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PubMed1984

[Eosinophilic granuloma of the small intestine, colon and rectum].

The authors reviewed the literature on predominantly eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrations of the bowel wall. Epidemiologic, pathologic and etiologic aspects are first presented, followed by specific clinical problems, radiology, endoscopy and treatment of this unusual illness.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1995

Efficacy of moxidectin pour-on against nematode infections in cattle.

Three groups of eight calves, naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and artificially infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus were used to evaluate the efficacy of moxidectin pour-on at dose rates of 0.35 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight. With both doses the efficacy was 100 per cent against adult D viviparus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia species and Nematodirus helvetianus. It was more than 99 per cent against Ostertagia and Nematodirus species fourth stage larvae. A small number of Cooperia species were found after treatment, and for this parasite, the efficacy of moxidectin ranged from 97.6 per cent against the larval stages to 98.8 per cent against the adults. No adverse reactions to the moxidectin treatment were observed.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1986

Unique characteristics of local responses in host resistance to mucosal parasitic infections.

Because of the tremendous impact that parasitic infections have on the health and productivity of humans and domestic animals, considerable research effort has been focused upon understanding the mechanisms of host-parasite coexistence, host resistance and immunopathology. Studies have employed a range of approaches including: kinetic analysis of parasite establishment, development, fecundity and survival in naive and previously-infected hosts; correlation between parasite survival and histopathologic responses at the site of infection; vaccination with attenuated parasites or their products; cellular and serum transfer of immunity to naive or immunocompromised hosts; pharmacologic manipulation of potential mediators of host defense using agonistic and antagonistic drugs. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that to understand the mechanisms associated with host resistance and parasite survival, one must define the characteristics of the local microenvironment at the host-parasite interface. One of the approaches by which such studies can be made involves the isolation and characterization of cells derived from the local infection site. This manuscript reviews some of these studies on local aspects of mucosal immune responses in parasitic infections. Examples that will be discussed include IgA antibody, intraepithelial leukocytes from the intestine, intestinal mast cell populations, macrophages derived from bronchoalveolar lavage, and local immunoregulatory responses during respiratory and intestinal parasitic infection. These studies have established unequivocally that local responses to mucosal parasitic infection can only be appropriately investigated using cells derived from the specific microenvironment. This conclusion should encourage others to further study these local responses and to be innovative in investigating unexplored aspects of the host-parasite interface.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Strongyloides stercoralis: histopathology of uncomplicated and hyperinfective strongyloidiasis in the Mongolian gerbil, a rodent model for human strongyloidiasis [corrected].

Tissues from corticosteroid-treated gerbils hyperinfected with Strongyloides stercoralis were compared grossly and microscopically to similar tissues from animals with uncomplicated strongyloidiasis. Gerbils with hyperinfection developed severe pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage with a variable degree of subacute eosinophilic interstitial pneumonia associated with numerous alveolar, vascular and interstitial larvae. Hyperinfection induced by corticosteroids, given either before inoculation of S. stercoralis larvae or after a chronic Strongyloides infection was established, produced similar lesions. In contrast, lungs from gerbils with uncomplicated Strongyloides infection had severe eosinophilic perivasculitis and vasculitis with very little haemorrhage, no pneumonia and no larvae. Sections of adult worms were present in the proximal part of the intestinal tract, lodged in spaces between mucosal epithelial cells. Adult worms were not associated with inflammation and were more common in the corticosteroid-treated gerbils. In corticosteroid-treated gerbils only, there were numerous larvae in the distal intestinal tract, throughout the intestinal wall and adjacent mesentery, within interstitial tissues and in lymphatic vessels. Significant inflammation with associated larvae was only present in the caecum and mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that the caecum was the main site for initiation of parenteral migration with subsequent invasion of the lymphatic system and lungs. The lesions in these gerbils were similar to those found in humans. Infection of gerbils with S. stercoralis is the best rodent model of human strongyloidiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Intestinal and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an infant with severe combined immune deficiency.

Small intestinal biopsy established the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in a 6-month-old male infant with severe combined immune deficiency. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the ultrastructural details of Cryptosporidium in several stages of development within the patient's small intestine. The organism was resistant to all antibiotics used, and the patient died in the 5th month of his illness, despite receiving parenteral alimentation and undergoing thymus transplantation. His clinical course was similar to that of other patients with fatal immune deficiencies and cryptosporidiosis. Autopsy demonstrated organisms attacking the epithelium of the small intestine, pancreatic duct, and bronchioles. Multiple organ involvement in this patient negates the view that Cryptosporidium is site-specific for a given host or is alimentary-canal-specific in humans.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1995

Hepatic coccidiosis associated with hepatic necrosis in a goat.

Hepatic coccidiosis, usually caused by a member of the genus Eimeria, is common in rabbits but rare in other mammals. We describe the first reported case of naturally occurring hepatic coccidiosis in a goat. An approximately 6-month-old crossbred goat was presented with a history of diarrhea for 1 week and death. The liver had grossly visible, coalescing foci of necrosis measuring up to 6 cm in greatest dimension. Microscopically, areas of coagulative necrosis also had ectatic and hyperplastic bile ducts that contained coccidial meronts, macrogamonts, and microgamonts within the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Bile duct lumina contained scattered oocysts. Fibrosis and aggregates of lymphocytes surrounded affected ducts. Microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of coccidian stages were compatible with the genus Eimeria, but the species could not be determined. The small intestine also had coccidiosis; however, it was unclear whether or not the same coccidian species affected both the liver and the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Intestinal capillariasis in New World monkeys.

Two cases of intestinal capillariasis have been identified at necropsy in a squirrel monkey and a capuchin monkey born and raised in captivity. The parasites are described as far as possible from the histopathological slides or intestinal contents, and their relationship to other intestinal capillarids, especially those of primates, is discussed.

Animals↗