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PubMed1988

Brain stem terminations of the trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia innervation of the cerebrovascular system: WGA-HRP transganglionic study.

The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Spinal ganglia reduction in the splotch-delayed mouse neural tube defect mutant.

Splotch and splotch-delayed mutants have anomalies in certain neural crest cell derivatives as well as neural tube defects. A genetic marker was used to identify mutant, heterozygote, and wild-type embryos within a litter, which enabled us to make intergenotypic comparisons. Histological studies of the lumbosacral region of day 15 and day 16 embryos indicated that the splotch-delayed mutant had similar but less severe defects in spinal ganglion development than those reported for splotch (Auerbach: Journal of Experimental Zoology 127:305-329, 1954). The ganglia were extensively reduced in size, residual, or missing in the splotch-delayed mutant, whereas in the splotch mutant, they were virtually nonexistent. Paired comparison analyses showed that all mutant embryos had a significant reduction in their volume of lumbosacral spinal ganglia when compared to their heterozygous and/or wild-type littermates. Also, some heterozygotes were found to have spinal ganglia volumes that were significantly reduced when compared to wild-type embryos. The volume of spinal ganglia was not related to the severity of the neural tube defect. In fact, three mutant embryos, which did not exhibit a neural tube defect, had spinal ganglia volumes comparable to or less than those mutants with open neural tube lesions or curly tails. This shows that the formation of abnormal neural crest cell derivatives is not a result of the neural tube closure defect. We hypothesize that the two anomalies observed in these mutants have a common etiological basis.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Comparison of [3H]resiniferatoxin binding by the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor in dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, dorsal vagal complex, sciatic and vagal nerve and urinary bladder of the rat.

In the present report we compared the properties of [3H]resiniferatoxin (RTX) binding by the vanilloid receptors present at different parts of the primary afferent neurons of the rat. We found no major differences in either the affinity or the cooperativity of [3H]RTX binding by vanilloid receptors on the cell body, central terminals, peripheral terminals or axons. Specific binding of [3H]RTX to dorsal root ganglia, whole spinal cord, dorsal vagal complex, urinary bladder, and sciatic and vagal nerves all followed sigmoidal saturation kinetics indicating positive cooperativity among the binding sites. The cooperativity indexes determined by fitting the data to the Hill equation were 1.82 +/- 0.11, 2.21 +/- 0.04, 2.55 +/- 0.01, 1.91 +/- 0.11, 2.03 +/- 0.09 and 2.27 +/- 0.04, respectively. The dissociation constants in dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, dorsal vagal complex, urinary bladder, and sciatic and vagal nerve membranes were 46.5 +/- 2.7, 29.3 +/- 5.1, 28.2 +/- 1.2, 60.8 +/- 4.4, 59.9 +/- 1.9 and 45.2 +/- 0.7 pM; the receptor densities were 219 +/- 14, 48 +/- 5, 67 +/- 1, 32 +/- 7, 61 +/- 9, and 100 +/- 20 fmol/mg protein, respectively. We could not show any major differences in the affinities of capsaicin and capsazepine in inhibition of [3H]RTX binding by the different membrane preparations either. In all cases the initial enhancement of [3H]RTX binding by nonradioactive RTX, capsaicin, and capsazepine confirmed the existence of positive cooperativity among the binding sites. We were unable to detect specific [3H]RTX binding sites in membrane preparations of the preoptic area, locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, striatum and paraventricular nuclei of the rat brain under our present conditions. Our results suggest the uniformity of the vanilloid receptors present at different parts of the primary afferent neuron.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Changes in the blood vessels, spinal cord neurocytes, pia mater and spinal ganglia in chronic stimulation of the sympathetic trunks].

Taking into account the data concerning disturbances in blood supply of the spinal cord as a response to irritation of the sympathetic trunks, the experimental morphological investigation has been performed on rabbits. By means of the injection technique and staining of neurocytes, changes in the spinal cord, in the spinal nodes and in the pia mater have been studied at chronic irritation of the lumbar nodes of the sympathetic trunk. Certain degenerative changes have been revealed in nervous cells and also phenomena of the spinal cord ischemia, decreasing contacts between the nervous cells and the capillaries surrounding them. As the authors believe, these data can be used by clinicians for revealing pathological mechanisms of the spinal cord ischemia as a result of chronic irritation of the sympathetic trunk.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase in cat spinal cord and spinal ganglia].

Cytochemical activity of choline acetyltransferase has been studied in the pericaryon of motor neurons of the spinal enlargement and sensitive neurocytes of the intervertebral ganglia in the cat by means of Burt's method. It has been demonstrated that cytoplasm of all motor neurons positively reacts with acetyl KoA. According to the activity of choline acetyltransferase, four groups of neurons have been determined. In cerebrospinal ganglia, the enzyme is present in 58% of pseudounipolar cells, which seem to be cholinergic neurocytes. It has been stated that for all nonspecific reactions the presence of massive and dense residue in all the neurons, walls of small blood vessels and sometimes in astrocytes is a characteristic feature.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Reaction of sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia to sectioning of their peripheral and central processes].

Transversal ++semi-sectioning of the spinal ganglion (SG) is a good model for studying the reaction of the ganglional sensory neurons to sectioning of their peripheral and central processes. At sectioning the peripheral and central processes of the SG neurons degeneration of the neurons and their death take place. The degenerative processes are more pronounced in the neurons with the peripheral processes sectioned, and the restorative ones-with the central processes sectioned. The dynamics of the posttraumatic changes in absolute number of the neurons, profile areas of the body fields and neuronal nuclei, amount of neurons with certain signs of axonal reactions in the SG demonstrate a maximally pronounced reaction on the 7th day and beginning of restorative processes on the 15th day. They are not completed by the 180th day.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Ultrastructural study of the neurons of the spinal ganglia during aging in the rat].

The chronology of the alterations impairing the cytology of the spinal ganglion neurons was analysed in 3- to 32-month-old male rats. A type neurons are impaired earlier and more severely than B neurons. Ageing alterations occur during two successive periods. During the first period, beginning at about 3 months, lipofuscin pigments gradually accumulate in the neurons. During the second period, beginning at about 24 months, various kinds of inclusions appear (granulofilamentous bodies, nematosomes,...); some of which could be originating from altered microtubules and/or filaments. At the same time, lipofuscin pigments are more heterogeneous. This period might be the onset of real senescence and of the gradual deterioration of the neuronal function.

Aging↗

PubMed1981

Distribution of free amino acids in the dog spinal cord, spinal ganglia and ischiadic nerve.

Levels of free amino acids were analysed in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord of dogs. The highest content was in the sacral segment (20.2 mmol/kg wet tissue), next in the cervical (17.0) and in the lumbal segment (16.2). It was lowest in the thoracic segment (15.4). There was no difference in the content of glutamine and alanine in grey matter in comparison to white matter of posterior funicles. In the ventral horns the content of glycine and aspartic acid was markedly higher than in dorsal horns, on the other hand, the dorsal grey matter had a higher concentration of GABA than the ventral part.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

The cellular localization of 5-HT2A receptors in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of the adult rat.

The localization of serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the adult rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia was examined by using a polyclonal antibody that recognizes the C-terminus peptides of the mouse 5-HT2A receptor. Positive cell bodies of 5-HT2A receptor were found in several regions of the spinal cord. Generally, large-to-intermediate sized neuronal cell bodies were intensely immunolabeled. Motoneurons in the ventral horn were the most intensely labeled. Dot-like immunoreactive profiles were located beneath the cell membrane of motoneurons. Neuronal somata in the intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic spinal cord were moderately labeled. The immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn was weak. A considerable number of glial cell bodies in the white matter were immunostained. The majority of both small and large sized neurons were 5-HT2A immunopositive in the dorsal root ganglion.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

[Effect of ischemia and recirculation on spinal ganglia cells in dogs].

A single (40 min) ischemia produces indistinct reversible changes in ultrastructure of cells in the spinal nodes. A repeated ischemia (2 X 40 min) with recirculation produces microstructural lesions both in neural cells and in satellite-cells and capillaries, intensity of the lesions depending on the distance from the ligation (the greatest lesion is situated immediately under the ligation). Most of the neurons are crumped, dark and abundantly vacuolized. In the inferior lumbar and sacral nodes the changes are of moderate character. In all the cases glycogen is accumulating in neurons and satellites with an intact structure. Changes in vessels are more essential after ischemia and recirculation: processes of endothelial cells protrude into the lumen, this, in its turn, results in accumulation of erythrocytes packing tightly the capillaries.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord and sciatic nerve after sciatic nerve crush in the rat.

Neuropeptides related to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) stimulate nerve outgrowth following peripheral nerve injury and may play an important physiological role in peripheral nerve regeneration. The mechanism of action underlying the neurotrophic effect of pharmacologically administered alpha-MSH is unknown. Here we investigate the hypothesis that reexpression of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene, the prohormone of alpha-MSH/adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-like peptides, is part of the endogenous repertoire of peripheral nerve responses following injury. The effect of sciatic nerve crush on the expression of POMC mRNA between 0.5 h and 14 days after crush was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Northern blot analysis. The presence of a POMC transcript in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord and in the sciatic nerve at the crush site could be demonstrated in both control and lesioned animals by PCR using primers located in exon 1 and 3 of the POMC gene. Minute quantities of two POMC transcripts (1200 nt and 800 nt) could be detected by Northern blot analysis of total RNA prepared from DRG, spinal cord and the sciatic nerve of control animals and of animals subjected to nerve crush. POMC mRNA expression was, however, not increased following nerve crush. Probes specific for exons 1 and 2 or specific for exon 3 of the POMC gene were employed to demonstrate that the 800 nt transcript represents the truncated POMC mRNA previously shown to be present in extra-pituitary tissue. The larger 1200 nt transcript comigrates with the full length POMC mRNA expressed in the pituitary gland. The present results demonstrate the expression of small amounts of POMC mRNA in all compartments of the sciatic nerve. The absence of an induction of POMC expression in response to nerve crush suggests that the stimulating effect of exogenously applied alpha-MSH does not mimic a POMC derived neurotrophic peptide induced in the nerve following nerve injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Interferon-gamma-like immunoreactivity in developing rat spinal ganglia neurons in vivo and in vitro.

Interferon-gamma-like immunoreactivity was observed in a subpopulation of 16-day-old embryonic rat spinal ganglion neurons using two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of recombinant interferon-gamma. During ontogenesis both in vivo and in vitro, it was found that the strong immunoreactivity was confined to small neurons when neurons become morphologically distinct on the basis of size. In vivo, the interferon-gamma-immunoreactive neurons started to express major histocompatibility complex class I antigens after the first postnatal week, while in vitro no such antigen could be detected. A quantitative Elisa method was developed to determine the levels of major histocompatibility complex class I and interferon-gamma in vitro, whereby increased amounts of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen was detected after exposing the cultures to recombinant interferon-gamma and Sendai virus. Sendai virus also caused a small increase in interferon-gamma with a peak about 12 hours after infection. The in vitro system will be used to study further the role of the putative neuronal interferon-gamma-like molecule in the regulation of cell growth, for induction of major histocompatibility complex antigens and in virus infection of sensory neurons.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunocytochemical localization of neuromedin K (neurokinin B) in rat spinal ganglia and cord.

Specific antisera directed against substance P and neuromedin K (neurokinin B) have been used in double-label immunofluorescence studies to unambiguously localize these two neuropeptides of the tachykinin family in single tissue sections of rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) is present but neuromedin K-like immunoreactivity (NMKLI) is undetectable in dorsal root ganglia. Both peptides are present in the spinal cord, but NMKLI is largely restricted to the dorsal gray while SPLI shows a broader distribution. In the spinal gray, NMKLI coexists with SPLI in some, but not all, fibers. While substance P in the dorsal spinal cord is largely of primary afferent origin, neuromedin K appears to originate largely from intrinsic spinal neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Survival and phenotypic characteristics of axotomized neurons in spinal ganglia.

Trauma to the peripheral processes of sensory neurons of different subpopulations was followed by indirect immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of Bcl-X(L) and Bax, which are, respectively, antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, and also of the cytokine interleukin-1beta, with the aim of identifying the roles of these substances in controlling apoptosis. The survival abilities of these neurons after central and peripheral axotomy were compared by studying the expression of the high molecular weight component of the neurofilament triplet NF200 and isolectin B4 (IB4). By day 30 after central axotomy, there were no changes in the total numbers of neurons in ganglia L(IV)-L(V) in rats, though there were significant reductions in the numbers of NF200+ neurons. In spinal ganglion L(V) of mice, the proapoptotic protein was detected in the nuclei of 46% of small neurons, which account for 20% of all neurons in the ganglion. By day 30 after nerve compression, Bax was expressed in the nuclei of 30% of neurons and the cytoplasm of 20% of neurons. In intact animals, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L) was seen in the cytoplasm of 30% of small neurons, as well as in satellite cells surrounding large and intermediate neurons. By day 30 after nerve trauma, Bcl-X(L) was not expressed in spinal ganglion L(V). Interleukin-1beta was present in the cytoplasm of 17% of neurons belonging to the subpopulations of large and intermediate neurons. By day 30 after nerve compression, interleukin-1 beta+ neurons were not identified.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. IV. Role of the cell surface molecule CAM in the formation of neurite bundles in cultures of spinal ganglia.

The cell adhesion molecule (CAM) is involved in adhesion among embryonic retinal and brain cells and has been detected in a variety of neural tissues. This paper describes the use of spinal ganglion cultures and specific anti-CAM antibodies to determine the distribution of CAM on plasma membranes of nerve processes, and to assess the results of perturbation of its function during the growth of neurites from ganglia. The results indicate that CAM is distributed over the entire surface of nerve processes, and that specific anti-CAM Fab' fragments alter the morphology of neurite outgrowth. In particular, it was observed that anti-CAM inhibits formation of nerve bundles, so that the ganglion becomes surrounded by a tangled net of fine processes. Growth cone functions, such as neurite elongation, motility, and attachment to the substratum, did not appear to be affected by the antibody. These studies suggest that one of the major functions of CAM is to mediate side-to-side adhesion between neurites to form fascicles, and raise the possibility that this molecule serves a key role in embryogenesis of nerve tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Cellular distribution of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-DNA binding in rat dorsal root spinal ganglia: effect of the neuroprotecting peptide ORG.2766.

The in situ binding of the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisDDP) to DNA was studied in the rat dorsal root spinal ganglion (DRG), using an antiserum against cisDDP-modified calf thymus DNA in a quantitative immunocytochemical assay. Rats received a dose of cisDDP (1 mg/kg), two times a week, up to a cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg (group I) or 34 mg/kg (group II). Rats of group III were given a single dose of 15 mg/kg. Rats were killed 48 hr (groups I and II) or 6 hr (group III) after the last injection. In groups I and II cisDDP-induced neurological damage was assessed by measuring both motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (MNCV and SNCV). Whereas the MNCV was not influenced by the treatment with cisDDP, the SNCV decreased significantly. The level of cis-DDP-DNA binding in DRG satellite cells equalled that in liver cells, but binding could not be shown in DRG neuron nuclei. The level of cisDDP-DNA binding in spinal cord and brain was very low. The neuroprotecting peptide ORG.2766, an ACTH4-9 analog, was given sc (10 micrograms/rat) four times a week concomitantly with cisDDP to some rats of groups I and II. ORG.2766 prevented the decrease of the SNCV, but did not change the extent of cisDDP-DNA binding in satellite or liver cells. It is concluded that the amelioration of cisDDP toxicity by ORG.2766 is not directly related to the cisDDP-DNA binding in satellite cells.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1976

[DNA synthesis in spinal ganglia of rabbit after Herpes suis infection. Findings obtained by electron microscopy and autoradiography].

The mulitplication of herpes suis virus in neurons, amphicytes, gliocytes, as well as Schwann's and endothelial cells of the spinal ganglion of rabbit was traced by electron microscopy and autoradiography, using tritium-labelled thymidine. Marking of nuclear zone margin, quite common when it comes to ganglion cells, was observed also in the context of mesenchymal cells beyond expectation on the basis of light microscopy, but in the case under review it had no direct relationship with virus synthesis. Repeated markings were recorded from the nucleoli of apparently unchanged ganglion cells which suggested the suitability of the technique for early detection of infectious attack on intact cells. Exogenous 3H-thymidine was supplied three hours and absorbed with specificity by the DNA-forming centres of the nuclei, but the growing virus drew into itself additional cellular or inactive thymidine. The method proved to be highly significant, as in comparison to the nuclear environment there were ten times as many lemnici in the DNA production centres of neurons and Schwann's cells and about six times as many in the amphicytes and gliocytes. Now, there is definite justification in rejecting as unfounded all doubt expressed repeatedly and more recently in the specificity of herpes-dependent intranuclear inclusions.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The effects of cisplatin on rat spinal ganglia: a study by light and electron microscopy and by morphometry.

Cisplatin given in doses of 0.5-2 mg to Wistar and to Sprague-Dawley rats produced nucleolar segregation of the dense fibrillar from the granular component in spinal root ganglion cells. The nucleolar segregation, found to the same extent in large and small neurons, was confirmed by specific silver staining and by electron microscopy. After repeated doses of 1 mg or 0.5 mg, up to 40% of affected nucleoli were observed by light microscopy. Focal clearing of the nucleoplasm of nuclei also occurred. Disorganisation of ribosomes was found in more severely intoxicated animals, especially in large light cells with shrinkage of the Nissl substance and apparent increase in neurofilaments, the latter occasionally distending the initial segment of the axon, but never extending further. Hypertrophy of the satellite cells with increase in the perineuronal intercellular spaces, often associated with irregular, scalloped nuclear and cell outlines, suggested that neuron shrinkage had occurred. This was confirmed by morphometry and marked alterations were found in nucleolar-to-nuclear and nucleolar-to-cell diameter ratios, nuclear and cell diameters were also somewhat reduced without change in the nucleus-to-cell ratios. Peripheral sensory nerve degeneration was not seen, and the animals died from non-neural causes. The probable role of these events in the production of sensory neuropathy is discussed.

Animals↗