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Results for “Immunization, Passive”

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PubMed1995

Plasmodium falciparum: passive immunization of Aotus lemurinus griseimembra with immune serum.

Owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) were immunized against Plasmodium falciparum by infection and drug cure. After challenge, 3 of 4 monkeys developed extended prepatent periods and low grade parasitemias followed by self cure. The fourth monkey did not develop a patent infection. Immune monkey serum passively transferred at the time of challenge conferred immunity to 20 naive monkeys. Immunity was characterized by extended prepatent periods in 19 monkeys, low levels of parasitemia (< or = 1%) followed by self cure in 12 animals, and lack of detectable infection in 3 recipient monkeys. Immune serum collected from monkeys undergoing repeated challenges afforded more protection than serum from singly infected monkeys. However, single doses of hyperimmune serum appeared to be as effective as multiple doses. Normal serum had no effect on the course of infection in 12 monkeys. These studies confirm that owl monkeys can be immunized by infection and cure and demonstrate that this immunity can, in large part, be transferred to nonimmune recipients with serum from immune donors.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Passive immunization of mice with monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus.

To investigate the protective ability of monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) to viral glycoprotein in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, athymic nude mice were inoculated intracutaneously with HSV type-1 (HSV-1) in the midflank. Three hours after inoculation, one group of mice was passively immunized with one of a series of MCAs to glycoprotein gB of HSV-1, and a control group of mice was given phosphate buffered saline alone. The control mice died within 16 days after infection, whereas the mice passively immunized with any of the MCA showed suppressed development of skin lesions. Three of six mice given MCA failed to develop any visible lesions and no HSV could be isolated from the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of these mice 60 days after the challenge. BALB/c mice were also protected from infection with HSV type 2 by passive immunization with MCA to HSV-1 gB.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Passive immunization against insulin-like growth factor-I does not inhibit growth hormone-stimulated growth of dwarf rats.

Passive immunization against insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was undertaken in GH-deficient rats in an attempt to elucidate the relative importance of the endocrine vs.autocrine/paracrine actions of IGF-I in stimulating growth. Antiserum against IGF-I was raised in sheep and purified by affinity chromatography. The ability of the purified antibodies to neutralize the actions of IGF-I in vitro and bind IGF-I in vivo were extensively tested using L6 myoblast and cartilage bioassays. Four groups of male rats with isolated GH deficiency were used in the study. At 49 days of age the rats received 100 microliter normal saline given sc each day for 10 days, 2 mg/kg recombinant bovine GH (bGH) given in 100 microliter, sc, each day, 2 mg/kg bGH, sc, and 300 microliter immunoglobulin G purified from normal sheep serum given daily ip, or 2 mg/kg bGH plus 300 microliter anti-IGF-I immunoglobulin G daily, ip (a dose that was able to completely inhibit IGF-I actions on sulfate uptake into cartilage). Treatment with GH significantly increased growth rates (P less than 0.001) in the rats, but there was no difference between any of the three GH-treated groups; passive immunization against IGF-I did not diminish the GH-stimulated growth in these rats. Excess antibody could be detected in the plasma of all anti-IGF-I-treated rats at the conclusion of the experiment, and the antibody was capable of sequestering both free and binding protein-bound IGF-I. The absence of even a slight retardation of GH-stimulated growth in the anti-IGF-I-treated rats suggests that circulating IGF-I may not be important in mediating the growth-promoting actions of GH, although the immunoneutralization probably does not affect GH stimulation of tissue IGF-I production.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Passive immunizing activity of sera from mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi.

A single injection of serum from C3H mice at 90 days after intradermal inoculation with 10(4) Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes protected naive mice when administered subcutaneously at -18 h relative to intradermal challenge inoculation with 10(4) B. burgdorferi spirochetes. When immune serum was given at intervals (-18, 0, +24, +48, and +96 h) relative to intradermal challenge with 10(4) B. burgdorferi spirochetes, it was protective if given before or at the time of challenge but not at later times. Protection with 90-day serum given at -18 h was effective at dilutions up to 1:32, but not 1:64, on the basis of culture or disease at either 5 or 15 days after challenge. Passive immunizing activity was also present in sera from mice at 21 days after intradermal challenge with 10(4), 10(2), or 10(1) spirochetes, indicating that the immunizing component was not dose dependent and probably not related to antibody to outer surface protein A. Passive immunizing titers of sera from mice at days 1, 15, 30, 90, 180, and 360 after intradermal B. burgdorferi inoculation appeared as early as day 15, were highest on day 30, and then declined progressively on days 90, 180, and 360. Immunizing titers of sera from mice at 360 days after intradermal B. burgdorferi inoculation were identical in passively immunized mice challenged with the original inoculum or with B. burgdorferi isolated at 360 days after inoculation, suggesting that there was no antigenic discrimination between the original inoculum and late isolates. These results suggest that protective antibody is produced early in the course of B. burgdorferi infection and is unrelated to antibody to outer surface protein A. In addition, the decline of protective serum titers over time despite persistent infection suggests that the antigens eliciting the protective response are either modified or suppressed, but antigenic modification could not be demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 and long-term health and performance of calves.

We quantified the effect of passive immune status on pre- and postweaning health and growth performance of calves raised in a beef production environment. Blood samples were collected at postpartum hour 24 from 263 crossbred calves for determination of plasma protein (PP) and serum IgG concentrations. Serum IgG concentration was classified as adequate (> 1,600 mg/dl), marginal (800 to 1,600 mg/dl), or inadequate (< 800 mg/dl). Plasma protein concentration was classified as adequate (> or = 4.8 g/dl) or inadequate (< 4.8 g/dl). Morbidity and mortality events in the study population were monitored from birth to weaning, and after weaning throughout the feeding period. The lowest concentrations of serum IgG and PP were observed among calves that experienced morbidity or mortality prior to weaning. Calves that experienced morbidity in the feedlot had lower 24-hour PP values, but had IgG concentration similar to that in calves that were not observed to be ill during the feeding period. Calves classified as having inadequate IgG concentration were at greater risk of preweaning mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 5.4), neonatal morbidity (OR = 6.4), and preweaning morbidity (OR = 3.2), compared with calves classified as having adequate IgG concentration at 24 hours. Calves classified as having inadequate PP concentration at 24 hours had a greater risk of morbidity (OR = 3.0) and respiratory tract morbidity (OR = 3.1) while in the feedlot, compared with calves classified as having adequate PP concentration. The effects of 24-hour passive immune status on calf growth were indirect through effects on morbidity outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Postnatal pre- and postexposure passive immunization strategies: protection of neonatal macaques against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge.

Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) allow the evaluation of antiviral strategies that target the envelope glycoproteins of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in macaques. We previously protected neonates from oral challenge with cell-free SHIV-vpu+ by passive immunization with synergistic human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (Baba et al., Nat Med 6:200-206, 2000). mAbs were administered prenatally to pregnant dams and postnatally to the neonates. Here, we used solely postnatal or postexposure mAb treatment, thus significantly reducing the amount of mAbs necessary. All neonatal monkeys were also protected with these abbreviated mAb regimens. Our results are directly relevant for humans because we used mAbs that target HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Thus, the large-scale use of passive immunization with neutralizing mAbs may be feasible in human neonates. The mAbs, being natural human proteins, can be expected to have low toxicity. Passive immunization has promise to prevent intrapartum as well as milk-borne virus transmission from HIV-1-infected women to their infants.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1978

Non-specific effects of passive immunization on implantation in the rabbit.

Passive immunization with goat anti-rabbit uteroglobin antiserum prevents implantation in the rabbit. The dose of antiserum was too low to neutralize all of the uteroglobin present on Day 5 of pregnancy, however, and the effect could not be shown to be specific, because 'control' treatments with goat antiserum to chick avidin or normal goat serum also prevented implantation. Non-specific antisera raised in rabbits had little or no effect on implantation. Partial purification of antibodies from the non-specific goat antisera reversed their effect, while anti-uteroglobin gamma globulin still reduced implantation. Fluorescein-labelled gamma globulin fractions of anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin both bound to blastocysts, but pure FITC-IgG showed binding only of anti-uteroglobin. Both anti-avidin and anti-uteroglobin IgG prevented implantation. It is concluded that the effect on implantation is not necessarily achieved via a specific antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Modification of a method of passive immune hemolysis on a solid medium for detecting the production of thermolabile enterotoxins by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli strains].

A modification of the passive immune hemolysis method for the determination of the production of thermolabile enterotoxins by V. cholerae and E. coli is proposed. This modification permits the use of solid culture media. Experiments with cholera enterotoxin have demonstrated that the sensitivity of the modified method is 8-10 times higher than that of the Elek method. Similar results have been obtained with the use of the proposed method in the study of the capacity of different V. cholerae and E. coli strains for producing enterotoxins. The results obtained with the use of this method have been found to correlate with those obtained by means of the skin test and passive immune hemolysis in a liquid medium. We have used the modified method in the study of the production of thermolabile enterotoxin in transconjugants obtained by the hybridization of E. coli strain GA 107 carrying plasmid pCG86 which determines the synthesis of thermolabile and thermostable enterotoxins and E. coli strain K12 C600 R. The results obtained in the study of toxin formation in 99 transconjugants, carried out with the use of the proposed method, the skin test and passive immune hemolysis, have been shown to coincide.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Passive immunization for immunocontraception: lessons learned from infectious diseases.

Development of vaccine for contraception is an exciting proposition that could provide a valuable alternative to the presently available methods for birth control. Various targets such as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), zona pellucida (ZP) antigens, sperm antigens, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are being explored for immunocontraception. Besides specific concerns associated with each contraceptive vaccine, the progress has been restricted by the variability of the immune response after active immunization, attain and maintain high antibody titers, time lag to achieve reasonably good antibody titers, and uncertainty regarding how long the bioeffective antibodies will remain in circulation. It is envisaged that these concerns may be taken care of by using the preformed antibodies in the passive immunization approach. The antibody therapies have been tried and found to be successful against various infectious diseases both in animals as well as humans. Some have become treatment modalities in the clinics. This manuscript will review the data available for the passive immunization of preformed polyclonal and murine/humanized/human monoclonal antibodies, their efficacy, mode of delivery, duration of the effects, and limitations, if any. The overall objective is to examine the feasibility and practicability of the passive immunization approach for immunocontraception.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Passive immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (CWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), causes high mortality in cultured salmonids. The present study was designed to determine the role antibody plays in conferring protection to rainbow trout fry, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by passive immunization with convalescent serum or serum from adult rainbow trout immunized with F. psychrophilum, and goat anti-F. psychrophilum serum. In each experiment, rainbow trout fry were injected intraperitoneally with antiserum and challenged by subcutaneous injection with a virulent strain (CSF-259-93) of F. psychrophilum 24-h post-immunization. Relative percentage survival (RPS) ranged from 9-42% when rainbow trout fry (mean weight 1.3 g) were injected with a 1:2 dilution of 25 microL of convalescent serum ranging in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titres from 1600-102400. Rainbow trout fry (mean weight 1.0 g) passively immunized with 25 microL of serum from immunized adult fish exhibited RPS values of up to 57%. In each of these experiments, RPS increased with increasing antibody titres against F. psychrophilum. Passive immunization with 25 or 50 microL goat anti-F. psychrophilum serum, however, did not confer protection to fry (mean weight 1.3 g). These results suggest that trout antibody plays a role in conferring protection to F. psychrophilum, but antibody alone is unable to provide complete protection.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Enhancement of passive immunity with maternal vaccine against newborn calf diarrhea.

The effects of a maternal vaccine against newborn calf diarrhea associated with group A bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine parvovirus and K99 Escherichia coli (E. coli) were examined on a beef cow-calf herd. After vaccination, serum or colostrum antibody titers to BRV, BCV and E. coli K99 in the vaccinated cows were significantly higher than those in unvaccinated control cows. Serum antibody titers to BRV, BCV and E. coli K99 in calves from the vaccinated cows were also significantly higher than those in calves from the control cows for 3-4 weeks after birth. These results suggested that the immunization of cows with the maternal vaccine enhanced the passive immunity levels in calves against BRV, BCV and K99 E. coli.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Routine vaccination of children is an effective way to reduce hepatitis A incidence in the United States. Since licensure of hepatitis A vaccine during 1995-1996, the hepatitis A childhood immunization strategy has been implemented incrementally, starting with the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in 1996 to vaccinate children living in communities with the highest disease rates and continuing in 1999 with ACIP's recommendations for vaccination of children living in states, counties, and communities with consistently elevated hepatitis A rates. These updated recommendations represent the final step in the childhood hepatitis A immunization strategy, routine hepatitis A vaccination of children nationwide. Implementation of these recommendations will reinforce existing vaccination programs, extend the benefits associated with hepatitis A vaccination to the rest of the country, and create the foundation for eventual consideration of elimination of indigenous hepatitis A virus transmission. This report updates ACIP's 1999 recommendations concerning the prevention of hepatitis A through immunization (CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 1999:48[No. RR-12]:1-37) and includes 1) new data on the epidemiology of hepatitis A in the era of hepatitis A vaccination of children in selected U.S. areas, 2) results of analyses of the economics of nationwide routine vaccination of children, and 3) recommendations for the routine vaccination of children in the United States. Previous recommendations for vaccination of persons in groups at increased risk for hepatitis A or its adverse consequences and recommendations regarding the use of immune globulin for protection against hepatitis A are unchanged from the 1999 recommendations.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Severe tick-borne encephalitis following passive immunization.

UNLABELLED: We report on a 5-year-old girl with an unusually severe course of tick-borne encephalitis following passive immunization with specific hyperimmune globulin after a tick bite in an endemic area. Serial investigations of the CSF revealed intrathecal production of specific antibodies paralleled by increasing numbers of B-cells after initial T-cell pleocytosis. Focal central lesions were evident on MRI. CONCLUSION: The severity of the presented case questions the benefit of passive immunization and rather justifies consideration of vaccine recommendation to residents and travellers to areas endemic for tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1986

Effects of passive immunization against oestradiol-17 beta on some endocrine values of the male lamb.

Passive immunization of male lambs against oestradiol-17 beta from 2 to 16 weeks of age significantly elevated androgen concentrations in plasma and depressed the median eminence content of dopamine. Removal of endogenous oestrogens had no significant effects on plasma FSH, LH or prolactin concentrations or on testicular growth and hypothalamic content of GnRH. These results suggest that endogenous oestrogens may indirectly suppress testicular androgen secretion by exerting a stimulatory influence on hypothalamic dopaminergic neurones, which in turn may inhibit GnRH secretion by the median eminence.

Androgens↗

PubMed1987

Protective effect of passive immunization on herpetic retinitis of newborn rabbits.

We studied the protective effects of passive immunization with virus specific antibody in newborn rabbits inoculated subcutaneously with type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). Newborn rabbits given anti-HSV-2 antibody intraperitoneally (IP) on days 0, 2 and 4 post infection had smaller herpetic skin lesions and reduced mortality when compared to controls. In addition, the IP treatment using this schedule reduced virus growth in the skin lesions and virus dissemination, so that it decreased the frequency of herpetic retinitis. When the IP antibody administration was started at 24 hours post virus inoculation, according to the schedule days 1, 3 and 5, there was less protection; larger skin lesions, higher mortality, and greater evidence of virus dissemination. Also HSV-infected mononuclear cells (MNCs) treated with anti-HSV serum resulted in a significant reduction in the number of infected MNCs. The results of these studies suggest that anti-HSV-2 antibody contributes to protection against HSV-2 infection of skin as well as eyes, probably by inactivation of the virus locally at the skin inoculation site, and by combating the hematogenous spread of HSV-infected MNCs as well as free virus to various organs including the eye.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A new method for studying pituitary responsiveness in vivo using pulses of LH-RH analogue in ewes passively immunized against native LH-RH.

In two experiments with ovariectomized ewes, the plasma levels of LH and FSH were measured following passive immunization against LH-RH. The pulsatile secretion of LH was inhibited and the levels of the hormone fell quickly and were undetectable within 24 h. The levels of FSH fell more slowly and were always detectable. In the second of the experiments, pulses of LH of normal amplitude were re-established in the immunized ewes by hourly intravenous injections of 200 ng of Des-Gly10 (Pro9)-LH-RH Ethylamide, a synthetic analogue of LH-RH that does not cross-react with the antiserum yet has similar biological activity to native LH-RH. The analogue was injected over 6 h and had no detectable effect on the levels of FSH. When the ewes were injected with 50 micrograms of oestradiol benzoate, the LH responses to the analogue were completely inhibited for 4-5 h then slowly recovered to normal levels. The oestrogen injection also depressed the levels of FSH for varying amounts of time. On the basis of the normal LH patterns and responses to oestrogen, we conclude that combining passive immunization against LH-RH with injections of an LH-RH analogue provides a valuable model for testing factors that affect pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Pathogenesis of canine parvovirus enteritis: sequential virus distribution and passive immunization studies.

After oral inoculation, the sequential distribution of canine parvovirus was studied in 14 nine-week-old seronegative beagle dogs. Two or three dogs were necropsied on days 1 through 6 after inoculation. Tissues were collected for virus isolation, immunofluorescence testing, and light microscopy. Virus was isolated from, and fluorescent cells were seen in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes one and two days after inoculation. Virus infection of systemic and intestinal lymphoid tissues occurred as early as three days after inoculation and was associated with viremia. Intestinal epithelial infection was first seen four days after oral inoculation. All dogs were viremic before intestinal epithelial infection was found. Fecal virus excretion first occurred four days after oral virus inoculation. Intestinal virus infection and lesions became progressively more severe between four and six days after inoculation. The severity of intestinal lesions was variable and related to the severity of systemic lymphoid tissue lesions and the magnitude and duration of viremia. Four littermates of virus-infected dogs were passively immunized against canine parvovirus with convalescent canine serum 24 hours after oral virus inoculation. Neither clinical signs, lymphopenia, nor fecal virus excretion occurred in passively immunized dogs. Intestinal epithelial infection was not demonstrable by immunofluorescence testing when passively immunized dogs were necropsied four, five, and six days after virus inoculation.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Passive immunization with anti-laminin immunoglobulin G modifies the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium and induces arrest of spermatogenesis in the guinea pig.

In the testis, the base of the Sertoli cells is in contact with the basement membrane matrix, in which the laminins constitute the major noncollagenous components. We have previously demonstrated that antibodies against a preparation enriched in basement membranes of seminiferous tubules (STBM) or a noncollagenous fraction of STBM passively transferred induced modifications to the basement membranes and focal sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. In the present report, we tested the effect of passive immunization with anti-laminin IgG on the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, and maintenance of the blood-testis barrier in the adult guinea pig. Rabbit antibodies to laminin 1 (IgG fraction) were injected in adult male guinea pigs (GP). Nonimmunized GP and GP immunized with normal rabbit serum IgG were used as controls. Measurements of variations in the diameter and lumen of the tubules and in the size of individual components of the tubular limiting membrane showed that the highest percentage of tubules with reduced lumen occurred 30 days after passive immunization with anti-laminin, when the limiting membrane was thickest and lesions to the seminiferous epithelium were most severe. The lesions included thickening of the limiting membrane, infolding in the basal lamina, deposits of immune complexes coincident with sloughing of pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids, and vacuolization of the Sertoli cells. Mononuclear cell infiltration of the tubules was rare. Permeability tracer studies revealed that Sertoli cell tight junctions remained impermeable. Fifty and 80 days after treatment, the basement membrane of the tubules and the progression of the spermatogenesis were normal. Passive immunization with anti-laminin IgG provided a valuable experimental model for the in vivo study of the influence of the basement membrane on the issue of spermatogenesis and the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium.

Animals↗