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PubMed2000

Maternal depressive symptoms affect infant cognitive development in Barbados.

This longitudinal study is part of a series examining the relationships between maternal mood, feeding practices, and infant growth and development during the first 6 months of life in 226 well-nourished mother-infant dyads in Barbados. In this report, we assessed maternal moods (General Adjustment and Morale Scale and Zung Depression and Anxiety Scales), feeding practices (scales describing breast-feeding and other practices associated with infant feeding in this setting), and infant cognitive development (Griffiths Mental Development Scales). Multivariate analyses, with and without controlling for background variables, established significant relationships between maternal moods and infant cognitive development. Infants of mothers with mild moderate depression had lower Griffiths scores than infants of mothers without depression. Maternal depressive symptoms and lack of trust at 7 weeks predicted lower infant social and performance scores at 3 months. Maternal moods at 6 months were associated with lower scores in motor development at the same age. Although no independent relationships emerged between feeding practices and infant cognitive development, the combination of diminished infant feeding intensity and maternal depression predicted delays in infant social development. These findings demonstrate the need to carefully monitor maternal moods during the postpartum period, in order to maximize the benefits of breast-feeding and related health programs to infant cognitive development.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The assessment of infant motor development disorders in primary health care institutions].

OBJECTIVE: The delay or disorders of infant motor development require early screening and treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibilities to assess infant motor development disorders in primary health care institutions of central part of Lithuania. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original questionnaires were sent to primary health care institutions of Kaunas district. One-hundred-forty-eight questionnaires with answers of General Practitioners and Pediatricians returned to investigators. RESULTS: Analysing the data we found that one physician in average takes care of 28.8 +/- 18.4 infants, among these infants 3.55 +/- 4.2 have disorders of motor development. Most of the doctors (92.6%) evaluate the infant motor development, but use only the method of routine clinical assessment. Very few physicians (4.8%) use very precise methods of assessment (Munich diagnostic scheme or Bobath method). Among all doctors 66.9% expressed the will to asses infant motor development by themselves in primary health care clinic. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude, that General Practitioners and Pediatricians feel the lack of competence and assistant aids for the assessment of motor development disorders in infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

Measuring early language development in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (Infant Form).

Parent report data on early language development measured using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI-Infant Form) was collected on 134 preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. The pattern of development of understanding of phrases, word comprehension and expression, and production of gestures, was compared to the typical pattern. In common with typical development there was considerable variability in language acquisition, although for the group as a whole this was significantly delayed compared to the normal course. In addition, atypical patterns were identified in the emergence of language skills in the sample. Comprehension of words was delayed in comparison to word production, and production of early gestures (involving sharing reference) was delayed relative to production of later gestures (involving use of objects). However, other aspects of language development were similar to that found in typically developing infants, including word comprehension being in advance of word production in absolute terms, gesture production acting as a 'bridge' between word comprehension and word production and the broad pattern of acquisition across word categories and word forms. The implications for assessment and intervention with preschool children with autism spectrum disorder are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year in Zimbabwean neonates with extreme hyperbilirubinaemia.

UNLABELLED: The study concentrates on estimating the magnitude of the effect of a single risk factor, maximum total serum bilirubin (TSB) in excess of 400 micromol/l (23.4 mg/dl), on the neurodevelopmental outcome of 50, singleton, Zimbabwean neonates at 1 year of age. At 1 year corrected age the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) was administered. Two infants died and five were lost to follow up. TSB was neither associated with birth weight nor with gestational age. Of 43 infants with a TSB > 400 micromol/l (23.4 mg/dl),11(26%) scored abnormal on the BSID at 1 year of age and 5 (12%) infants developed the choreoathetoid type of cerebral palsy. CONCLUSION: Infants with bilirubin levels between 400 and 500 micromol/l (23.4 and 29.2 mg/dl) who scored abnormal or suspect on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were preterm or had haemolytic disease. All term infants without haemolysis and with bilirubin levels between 400 and 500 micromol/l (23.4 mg/dl-29.2 mg/dl) were normal at 1 year of age.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Environmental influences on the developing premature infant: theoretical issues and applications to practice.

The neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) environment may interfere with the maturation and organization of premature infants' central nervous systems and may fail to meet these infants' developmental needs. In particular, immature distance receptors (i.e., hearing and vision) may receive overwhelming stimulation, whereas more mature tactile and vestibular pathways receive little stimulation. Furthermore, research on fetal learning suggests that the NICU environment should sensitively address requirements for learning by providing contingent experience. Nurses are ideally suited to reorganize the NICU and intervene to optimize infants' growth and development.

Child Development↗
PubMed1977

Carrageenan in formula and infant baboon development.

Male and female infant baboons were reared from birth to 112 days of age on infant formulas containing concentrations of carrageenan varying from none to 5 times the concentration in commercially available formulas for human infants. Carrageenan content of the formula did not affect weight, characteristics of urine and feces, findinds on physical examination, hematological variables, blood chemical analyses, organ system weights, or the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Infant malnutrition, development rate and its relation to the environment: a pilot study].

The socio-cultural factors that might be influencing the normal psychomotor development of the undernourished infant are studied. The sample consisted of 32 mother-infant dyads: 16 having normal DQ (Group A) and 16 having a below normal DQ (Group B) according to Bailey's Test applied to infants who entered a Nutritional Recuperation Center. Results showed that there were some differences in the infants' backgrounds: infants of Group A were the product of a wished-for pregnancy (p less than .05), and were separated less from their mother's side (p less than .007) than was the case in Group B. No differences were found in the socio-cultural and demographic background of the mothers. The infants' external environment was different in aspects observed within the neighborhood: there were fewer negative aspects in Group A than in Group B (p less than .003) and more positive in Group A than in B (p less than .001). The infant's internal environment as related to the mother was also different. Mothers of Group A perceived more affection from their partner (p less than .008), were more sensitive (to feelings of joy and suffering) (p less than .003) and stimulated their infant (p less than .004) more than those of Group B. These results show that the internal and external environments in which the infant with normal and below normal DQ evolves were different between the two groups. This could explain the differences in psychomotor development among undernourished infants belonging to the lower socioeconomic strata.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

Hib vaccination in infants born prematurely.

AIMS: To document the immunogenicity and persistence of antibody to polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP) as well as the clinical protection against invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in premature infants immunised at the routine schedule. METHODS: Blood was obtained at 2, 5, 12, and 64 months of age from a cohort of prematurely born infants (<or=32 weeks gestation). Anti-PRP antibody concentrations were compared with those of a control cohort of infants born at full term and vaccinated at the same schedule. Hib vaccine failures occurring between October 1992 and October 2000 were reported by paediatricians through an active, prospective, national survey in the UK and Republic of Ireland. The number of prematurely born children with vaccine failure was compared with the corresponding number born at term. RESULTS: Twenty seven prematurely born infants were followed to 5 years of age. Compared with term infants they had a significantly lower geometric mean concentration of anti-PRP antibody and/or a significantly lower proportion above one or both of the conventional protective antibody concentrations (0.15 and 1.0 micro g/ml) at all ages. A total of 165 cases of invasive Hib disease were identified over eight years of national surveillance. Eighteen were premature (<37 weeks); approximately 12 would be expected. The relative risk of UK premature infants developing disease compared with term infants was 1.5 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Premature infants develop lower antibody concentrations than term infants following Hib conjugate vaccination. Premature infants may also have an increased risk of clinical vaccine failure, but interpretation is limited by the small number of premature infants developing invasive Hib disease over eight years of national surveillance. Overall, vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccines affords a high level of protection to premature babies.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

Developmental intervention program for high-risk premature infants: effects on development and parent-infant interactions.

Developmental follow-up studies have documented that low birth weight infants are at high risk for mental and physical disabilities, despite recent advances in neonatal intensive care. Moreover, parent-infant bonding is hampered by the barriers created by technical equipment. This study evaluated a program of hospital and home-based developmental interventions designed to enhance the development of high-risk, preterm infants and the quality of communication between infants and their caregivers. Treatment and contrast groups consisted of 41 premature infants weighing less than 1800 g at birth. Treatment took a preventive approach, consisting of daily multimodal interventions in-hospital and twice-monthly interventions by child development specialists in the child's home, through 12 months adjusted age. Infants in the contrast group received traditional, remedially oriented care. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were used to measure mental and psychomotor development, and the Greenspan-Lieberman Observations System (GLOS) was used to analyze the behavioral characteristics of infant-caregiver interactions. Developmental interventions had positive, significant effects on mental development and on the quality of caregiver-infant interactions. Changes in mental development were not independent of changes in the GLOS.

Cognition↗
PubMed2004

[Observation of language, visual and hearing function development in infants].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate language, visual and hearing function development among infants in a day-care center based on educators' assessments. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen infants who attended a day-care center at one university of the São Paulo State, Brazil, were assessed during the period between 1998 and 2001. The "Protocol for Observation of Language, Visual and Hearing Function Development," containing a total of 39 standardized tests, was utilized to assess infants from three to twelve months old. The protocol was applied by trained educators, members of the day-care center staff. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test or Fischer's exact test at p <0.05. RESULTS: Infants showed different language development patterns as for polysyllabic babbling and production of first words. For visual function, infants showed a different pattern of imitation and initiation in gesture games and following commands with gestures. CONCLUSIONS: The day-care center setting is probably promoting a distinct pattern of language, visual and hearing function development. Prevention in day-care centers should aim at integrating education and health to achieve the common purpose of child welfare.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of iron therapy on motor and mental development of infants and small children suffering from iron deficiency anaemia].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this paper is to establish the effect of iron therapy on mental and motor development in children suffering from iron deficiency anaemia by Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In prospective study were enroled 90 anemic children with Hb < 110 g/l and 30 healthy children with Hb > 110 g/l, all of them 6-24 months of age. RESULTS: Indexes of mental development (MDI) before and 3 months after iron therapy for group of patients with severe and mild form of anemia (Hb < 95) did not show statisticaly significant difference (p > 0.05) before and after three months after iron therapy. Before iron therapy there was statisticaly significant difference (p < 0.001) between group with Hb < 95 g/l and group with Hb 95-110 g/l, and also statisticaly significant difference (p < 0.001) between anemic groups and control group. Indexes of psychomotor development (PDI) before and three months after iron therapy were similar to results MDI. CONCLUSION: level of Hb < or = 95 g/l had great importance for results BSID test in infants and small chilren up to age of two years.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1983

Eclampsia. III. Neonatal outcome, growth, and development.

Infants of 72 recently managed women with eclampsia before delivery were studied. Infants with gestational age of 36 weeks or less (56%) were analyzed separately from those infants of more than 36 weeks' gestation (44%). In addition, premature infants of eclamptic mothers were compared with 40 premature infants whose mothers did not have any medical complications. Intrauterine growth retardation was symmetrical in all seven infants whose mothers had eclampsia prior to 32 weeks. All neurological abnormalities were associated with abruptio placentae or intrauterine growth retardation. Among the preterm infants of eclamptic mothers and those of normotensive mothers, there was no significant difference in any commonly acquired laboratory data. Neonatal complications in premature infants of eclamptic mothers were frequent. However, neonatal complications of the low-birth weight infants were strikingly similar regardless of the presence of eclampsia. It is possible that most neonatal complications are consequence of prematurity, instead of a sole consequence of eclampsia. Observations from follow-up data (up to 4 years of age) suggest normal growth and development for infants of mothers with uncomplicated eclampsia.

Abruptio Placentae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on infant mental development: a meta-analytical review.

AIMS: Although research on fetal alcohol exposure has had a significant effect on social norms and public policy, there has been little quantitative review of this literature. METHODS: Meta-analysis was used to examine the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on infant mental development, assessed using the Mental Development Index (MDI) from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a widely used, standardized measure. The current study examined the effects of three levels of average daily exposure during pregnancy: less than 1 drink per day, 1-1.99 drinks per day and 2 or more drinks per day. Analyses were conducted separately for effects derived from observations of 6-8-, 12-13- and 18-26-month-old children. RESULTS: Fetal alcohol exposure at all three dosage levels was associated with significantly lower MDI scores among 12-13-month-olds. The effect was attenuated, but not eliminated, when effect sizes adjusted for relevant covariates were used. For younger and older children, the effect of fetal alcohol exposure did not attain statistical significance at any dosage level. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern of results may reflect differences in MDI item content at different ages and the differential sensitivity of these abilities to prenatal alcohol exposure. Because the body of relevant literature is neither large nor conclusive, and because of heterogeneity in measurement, analysis and samples, caution is urged in interpreting results. Future research would benefit from use of more specific measures of infant outcomes and consideration of the impact of relevant covariates, different dosage patterns and timing of drinking on infant mental development.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Manipulation of postnatal testosterone levels affects phallic and clitoral development in infant rhesus monkeys.

Male primates exhibit marked elevation of circulating testosterone levels during the early postnatal period. The aim of this project was to test whether experimental manipulation of circulating testosterone levels in male and female infant rhesus monkeys affected development of the external genitalia during the first six months of life. Four groups of infants were studied. Seven control male infants exhibited high circulating testosterone levels during the first three months of life. Seven males were treated with a GnRH agonist (avorelin) from the first week of life onwards, which suppressed the postnatal testosterone surge. Ten control females exhibited low circulating testosterone levels during the early postnatal period. Administration of testosterone to 10 females resulted in high circulating levels in these infants. Fortnightly blood samples and genital measurements were taken from all infants during the first six months of life. Growth of the penis of avorelin-treated males was significantly retarded when compared to control males. Average length of the penis at six months of age was significantly (p = 0.012) smaller for avorelin-treated males (25.2 +/- 2.8 mm) than for control males (37.3 +/- 3.0 mm). Avorelin-treated males attained only around 50% detachment of the prepuce from the glans of the penis, while control males averaged 90% detachment. Treatment of females with testosterone resulted in significant growth of the clitoris in comparison to control females. The growth rates of the penis of control males and clitorides of testosterone-treated females were similar and greatest during the first two months of life. Gain in body weight was not affected by either hormonal manipulation. It is concluded that manipulation of circulating testosterone levels during the early postnatal period affects penile and clitoral development of infant rhesus monkeys. This postnatal period may therefore represent an important stage in penile development in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of fungi in dust from homes of infants who developed idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhaging.

Fungal concentrations were measured in the dust of 6 homes in Cleveland, Ohio, where an infant developed pulmonary hemorrhage (pulmonary hemorrhage homes [PHH]) and 26 reference homes (RH) with no known fungal contamination. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for 82 species (or assay groups) were used to identify and quantify fungal concentrations. The ratios of the geometric means of PHH to RH were >1 for 26 species (group I). However, the same ratios were <1 for 10 species (group II). Probit analysis of the sum of the logs of the concentrations of these 2 groups resulted in a 95% probability range for separating PHH from RH homes. The same 82 fungal species were also tested for hemolysin production on sheep's blood agar (incubated at 37 degree C). Hemolysins were more commonly produced by group I species (42%) compared with group II species (10%).

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1996

[Relationship between lead content in umbilical blood and neurobehavioral development in infants].

One hundred and thirty-two babies were selected and their umbilical blood lead level were determined as a marker to reflect their exposure, to study the diagnostic criteria for lead poisoning in young children. And, mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) of three-month babies in Bayley scales of infant development were used as effective indicators to study levels of lead on their development. Results indicated that both MDI and PDI in infants with blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 0.48 mumol/L were obviously lower than those with less than 0.48 mumol/L. All children were divided into two groups (high-blood-lead and low-blood-lead) according to the cut-off values for blood lead of 0.72, 0.48, and 0.24 mumol/L, respectively, and the difference in MDI and PDI between the two groups decreased gradually with the cut-off value shifted down, and there was no difference in them between the two groups when the cut-off point lowering down to 0.24 mumol/L. Therefore, the authors recommended that a level of 0.48 mumol/L of blood lead be used as diagnostic criteria for lead poisoning in young children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Early interactions between drug-involved mothers and infants. Within-group differences.

OBJECTIVE: To explore differences in maternal characteristics, mother-infant interaction, and infant development within a group of women who used cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco during pregnancy and their infants. DESIGN: Prospective survey. SETTING: Countywide, voluntary, home-based clinical intervention program. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two mother-infant pairs identified through a risk-assessment screen who participated in the program for 1 year. VARIABLES: Maternal characteristics, neonatal characteristics, interactional measures (Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scale), and developmental assessment (Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 1 year). RESULTS: The majority of women were black, single, and unemployed. Fifteen (47%) of the infants were born prematurely; four (13%) were small for gestational age. Mean Bayley Scales of Infant Development scores were as follows: the mental development index was 99.8, and the psychomotor development index was 102.4. Older mothers (r = .41, P = .04), mothers of higher parity (r = .42, P = .02), and mothers who were more actively involved in the program (r = .41, P = .04) had higher scores on the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Feeding Scale. Mothers who were better educated (r = .49, P = .009) and mothers who were more active in the program (r = .44, P = .02) had higher scores on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scale. Several of the subscales of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scale were significantly associated with scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. CONCLUSIONS: For this group of substance-exposed infants whose mothers were receiving support services, developmental skills at 1 year were age appropriate. Despite drug abuse and poverty, there was some variability in the ability of mothers to provide a developmentally supportive environment for their infants. Those who were better organized to support infant development had infants who performed better on global developmental assessments.

Child Development↗