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PubMedDate not supplied

Investigations concerning the possibility to replace the Schick test by the passive hemagglutination reaction for evaluating the diphtheria immunity level in population.

The evaluation of Schick test results as compared to the results obtained by determination of diphtheria antitoxin concentration in blood using the neutralizing test on rabbit--Jensen on the one hand and to those obtained by the passive hemagglutination reaction on the other has revealed some discrepancies against the two tests: 7.09% (4.08% pseudo-protected, 3.01 pseudo-susceptible) as against TN-Jensen and 8.6% (5.59% pseudo-protected and 3.01% pseudo-susceptible) as against the passive hemagglutination reaction results. The reported discrepancies were due to the fact that the results of Schick test did not correlate perfectly with the amount of circulating antitoxin, the diphtheria immunity level was wrongly indicated by the Schick test. The passive hemagglutination reaction has proved to be adequate to mass-screening investigations being capable to replace Schick test.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[Sensitivity and specificity of the passive hemagglutination reaction applied to titration of herpes antibodies].

52 human sera were checked for herpes virus hominis type 1 antibodies by passive hemagglutination, complement fixation, neutralization tests and plaque reduction in presence of complement. A good correlation was observed among the results obtained by the passive hemagglutination test and the plaque reduction in presence of complement. The rapidity of the indirect hemagglutination test and the sensitivity of the reaction are in favour of its routine use.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1976

[Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus in blood collected on blotting paper (author's transl)].

Indirect hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus is highly sensitive and reproducible, if employed in well-defined conditions. Standardization of the various factors involved is necessary as well as their reciprocal equilibrium : sheep erythrocytes, antigen, dilution of tanin, buffers quality. The hemagglutination test can be performed on small volumes such as blood collection on blotting paper (PKU). Antibody titers were compared in the serum and the blood so collected in 104 subjects : the results were very similar and no "false negative" were found in any case. This way of collecting blood and hemagglutination are technical improvements in epidemiologic studies of cytomegalovirus infection. It can be hoped they will be adapted to other group herpes infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Protein A-antibody mediated hemagglutination assay for serodiagnosis of amebic liver abscess.

A successful modification of the indirect hemagglutination test to demonstrate antibodies for serodiagnosis of amebic liver abscess has been described in the present study. In the modified test, the protein A-IMA, Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan's strain I) bearing protein A (SAPA) cells were used to enhance hemagglutination of sensitized red cells. Use of SAPA cells markedly enhanced sensitivity of the test and greatly increased the titers obtained with most of the sera. At a diagnostic antibody titer of 1:128 and above, the protein A-IHA could detect 72 (100%) of amebic liver abscess (ALA) cases. Amongst the controls, no false positive reaction was observed in non-amebic liver disease controls. However 1(2%) of sera demonstrated false positive reactions from healthy controls. The protein A-IHA was highly sensitive when compared with that of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) for serodiagnosis of amebic liver abscess. The novel immunoassay is simple, inexpensive and requires little technical skill. It has the potential for wide application in serodiagnosis of amebic liver abscess.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[A new hemagglutination method to determine antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica].

A passive hemagglutination method useful for the determination of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica is described. The E. histolytica antigen is attached to group "O" human red blood cells by means of CrCl3. The specificity and sensitivity of the CrCl3 method was compared with other hemagglutination methods, i.e., tannic acid method and a commercial preparation, as well as counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The CrCl3 method showed a reactivity similar to the tannic acid hemagglutination technique and greater specificity than the commercial preparation. The assay reported here showed a good correlation with the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method. The sensitization of erythrocytes with the amebic antigen by means of CrCl3 offers an easy, rapid and specific technique which can be used as a routine test for the detection of antibodies against E. histolytica.

Amebiasis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The hemagglutinating properties and adsorption on erythrocytes of Coxsackie B-3 viruses and their selected bentonite variants].

The paper is devoted to the study of the Coxsackie B-3 viruses and their bentonite variants passaged on the primary and transplanted cell cultures for their hemagglutinating (HA) properties and a degree of adsorption on erythrocytes. It is shown possible to detect the HA activity of the Coxsackie B-3 viruses which are passaged on the transplanted cell cultures: the variant Abent has the hemagglutinating activity relative to human and rabbit erythrocytes. The variant Abent+ of the Coxsackie B-3 virus passaged on the cell culture Vero is established not to be absorbed on erythrocytes. The variant Abent and the initial population of the Coxsackie B-3 virus are adsorbed on the human erythrocytes by 90-99%. Coxsackie B-3 virus and its bentonite variants reproduced on the primary cell culture of human embryonic fibroblasts and possessing the hemagglutinating activity are 100-1000 times better adsorbed on human erythrocytes than the viruses passaged in the transplanted culture.

Adsorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies concerning the hemagglutinant activity of some pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic strains of genus Vibrio.

1606 bacterial strains, belonging to Vibrio genus (189 V. cholerae 0 : 1; 1091 V. cholerae nongroup 0 : 1 and 205 V. halophilic strains) of different sources of isolation, were studied, concerning their hemagglutinating behaviour to 5 different animal red blood cells (human, bovine, chicken, African green monkey and guinea pig) in mannose/fucose presence/absence. The study aimed to establish the spectrum of their hemagglutinating activity as well as any possible correlation between the source of isolation, serogroup etc and the HA-type/subtype. Mannose/fucose sensitive as well as mannose/fucose resistant hemagglutinins were exhibited by the different tested strains. As unknown behaviour, a noticeable hemagglutination only in the carbohydrate presence was recorded. The HA-types and subtypes in 861 V. cholerae nongroup 0 : 1 tested strains are presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Virulence of Escherichia coli strains in relation to their hemolysin formation, mannose-resistant hemagglutination, hydroxamate production, K 1-antigen and the plasmid profile in patients with chronic pyelonephritis.

Microorganisms initiating infections of the kidneys and the upper urinary tract are characterized by specific properties. In 96 patients with non-obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, Escherichia coli strains were isolated and their virulence properties studied. Most frequently hemolysin formation and mannose-resistant hemagglutination (n = 39/40%), less frequently the ability to produce hydroxamate/aerobactin (n = 18/19%) and the K 1-antigen (n = 13/14%) were detected. In 34 E. coli strains (35%) two and more virulence factors were found. A statistically significant correlation exists between mannose-resistant hemagglutination (evidence of P- and F7-F14 fimbriae) and hemolysin formation on the one hand and hydroxamate production and K 1-antigen on the other (confidence intervals are 0.56-0.75 and 0.75-0.89, respectively). Disease activity and pathogenicity of E. coli strains showed a statistically significant association (chi 2-value, DF 1: hemolysin 29.5, mannose-resistant hemagglutination 17.1, K 1-antigen 4.8, hydroxamate 0.5). The analysis of the plasmid profile yielded species in molecular weight range from 0-170 Md. A correlation between single virulence features and certain plasmid combinations failed to be demonstrated. The results revealed a close connection between certain virulence properties of E. coli strains and a specific uropathogenicity. The clinical significance of this observation should be further elucidated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Purification and some properties of hemagglutinating protein mutina from bushmaster Lachesis muta snake venom.

Lachesis muta snake venom induced aggregation of bromelain sensitized human erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The hemagglutinating protein was purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least three bands, whereas SDS electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol showed a single one. Isoelectric focusing revealed hemagglutinating activity in the range of pH 3-8. The maximum peak (mutina) at pH 5.5. This fraction was active in agglutinating human RBC of types A, B, O Rh (+) and B, O Rh (-). One mM EDTA and 1 mM Ca++ did not alter the agglutinating time significantly. Lactose and inositol inhibited the agglutination of A, B, O Rh (+) and B, O Rh (-) human RBC. The present study showed the non specificity of the hemagglutinating activity of mutina. It was also shown that mutina is a non-mitogenic protein.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1986

[Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen using passive hemagglutination].

The passive hemagglutination test (Sero-Test CCB) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been developed. The comparative study of the sensitivity of Sero-Test CCB, the passive hemagglutination test Hepanostikon (developed by Organon, the Netherlands) and the radioimmunoassay (with the use of an experimental assay kit provided by the Institute of Vaccines in Dessau, GDR) has been carried out by the determination of HBsAg in 100 coded sera from viral hepatitis patients and hepatitis virus carriers. Both passive hemagglutination tests (Sero-Test CCB and Hepanostikon) have yielded coinciding results (r = 0.90). The sensitivity of Sero-Test CCB has been found to exceed that achieved with the use of electrophoretic techniques 30-150 times, though it is 8 times lower than the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay. The test kits Sero-Test CCB HBsAg are used for the examination of donor blood and for the survey of groups of persons subjected to a high risk of contacting hepatitis B infection in hemodialysis and transplantation centers, surgical wards, etc.

Carrier State↗

PubMed1972

Immunity to Escherichia coli in pigs: serum gamma globulin levels, indirect hemagglutinating antibody titres and bactericidal activity against E. coli in pigs up to five weeks of age.

Serum gamma globulin levels, indirect hemagglutinating antibody titres and bactericidal activity against the 0149:K91;K88ac:H10 Serotype of Escherichia coli were determined in pigs up to five weeks of age from vaccinated and non-vaccinated sows. Gamma globulin levels at two days of age were approximately twice adult levels, by three weeks of age they were one quarter of adult levels and remained so until five weeks of age. Indirect hemagglutinating antibody activity was highest at two days of age, fell until three weeks of age and then rose. Little or no indirect hemagglutinating antibody activity was detected in sera taken at two days of age from pigs from non-vaccinated sows. Only three of 26 two day old pigs had demonstrable bactericidal activity; by three weeks of age 16 of 26 had bactericidal activity. Serum from piglets of vaccinated sows had no more bactericidal activity than did sera from non-vaccinated sows.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Hemagglutination-inhibition tests with different strains of equine infectious anemia virus.

The serologic relationships between 6 strains of equine infectious anemia (EIA) viruses were investigated by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Cross HI tests, using sera from horses in the early stage of infection, revealed that all strains were inhibited only by homologous strain antisera and that HI antibody was always detectable before virus-neutralizing antibody. In the later stages of infection, both homologous and heterologous HI antibodies were detected in a sera of most of the horses, and the order of appearance of heterologous HI antibodies was random in 2 horses inoculated with the same virus strain. The viruses sequentially isolated from 1 horse had serologically the same hemagglutinating antigenicity to their parent virus. These results indicate that hemagglutinating antigens of EIA virus were type specific, but different from the antigens detectable by neutralization. The possible role of EIA virus hemagglutinin and HI antibody in causing periodic anemia is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Antigenic hemagglutination inhibition test in examining of the culture supernatants of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F and some related bacterial species.

The hemagglutination inhibition test with using lyophilized preparations of the double botulinal indicator system (antigen sensitized erythrocytes and type-specific homologous antitoxic globulin) was used to the identification of the Cl. botulinum types A, B, E and F culture supernatants and the supernatants of other related bacteria. In the examined indicator hemagglutination system, the type-specific results were obtained in spite of the existence of antigenic cross-reactivity known inside the genus Clostridium. Absence hemagglutination inhibition reaction of the botulinal indicator system with cultured supernatants of the protein A - positive Staph. aureus strains was discussed.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1983

[Fractions from mouse brain which non-specifically inhibit the hemagglutination of various togaviruses].

Brain fractions isolated from Swiss albino mice were studied from the physical, chemical and biological viewpoints. The isoionic point gave a value of 4.16 +/- 0.17 indicating the presence of acid groups. UV absorption experiments showed an opening of the structure when the fractions were heated. The presence of neuraminic acid group was demonstrated using o-phenanthroline and, when heated, the structure exposed the hidden neuraminic acid. The biological property of inhibiting viral hemagglutination increased when the fractions were heated. EEE virus was used as hemagglutinating antigen. The treatment with alpha-chymotrypsin destroyed the inhibiting viral hemagglutination property in 120 seconds. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the fractions are proteic in nature. Glyco- and lipoproteins were only present in the fraction with the inhibitory property. Only neutral lipids were demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Postoperative control for the persistence of positivity in three immunological tests used in the diagnosis of hydatidosis in children (E.L.I.S.A.-specific IgE, indirect hemagglutination and E.L.I.S.A.-total IgE).

The persistence of serological positivity was studied in 21 children with surgically proven hydatidosis. The children had been previously operated on between 10 months and 7 4/12 years before serum samples were extracted. Forty-eight people (19 adult and 39 children) were included as a control group. E.L.I.S.A. specific IgE and indirect hemagglutination techniques were used for the diagnosis of hydatid disease. Studies of the immunoglobulins and complement components IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, C3, C4, C5 and factor B were done on the sera from the 21 children with histories of equinococciasis. The results are expressed according to the location and physical condition of the cyst, the time passed after surgery, the number of cysts and the number of surgical operations. We found persistence of positivity of up to 5 4/12 years for indirect hemagglutination and up to 6 7/12 years for specific IgE, in cases without evidence of clinical parasitation so we think that the postoperative control must be based on several serological determinations. The concordance between the two specific serological tests (specific IgE and indirect hemagglutination) was 80.95%; specific IgE having appeared more sensitive especially in cases of hepatic location. The results concerning the total IgE determination were highlighted in the immunoglobulin studies. We consider total IgE as being only orientative, because of the frequency with which it is found elevated in childhood diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Altered cell surface antigen expression in bladder carcinoma detected by a new hemagglutinating monoclonal antibody.

A hemagglutinating monoclonal IgM antibody (MoAb145) was produced against a high incidence red blood cell membrane antigen. By the specific red cell adherence test, the antibody also reacted with human bladder epithelium; in addition, expression of the MoAb145 antigen was lost in some cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, in a manner similar to the ABH blood group. Hemagglutination studies with a panel of erythrocytes lacking specific high incidence red blood cell membrane antigens indicated that MoAb145 did not recognize ABH specificity but rather a determinant absent from rare MN variant erythrocytes, including En(a-) erythrocytes, which lack glycophorin-alpha. Failure of MoAb145 to stain, by indirect immunofluorescence, the erythroleukemia cell line K562, which expresses glycophorin-alpha and the MN blood group, and failure to inhibit MoAb145 hemagglutination with an erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein fraction that contained MN blood group activity suggests that MoAb145 does not recognize either glycophorin-alpha or the MN blood group, but rather another membrane determinant, which is altered in En(a-) erythrocytes. This study demonstrates a new epitope detected by MoAb145 that is shared between human erythrocyte membranes and bladder epithelia, and is affected by neoplastic transformation in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1978

[Detection of the etiologic structure of generalized and localized forms of meningococcal infection using the passive hemagglutination test].

Preparations of formalin-treated erythrocytes sensitized with meningococcus polysaccharides of serological groups A, C, X, Y, and Z were used for the purpose of examination of patients with meningococcus infection; these preparations were highly specific in the tests of precipitation, hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Indirect hemagglutination test with the sera of 99 patients suffering from generalized forms of meningococcus infection was conducted with the mentioned preparations in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1974--1975 when a stable morbidity decline was noted in these towns after an epidemic rise. The diagnostic value of this test was confirmed: it permitted to diagnose meningococcus etiology beginning from the 5th day of the disease and to decipher it from the aspect of individual serological groups. As shown, the incidence of cases caused by serological group A, reaching 87% at the height of the epidemic rise, fell to 49.5% at the stage of decline. Cases caused by group Y which was not encountered formerly were revealed in 16.2% of the patients. Among 127 patients with miningitis of nonmeningococcus etiology meningococcus antibodies to groups A and Y were revealed with the same frequency (in titres of not over 1 : 20--1 : 80), but the leading role of serological group A in the etiology of the manifest forms permitted to draw a conclusion on the presence of a higher invasiveness in the strains of group A.

Hemagglutination Tests↗

PubMed1980

[Passive hemagglutination test for Semliki-Forest Virus (author's transl)].

Several methods of coupling immunoglobulins onto sheep erythrocytes have been examined with a view to demonstrate Semliki-Forest virus by use of a passive hemagglutination tests. With the exception of the carbodiimid coupling reaction, most methods could be used to couple goat anti SFV IgG to erythrocytes. Best results were obtained when anti SFV goat IgG was coupled to sheep red blood cells by using 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Sheep red blood cells treated after that method could be used to identify as well as titrate SFV in any given solution. The actual mode of agglutination was made visible by electron microscopy in so far as SFV was found to form dimers of adjacent erythrocytes via a bridge formation. The passive hemagglutination offers considerable advantages compared to other methods such as the direct hemagglutination with goose erythrocytes, as formalin inactivated virus can be detected therby. The described test therefore offers an additional approach to check the potency of inactivated togavirus vaccines.

Animals↗