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PubMed1995

Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic states.

"The politics of immigration in liberal democracies exhibits strong similarities that are, contrary to the scholarly consensus, broadly expansionist and inclusive. Nevertheless, three groups of states display distinct modes of immigration politics. Divergent immigration histories mold popular attitudes toward migration and ethnic heterogeneity and affect the institutionalization of migration policy and politics....I begin by discussing those characteristics of immigration politics found in all liberal democracies. I then investigate the distinctive modes of immigration politics in the three subsets of Western democratic states with distinctive immigration histories. I conclude by considering whether these three patterns will persist or how they might change as a result of future migration pressures and the further institutionalization of immigration politics and policies in Europe." Comments by Rogers Brubaker (pp. 903-8) and a rejoinder by the author (pp. 909-13) are included.

Attitude↗

PubMed1989

Female immigrants and labor in colonial Malaya: 1860-1947.

"The role of Chinese and Indian women as immigrants and workers in colonial Malaya is examined using data from censuses, immigration records, official reports and secondary sources. The article discusses the main types of work of female immigrants and their contribution to the economic development of colonial Malaya during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in an attempt to redress the neglect of female immigrants' economic role in Malaya's history. Comparisons between male and female immigrants' labor and between Chinese and Indian immigrants, are drawn to highlight the different conditions of migration and labor for the different groups of immigrants."

Asia↗

PubMed1983

Recent trends in Hispanic immigration to the United States.

Recent patterns of Hispanic immigration to the United States are examined using data from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. "From 1960 to 1978 Hispanic immigration increased significantly, reflecting the general acceleration in total immigration to the United States. Demographic trends reveal that Hispanic immigrants are increasingly working-age women. Their occupation composition is primarily blue collar, with operatives emerging as the predominant job category during the 1970s." The authors note that these immigrants settle primarily in a small number of urban centers of Hispanic population and culture in the United States, and thus the effects of immigration will be concentrated on the low-skill segment of particular urban labor markets that already contain large numbers of Hispanic workers.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1984

The politics of immigration reform.

The US is the target for international migration, now more than ever. Population growth and economic stragnation in the Third World are increasing the pressures for out-migration, and current immigration law is wholly incapable of responding to the ever increasing flow of illegal immigrants. Border apprehensions of illegal aliens in the US were up 40% during 1983, and total apprehensions reached 1.25 million by the year's end. Recent public opinion polls have disclosed that an overwhelming majority of the American public demands immigration reform, and yet we as a nation have been distinctly unwilling or unable to respond to this clear public sentiment. This paper discusses the politics of the "Simpson-Mazzoli" Immigration Reform and Control Act, previous immigration legislation, current counterproposals for US immigration policy, and the political realities of immigration reform.

Americas↗

PubMed1988

[Foreign immigration in contemporary France].

Immigration trends in France since 1946 are first reviewed. The author notes that immigration peaked in the period prior to the oil crisis of the early 1970s. Tighter immigration controls adopted in 1974 have affected the characteristics of the immigrant population concerning intention to return to country of origin, length of stay, and reuniting of family members. Consideration is also given to immigrant characteristics by nationality, unemployment among foreigners, and fertility differentials. "The second part of the article examines the new terms of the immigration problem (the alternative between the foreigners' integration and the maintainance of the immigrant statute) and the programs to be proposed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Acculturation↗

PubMed1994

Explaining immigrant naturalization.

"Prior research on immigrant naturalization has focused mainly on the effects of immigrants' adaptation experiences and demographic characteristics on their propensity to naturalize. This article proposes a broader analytical framework which incorporates immigrants' individual characteristics and larger social contexts in the country of origin and the country of destination to explain the likelihood of citizenship acquisition. The framework is tested for a cohort of recent immigrants, using the PUMS data from the 1980 U.S. census. The results show that economic, political, social, cultural and geographical conditions in the country of origin, and immigrants ethnic communities and urban concentration in the country of destination, to a large extent influence immigrants' propensity for naturalization and that, net of the contextual factors, many of the immigrants' adaptation and demographic characteristics are also significant predictors of citizenship acquisition."

Acculturation↗

PubMed1976

Immigration policies and trends: a comparison of Canada and the United States.

This paper discusses recent migration to North America with reference to the 1962 and 1967 Canadian immigration regulations and the 1965 United States Immigration and Nationality Act. Despite the similar emphasis on manpower and kinship criteria as the basis for the admission of immigrants, differences between Canada and the United States exist with respect to the importance of immigration for the respective economies, the organization of immigration, the formal regulations, and the size and composition of migrant streams. After an examination of the volume, origin, and occupational composition of immigration to Canada and the United States, flows between the two countries are studied. The paper concludes with a scrutiny of changes in immigration regulations which are pending in both countries.

Africa↗

PubMed2003

Screening for leprosy in immigrants--a decision analysis model.

Almost all leprosy cases reported in industrialized countries occur amongst immigrants or refugees from developing countries where leprosy continues to be an important health issue. Screening for leprosy is an important question for governments in countries with immigration and refugee programmes. A decision analysis framework is used to evaluate leprosy screening. The analysis uses a set of criteria and parameters regarding leprosy screening, and available data to estimate the number of cases which would be detected by a leprosy screening programme of immigrants from countries with different leprosy prevalences, compared with a policy of waiting for immigrants who develop symptomatic clinical diseases to present for health care. In a cohort of 100,000 immigrants from high leprosy prevalence regions (3.6/10,000), screening would detect 32 of the 42 cases which would arise in the destination country over the 14 years after migration; from medium prevalence areas (0.7/10,000) 6.3 of the total 8.1 cases would be detected, and from low prevalence regions (0.2/10,000) 1.8 of 2.3 cases. Using Australian data, the migrant mix would produce 74 leprosy cases from 10 years intake; screening would detect 54, and 19 would be diagnosed subsequently after migration. Screening would only produce significant case-yield amongst immigrants from regions or social groups with high leprosy prevalence. Since the number of immigrants to Australia from countries of higher endemnicity is not large routine leprosy screening would have a small impact on case incidence.

Australia↗

PubMed1992

Estimates of long-term immigration to the United States: moving US statistics toward United Nations concepts.

US immigration data are revised to reflect the UN demographic concept of long-term immigration. Long-term immigration is measured by the number of new immigrants (permanent resident aliens) arriving in the year, temporary migrant arrivals (nonimmigrants) who subsequently adjust to permanent resident status, arrivals of asylees and refugees, and nonimmigrants who arrive during the year and stay for more than twelve months before departing. The estimates of long-term immigration for 1983 are compared to official INS statistics on alien immigration. Significant differences emerge according to country of origin, age, and state of intended residence. A method of producing current estimates of long-term immigration is illustrated.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Depression among elderly Chinese-Canadian immigrants from Mainland China.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms among elderly immigrants from Mainland China to Canada and the impact of various psychosocial factors as predictors of the number of depressive symptoms reported by the elderly Chinese immigrants. METHODS: The participants were 444 elderly immigrants who migrated from Mainland China to Canada. They were a part of a random sample of 2272 elderly Chinese living in the communities and took part in a face-to-face interview to answer questions in an orally administrated questionnaire. The depressive symptoms of the participants were measured by a Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Data obtained from the 444 elderly Chinese immigrants was analyzed to assess the impact of various psychosocial factors on the number of depressive symptoms that they reported. RESULTS: The findings indicated that 23.2% of the elderly immigrants were assessed to have some depressive symptoms. When other predicting variables were adjusted, elderly immigrants with more chronic illnesses, less positive attitude towards ageing, poorer physical health, less adequate financial situation, lower level of ethnic identification as Chinese, more service barriers, lower level of life satisfaction, shorter length of residency in Canada and those who lived alone tended to have more depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the prevalence rate of depressive symptoms among our elderly immigrant sample is higher than the one reported in a general elderly population. While further research is recommended to examine the reasons for such a difference, culturally appropriate health services, including health promotion programs, should be promoted to reduce mental health disparities.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neighbourhood recent immigration and hospitalization in Toronto, Canada.

Recent immigrants to Canada tend to initially settle in low-income urban core areas. The relationships among immigration, neighbourhood effects and health are poorly understood. This study explored the risk of hospitalization in high recent-immigration areas in Toronto compared to other Toronto neighbourhoods. The study used 1996 hospitalization and census data. Regression was used to examine the effects of recent immigration on neighbourhood hospitalization rates. Most hospitalization categories showed significantly higher rates of admission as the proportion of recent immigrants increased. Income was also significantly associated with all categories of hospitalization except surgical admissions. Average household income was almost 60% lower (dollar 36,122) in the highest versus the lowest immigration areas (dollar 82,641) suggesting that, at the neighbourhood level, the effects of immigration and income may be difficult to disentangle. These findings have important implications for health care planning, delivery, and policy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rate of mental health service utilization by Chinese immigrants in British Columbia.

OBJECTIVE: Reports suggest that immigrants are under-served by the mental health service system. The aim of this study is to examine the rates of mental health visits and hospitalization of Chinese immigrants in British Columbia using historic administrative databases. METHOD: A total of more than 150,000 Chinese immigrants who landed in BC between 1985 and 2000 were identified from an immigration database which was linked to the province's administrative health records, as part of a national study on immigrant health. Controls were individually matched to immigrants by sex, age and region and randomly selected from the general BC population. RESULTS: Preliminary results confirm that, while Chinese immigrants use less overall health care than controls, the difference in utilization rates is particularly pronounced with regard to mental health problems, especially for visits to psychiatrists and psychiatric hospitalization. DISCUSSION: The under-utilization of mental health services may reflect better health status, ongoing barriers to access, or other factors. There are different implications for health policy-makers. Further research is necessary to determine the reasons for the low rates of utilization.

Asian People↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada.

Canada admits between more than 200,000 immigrants every year. National policy emphasizes rigorous selection to ensure that Canada admits healthy immigrants. However, remarkably little policy is directed to ensuring that they stay healthy. This neglect is wrong-headed: keeping new settlers healthy is just, humane, and consistent with national self-interest. By identifying personal vulnerabilities, salient resettlement stressors that act alone or interact with predisposition in order to create health risk, and the personal and social resources that reduce risk and promote well-being, health research can enlighten policy and practice. However, the paradigms that have dominated immigrant health research over the past 100 years--the "sick" and "healthy immigrant," respectively--have been inadequate. Part of the problem is that socio-political controversy has influenced the questions asked about immigrant health, and the manner of their investigation. Beginning with a review of studies that point out the shortcomings of the sick immigrant and healthy immigrant paradigms, this article argues that an interaction model that takes into account both predisposition and socio-environmental factors, provides the best explanatory framework for extant findings, and the best guide for future research. Finally, the article argues that forging stronger links between research, policy and the delivery of services will not only help make resettlement a more humane process, it will help ensure that Canada benefits from the human capital that its newest settlers bring with them.

Canada↗

PubMed1990

Canadian suicide mortality rates: first-generation immigrants versus Canadian-born.

This article examines suicide mortality rates and trends in Canada for first-generation immigrants and the Canadian-born population. Data are analyzed by age, sex and country of birth. Since 1950, suicide rates worldwide for both men and women have been increasing. In North America and most of Europe, suicide has been one of the major causes of death for many years. In Canada, suicide rates are also rising. However, this increase is due entirely to a rise in the rate for men; the rate for women has remained relatively stable. Several differences are apparent between the rates for the Canadian-born population and those for first-generation immigrants. For example, three times as many Canadian-born men as women commit suicide. For first-generation immigrants, the ratio is two to one. Suicide mortality rates for the Canadian-born are higher than those for first-generation immigrants in every age group except for the 65 and over groups. Canadian born males have higher ASMR than first generation immigrant males. The rates for women show that first-generation immigrant women have higher suicide mortality rates than their Canadian-born counterparts, and that the highest rate for all women is for immigrants born in Asia.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Occupational accidents among immigrant workers in the Fabriano areas].

BACKGROUND: The growing contribution of immigrant workers to the national economy particularly affects the trend of accidents at work. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the trend of work accidents in the Local Health Area No. 6 - Fabriano (Marche Region), during the period 2000-2003; to define the frequency for each job sector, age, gender, type of work, severity, month, day and week and time of day; to calculate the incidence rate for each year taken into consideration. METHODS: The sources of information used were: 1) The "New Informative Flows" database set up by Italian National Institute of Insurance for Occupational Injury (INAIL), Italian Superior Institute for Work Prevention and Safety (ISPESL) and Regional Governments, and the "EPIWORK software", for the total number of occupational accidents among immigrant workers. 2) The local Jobs and Training Centre of Fabriano. We used three different correction indexes to evaluate the number of hired workers so as to estimate the rate of accident incidence among immigrant workers. RESULTS: The total number of occupational accidents reached its peak in 2001 as a result of the rise in the number of employed people. After this date, the trend started to reverse and in 2002 an increase in the number of employed people--although smaller compared to the previous year--was accompanied by a reduction in the overall number of accidents, a reduction that became even more evident in 2003. Occupational accidents among immigrant workers gradually rose and peaked in 2002. The sectors with high rates of accidents were the mechanical engineering and metallurgic sectors and the construction industry. Accidents occurred mainly among young people (18 to 34years old). As for gender, there was a marked prevalence of men (83.3%) over women (16.7%). Most accidents had a prognosis of 8 to 30 days. The number ofoccupational accidents with a prognosis of 8 to 30 days fell progressively for workers in general but gradually rose for immigrant workers with a peak in 2001. The overall number of occupational accidents that caused permanent invalidity fell by 52.3% for the workforce in general, and by 25% among immigrant workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that immigrant workers employed in the Fabriano area had a higher risk of accidents at work.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Global health index among immigrants in Québec].

Ridit, a global health index, was analyzed in 2,461 immigrants established in the province of Quebec and this value was compared with that obtained in 25,171 natives of Quebec. Ridit values were not significantly different between immigrants and native Quebecers, suggesting a comparable global health status in both groups. Among immigrants, women had a poorer global health index than men, a phenomenon identical to that previously observed in native Quebecers. Immigrants established since 1980 (25% of all immigrants) had a better global health index than native Quebecers, while immigrants established before 1980 were not significantly different. Immigrants represent several ethnic groups for which a global health index could not be defined.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal parasitic infection in operation Solomon immigrants.

Previous studies have documented a high infection rate of intestinal parasites in Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. As a result, current treatment recommendations are for mass treatment without prior screening tests. However, the group of 15,400 Ethiopian immigrants who arrived in Israel in May 1991 (Operation Solomon) represents a somewhat different population from those who had immigrated earlier. The 1991 immigrants had spent 9-12 months in Addis Ababa before their evacuation; the conditions there, together with the provision of medical care, may have resulted in lower infection rates for intestinal parasites. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in these recent immigrants to assess whether mass treatment would still be appropriate. Random stool specimens were obtained from 80 residents of a population of 650 Ethiopian immigrants who were cared for at a Jerusalem clinic. Specimens were examined at the Ministry of Health Laboratory. Of the 80 specimens 45 had sufficient quantity of stool to perform the standard Richie concentration method. Pooling results from all 80 individuals revealed 60 (75.0%) positive specimens, 53 (66.3%) with at least one pathogenic parasite, and 21 (26.3%) with multiple pathogenic parasites. These data provide the first systematic information on intestinal parasitosis in immigrants from Operation Solomon and suggest that mass treatment in this group is appropriate.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tuberculosis case finding and treatment in Ethiopian immigrants to Israel, 1989-91.

In addition to the immigrants from Ethiopia who arrived in Israel during the period 1980-90, a particularly large number immigrated in 1991 including a concentrated group (Operation Solomon). The procedures and problems involved in tuberculosis case-finding and treatment in Ethiopia and in Israel are described. The prevalence rate of cases of active tuberculosis in those who immigrated in 1991 was 1.3/100 persons as compared with 1.9/100 in the 1984-85 immigration (Operation Moses). Among the 1991 immigrants the number of cases reported was 261. In 89% the site was pulmonary. After screening and treatment in Israel there were very few cases of relapse or death and few contact cases in the host population. Follow-up of case reporting from 1983 is updated and demonstrates that the majority of cases are detected and treated within 2-3 years of immigration. Since 1980, 771 cases of tuberculosis were reported in all immigrants from Ethiopia.

Antitubercular Agents↗