embalmed according to Winckler's technique. After removal of the vertebral column and the head in one block the specimens were frozen. Transverse transpedicular cuts were performed at C6, T1, T6, L1, L3, and L5. After enlargement photography, the surface area of the vertebral foramen and its various contents were measured on a computer using the Canvas programme and analysed using the Statview programme. The mean area of the vertebral foramen occupied by the cord was 30.5% at C6, 26.1% at T1, 21.4% at T6, 12.7% at L1, 0.08% at L3. The mean area occupied by the nerve roots was 3.9% at C6, 3.3% at T1, 1.6% at T6, 14.2% at L1, 17.5% at L3, 12.2% at L5. The mean area of all the nervous tissue was 34.4% at C6, 29.5% at T1, 23% at T6, 26.9% at L1, 18.9% at L3, 19.3% at L5. The cerebrospinal fluid occupied a mean area of 25.2% at C6, 30.7% at T1, 31.6% at T6, 43% at L1, 43.5% at L3, and 28.1% at L5. The total neural tissue did not occupy more than a third of the vertebral foramen. These facts should be considered by surgeons who perform laminectomy or decompression in cases of vertebral trauma or congenital and osteoarthritic stenoses.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Unilateral hydrocephalus due to membranous occlusions of the foramen of Monro (author's transl)].

A case of dilatation of the right lateral ventricle due to membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro is reported. A child aged two and a half years developed raised intracranial pressure together with disturbed consciousness, but other neurological defect, two months after after an attack of bilateral broncopneumonia. The preoperative diagnosis of occlusion of the right foramen of Monro by infiltrating tumour was made angiographically. At operation the obstruction was found to be due to a membrane. The septum lucidum was fenestrated and a ventriculoatrial shunt was inserted. After a year the shunt was removed. Twenty eight cases of unilateral hydrocephalus due to nontumorous occlusion of the foramen of Monro have been reviewed, and the aetiologies have been discussed. Clinical picture and diagnostic procedures are reviewed. The authors discuss surgical treatment, and lay stress on fenestration of the septum lucidum.

Brain Diseases↗