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PubMed2001

[Levels of lead and cadmium in pregnant women and newborns and evaluation of their impact on child development].

This study was done in 83 mothers and their 83 newborns with the aim of determining the levels of lead and cadmium in maternal venous and umbilical cord blood. Hair levels were also measured in 60 mothers and 14 newborns. The course of pregnancy was normal in each case and all deliveries were by natural forces at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital in the City of Szczecin. The mean age of mothers was 26 and the postpartum Apgar score of each child was normal. The relationship between levels of lead and cadmium in blood and hair of mothers and newborns was examined and their influence on the general health status of the newborn was assessed, in particular on the body weight and length, head and chest circumferences. The influence of socio-economic conditions on levels of lead and cadmium in blood and hair of mothers and newborns was also examined. Levels of the two toxic metals in blood and hair were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry done in reference laboratories. The results were statistically compared taking the level of significance as p = 0.05. It was found that levels of lead and cadmium are lower in mothers and newborns from Szczecin than values reported by Polish and international investigators and are markedly below the upper permissible limit. Levels of lead and cadmium in maternal venous blood were 0.133 mumol/L (2.75 micrograms/dL) and 0.008 mumol/L (0.09 microgram/dL), respectively, and were significantly higher than levels in cord blood: 0.103 mumol/L (2.14 micrograms/dL) and 0.0025 mumol/L (0.028 microgram/dL). The concentration of lead and cadmium in cord blood was 78% and 33% of the concentration, respectively, in maternal blood. This difference seems to reflect the activity of the placental barrier which apparently is more effective in the case of cadmium. Contrary to this pattern, hair levels of both metals were lower in mothers (Pb 0.004 mumol = 0.86 microgram/g dry mass, Cd 0.0012 mumol = 0.13 microgram/g dry mass) than in newborns (Pb 0.02 mumol = 5.07 micrograms/g dry mass, Cd 0.002 mumol = 0.22 microgram/g dry mass). These findings indicate that accumulation of lead and cadmium begins in fetal life. A statistically significant correlation was revealed between maternal venous and umbilical cord blood levels of lead (r = 0.59, p = 0.000001) and cadmium (r = 0.23, p = 0.04). The levels of both metals seemed to be without effect on the health status and body dimensions measured. Significantly higher levels of cadmium were detected in women who reported a history of abortions. Concentrations of lead and cadmium in blood or hair were not related to education, employment during pregnancy, past infectious diseases, number of pregnancies, or dwelling conditions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Fertility rates in 238 HIV-1-seropositive women in Zaire followed for 3 years post-partum.

Birth-control use and fertility rates were prospectively determined in 238 HIV-1-seropositive and 315 HIV-1-seronegative women in Kinshasa, Zaire, during the 36-month period following the delivery of their last live-born child. No women delivered children during the first follow-up year. Birth-control utilization rates (percentage use during total observation time) and fertility rates (annual number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age) in the second year of follow-up were 19% (107.4 per 1000) for HIV-1-seropositive women and 16% (144.7 per 1000) for HIV-1-seronegative women. In the third year of follow-up these rates were 26 (271.0 per 1000) and 16% (38.6 per 1000) for HIV-1-seropositive and HIV-1-seronegative women, respectively (P less than 0.05 for the difference in birth-control utilization and fertility rates between seropositive and seronegative women in the third year of follow-up). Seven (2.9%) of the 238 HIV-1-seropositive women initially included in the study brought their sex partners in for HIV-1 testing; three (43%) of these men were found to be HIV-1-seropositive. New HIV-1 infection did not have a dramatic effect on the fertility of seropositive women. The nearly uniform unwillingness of HIV-1-seropositive women to inform husbands or sexual partners of their HIV-1 serostatus accounted in large part for the disappointingly high fertility rates in seropositive women who had been provided with a comprehensive program of HIV counseling and birth control. Counseling services for seropositive women of child-bearing age which do not also include these women's sexual partners are unlikely to have an important impact on their high fertility rates.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1991

Reproductive failure in goats in Norway: an investigation in 24 herds.

Twenty-four flocks comprising 2370 breeding goats were examined. Three hundred-and-sixty-nine (15.6%) of the goats either aborted or delivered dead kids at full term, or were barren. In 23 of the herds the rate of reproductive loss ranged from 2% to 36%, whereas in one herd all of 54 mated goats had live kids. A loss of greater than or equal to 20% was found in 9 herds comprising 799 goats. In 11 herds comprising 946 goats the rate of reproductive failure was less than or equal to 10%. The incidence of reproductive failure was higher in older goats than in those in their first or second pregnancy. The causes were identified in only about 3% of the goats that aborted. It is concluded that reproductive failure in many flocks probably is associated with non-infectious causes such as nutritional and environmental factors.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of syphilis infection in Mozambican women with second trimester miscarriage and women attending antenatal care in second trimester.

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate whether recent syphilis infection is significantly more prevalent among women with mid-trimester miscarriage than among antenatal care attenders in midtrimester pregnancy. DESIGN: Two categories of pregnant women were compared regarding serological signs of syphilis. Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) analyses were done in Mozambique and Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests in Sweden. In case of RPR and/or VDRL positivity, Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) and Captia Syphilis-M were performed. SETTING: A suburban antenatal care clinic and the emergency ward at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Central Hospital in Maputo, Mozambique, were studied June-August 1991. SUBJECTS: Randomly selected women seeking antenatal care in midtrimester pregnancy (N = 202) were compared with 114 women consecutively entering with clinical signs of midtrimester miscarriage. RESULTS: Among antenatal care attenders, 37/202 (18.3%), and among women with midtrimester miscarriage, 37/114 (32.5%), had syphilis confirmed with the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test (p < 0.01). Significant titres of IgM antibodies tended to be more prevalent among women with miscarriage (7.0%) than among women attending antenatal care (4.5%), though the difference only approached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a potential association between syphilis seropositivity and midtrimester miscarriage. Present findings justify more extensive studies to establish whether or not recent syphilis infection is a risk factor for midtrimester miscarriage.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathomorphological and hormonal criteria in the diagnosis of causes of spontaneous abortions].

The authors think it necessary to research causes of each case of spontaneous abortion more thoroughly. Pathomorphological manifestations of chromosomal, endocrine, immune and infectious pathology of the fetal bubble and endometrium are described. These criteria are compared to then content of sex steroid hormones in the circulating blood of pregnant women.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1999

Significance of Neospora caninum in British dairy cattle determined by estimation of seroprevalence in normally calving cattle and aborting cattle.

A case control study was conducted to evaluate the significance of Neospora caninum infections in cattle in England and Wales. The prevalence of N. caninum in normally calving cattle (the control group; n = 418) and aborting cattle (n = 633) was estimated using a commercial antibody-detection ELISA. Prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and Leptospira hardjo were also obtained by serology. The prevalence of N. caninum was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the aborting group (18%; 95% confidence interval: 15%, 21%) than in the control group (6%; 95% confidence interval: 4%, 8%); the latter is the first estimate, to date, of the national seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy cattle in England and Wales. Prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and L. hardjo were not found to be higher in the aborting cattle than in the control group. With N. caninum, a strong association between seropositivity and abortion was found, with seropositive cows being 3.5-times more likely to abort than seronegative cows (odds ratio = 3.49; 95% confidence interval: 2.16, 5.69). Furthermore, 12.5% of abortions in dairy cattle in England and Wales may be attributable to N. caninum, as indicated by estimation of the population aetiological fraction.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1983

Goat herpesviruses: biological and physicochemical properties.

Two herpesvirus isolates from goats are known which cause afflictions of the digestive tract in kids and, in some cases, abortion. An antigenic relationship of these goat herpesviruses with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis virus (bovid herpesvirus 1, BHV-1) was reported and because of the species-specific pathogenicity, the goat isolates were named caprine herpesvirus 1. In this report the two isolates are further characterized and compared with BHV-1. Although the caprine herpesviruses share many biological and physicochemical properties with BHV-1, they can be differentiated from the bovine viruses with respect to growth cycle, one-way cross-neutralization and, most importantly, the restriction endonuclease fragments of their DNAs. The molecular weight of the caprine herpesvirus DNA, based on electron microscopic length measurement is 90 X 10(6), similar to that of BHV-1 (95 X 10(6]. On the basis of these genomic differences, we propose that DNA restriction endonuclease patterns of the caprine herpesviruses should be designated as prototypic of bovid herpesvirus 6 (BHV-6).

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of influenza virus with mouse macrophages.

Mouse peritoneal and alveolar macrophages differed substantially in their response to influenza in vitro. Immunofluorescent and infectious-center techniques showed that viral proteins were produced in only a small subpopulation (17%) of peritoneal macrophages and that these infected cells were removed from culture by 3 days postinfection. In contrast, alveolar macrophages were highly susceptible to influenza, and viral antigens were produced in all cells. This was accompanied by a cytopathic effect and cell death. However, no infectious virus was released and the infection was considered abortive. With mouse cytomegalovirus, however, both alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were equally restrictive, and viral antigens were produced in only 1 to 5% of either cell population. No significant differences were observed between mouse-virulent and -avirulent strains of influenza in their interaction with macrophages either in vitro or in vivo. In vivo, both strains induced an influx of cells to the alveolar spaces by 3 to 4 days postinfection, and this was reflected by a 5- to 10-fold increase in the number of "macrophages" in harvest fluids at this time. Many of these cells had an altered morphology compared with alveolar macrophages from uninfected mice, and the cell population as a whole was not susceptible to influenza. However, this resistance was lost by 7 days of in vitro culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Permissiveness of rabbit monocytes and macrophages for herpes simplex virus type 1.

The permissiveness of rabbit monocytes and macrophages for herpes simplex virus was examined. Peripheral blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and peritoneal exudate macrophages were studied for their ability to replicate herpes simplex virus strains RE and KOS. Results indicated different degrees of interaction with virus depending on the macrophage type. Only peritoneal exudate macrophages showed evidence of virus replication. Productive infection was limited, with only a small number of cells (0.02%) yielding infectious virus. Higher numbers of cells appeared to be abortively infected. Approximately 40% expressed antigens, whereas virtually all were killed by exposure to virus. Coreless particles were seen by electron microscopy in about one-third. Alveolar macrophages were also killed by virus and showed evidence of virus adsorption, but showed no indication of productive or abortive infection. Monocytes neither adsorbed nor replicated virus, and viability was unaffected. Results suggest that differences in degrees of cellular maturation or differentiation, or both, account for the spectrum of interactions seen between herpes simplex virus and rabbit macrophages.

Adsorption↗