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PubMed2003

The detection of intentional contingencies in simple animations in patients with delusions of persecution.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that delusions of persecution are caused by the tendency to over-attribute malevolent intentions to other people's actions. One aspect of intention attribution is detecting contingencies between an agent's actions and intentions. Here, we used simplified stimuli to test the hypothesis that patients with persecutory delusions over-attribute contingency to agents' movements. METHOD: Short animations were presented to three groups of subjects: (1) schizophrenic patients; (2) patients with affective disorders; and (3) normal control subjects. Patients were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of delusions of persecution. Participants watched four types of film featuring two shapes. In half the films one shape's movement was contingent on the other shape. Contingency was either 'intentional': one shape moved when it 'saw' another shape; or 'mechanical': one shape was launched by the other shape. Subjects were asked to rate the strength of the relationship between the movement of the shapes. RESULTS: Normal control subjects and patients without delusions of persecution rated the relationship between the movement of the shapes as stronger in both mechanical and intentional contingent conditions than in non-contingent conditions. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the ratings of patients with delusions of persecution for the conditions in which movement was animate. Patients with delusions of persecution perceived contingency when there was none in the animate non-contingent condition. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that delusions of persecution may be associated with the over-attribution of contingency to the actions of agents.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The theory of planned behavior as a model of intentions for fighting among African American and Latino adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To test the theory of planned behavior as a model for predicting and understanding behavioral intentions for fighting among inner-city adolescents and to determine whether its predictive power differs as a function of ethnicity (African American versus Latino). METHODS: Participants were 956 (511 females, 445 males) African American (n = 702) and Latino (n = 254) adolescents (mean age = 12.72 years; SD = 1.12) recruited from sixth, seventh, and eighth grade classes in public middle schools serving two inner-city communities in New Jersey who completed self-administered, confidential questionnaires. RESULTS: Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predicted intentions for fighting. Although the theory of planned behavior accounted for substantial variance in intentions to fight in both ethnic groups, it accounted for greater variance among Latinos than among African Americans. The strength of the relations of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control to intentions was similar in the two groups. but the relation of attitudes to intentions to fight was significantly stronger among Latinos. CONCLUSIONS: The findings strongly suggest that the theory of planned behavior provides a potentially useful conceptual framework for guiding the creation of interventions for African American and Latino adolescents that are designed to reduce violent behavior and the tragedies that such behavior leaves in its wake.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Understanding of others' intentions in children with autism.

Many studies have shown that children with autism have difficulty understanding the thoughts and beliefs of other people. However, little research has been conducted on what these children understand about simpler mental states such as intentions. The current study tested the understanding of others' intentions in 2 1/2- to 5-year-old children with autism and a control group of children with other developmental delays. We used Meltzoff's (1995) test of understanding of others' unfulfilled intentions in an imitation context, with an additional "End State" condition. We found no significant between-group differences on any measure involving the understanding of others' intentions. Although within-group patterns suggested that children with autism may have a slightly less complex understanding of others' intentions than do other children, it was clear that any deficits these children showed in this area were not as marked as those they typically show on traditional theory of mind tasks.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1991

Factor influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus.

Of 778 gay and bisexual men (none with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation over the previous 6 months. Covariance structure models were used to explore predictors of suicide intent among (n = 112) suicide ideators with (n = 100) and without (n = 112) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Current AIDS-related stressors (deaths and illnesses and perceived AIDS risk) and past levels of adaptive functioning (social isolation and depression) were significantly more powerful predictors of suicide intent among HIV-positive than among HIV-negative ideators. Biological AIDS risk predicted neither suicide intent, current distress, nor perceived AIDS risk. Pathways to suicide intent appear to be psychologically, rather than biologically, mediated. Among HIV-positive ideators, AIDS-related death and illness events predicted suicide intent but not current distress symptoms. Some suicidal ideation in response to AIDS-related events may be an effort to cope rather than a manifestation of psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation.

Implementation intentions ("If I encounter Situation X, then I'll perform Behavior Y!") are postulated to instigate automatic action initiation. In 4 studies, the hypothesis was tested that implementation intentions lead to immediate action initiation once the specified situation is encountered, even under conditions of high cognitive load. First, individuals whose action control is known to be hampered by disruptive cognitive business, such as opiate addicts under withdrawal (Study 1) and schizophrenic patients (Study 2), benefited from forming implementation intentions. Second, the beneficial effect of implementation intentions was also found in 2 experiments with university students (Studies 3 and 4) in which cognitive load was experimentally induced by using dual task paradigms. Results of the 4 studies suggest that forming implementation intentions instigates immediate action initiation that is also efficient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Health beliefs and promotion of HIV-preventive intentions among teenagers: a Scottish perspective.

Beliefs concerning the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and preventive behaviors were examined in a sample of 351 sexually active Scottish teenagers. A postal questionnaire, including measures of variables specified by the health belief model (HBM) and preventive intentions, was employed. The relation between HBM measures and reported endorsement of HIV-preventive intentions was investigated. Results indicated that, in general, respondents intended to use condoms with new sexual partners. The majority also intended to carry condoms if they thought they might have sex with a new partner and to ask potential partners about their previous sexual history. Multiple-regression analyses showed that measures of health beliefs, gender, age, sexual experience, and previous condom use accounted for 17.8% to 24.3% of the variance in reported preventive intentions. Perceived barriers to preventive behaviors were found to be important predictors. However, the overall pattern of results raised questions concerning the adequacy of the HBM as a model of the determinants of HIV-preventive intentions, and the need for an extended model is discussed. Separate analyses were conducted for men and women and for 16- and 18-year-olds, and the implications for modeling intention formation in these subgroups are considered. The relevance of these findings to HIV-preventive campaigns is also discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

State legislators' intentions to vote and subsequent votes on tobacco control legislation.

The predictive validity of state legislators' behavioral intentions in relation to their votes on tobacco control legislation was assessed by using the theory of planned behavior (I. Ajzen, 1991). Intentions to vote for cigarette tax increases were measured through interviews in the summer of 1994. A bill containing cigarette tax increases was considered about 8 months later. Votes were compared with intentions and were found to be consistent for 78% of these legislators (N = 120). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed a strong independent relationship between intentions and voting and a similar effect of political party; results suggested but did not confirm that votes were predicted by interactions between intentions and perceived control. Legislator surveys that use this conceptual model can provide results relevant to understanding tobacco policy development.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and human children (Homo sapiens).

This study investigates the understanding of others' intentions in 2- and 3-year-old children, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). During training, subjects learned to use a discriminative cue to select a baited box. During testing, the experimenter placed a marker on top of the baited box to inform the subject of the reward's location. However, the experimenter also accidentally dropped the marker on top of an unbaited box, so that during any given trial the experimenter marked 2 boxes, 1 intentionally and 1 accidentally. All 3 species preferentially selected the box the experimenter had marked intentionally (especially during the initial trials), with 3-year-old children presenting the most robust results. These findings suggest that subjects understood something about the experimenter's intentions. The authors speculate that understanding of others' intentions may precede the understanding of others' beliefs both at the ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Aging and maintaining intentions over delays: do it or lose it.

When execution of retrieved intentions must be briefly delayed, older adults display deficits in performing those intentions (G. O. Einstein, M. A. McDaniel, M. Manzi, B. Cochran, & M. Baker, 2000). This initial finding was extended by showing age-related deficits with 5-s unfilled delays, with instructions to rehearse during the delay, and with divided attention during initial retrieval of the intention. Performance increased with a break at the end of the delay period, such that when combined with full attention (during retrieval), older adults' performance approached that of younger adults. These results suggest that age compromises maintenance of information in awareness. Consequently, when forced to delay execution of retrieved intentions, older adults may rely more on plan reformulation and subsequent retrieval of the intention from long-term memory at the end of the delay.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The role of attitudes, intentions and habit in predicting actual consumption of fat containing foods in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore which were the most important predictors of the actual consumption of foods containing fat and to test if there were different profiles of beliefs and attitudes. DESIGN: A total of 1200 households participated in a food consumption survey for 7 days. A questionnaire, containing questions on belief, attitude and intention items based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model, was completed on the first day of the survey. SETTING: The study was conducted at the beginning of 1994 in Italy. SUBJECTS: In all, 860 subjects, randomly selected for each household participating in the food consumption survey, were included in this study. RESULTS: A cluster analysis based on average daily intake per capita of nine types of food containing fats was carried out on 860 subjects. The three clusters represented people with different criteria of preference for milk. The relationship between the variables was tested using the forward selection method in multiple regression. The attitude entered sequentially into the model assessing the intention of consuming, after the habit component. Habit was found to be the most the most important predictor of the actual consumption of each type of food. The intention entered into the equation as predictor of the consumption only for butter and olive oil. Habit has been found more important than intention in influencing the consumption of all types of food, whereas the intention did not enter into the model as determinant of the consumption with exception of butter and olive oil in which it remains as a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the cluster analysis suggested that subjects of cluster 1 might be more concerned about fat intake. The findings of the regressions showed that the subjective measure of habit entered in the model as the most important predictor of the actual consumption of each type of food. The low prediction of the actual consumption indicated that there could be other important variables influencing the consumption not included in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Nursing staff members' intentions to use physical restraints with older people: testing the theory of reasoned action.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine nursing staff members' attitudes, subjective norms, moral obligations and intentions to use physical restraints, using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). RATIONALE: During the last two decades an extensive body of research has examined nurses' attitudes as one of the main factors affecting the decision to use or not to use physical restraints with older persons. However, no studies have examined empirically the antecedents to nurses' intentions to use physical restraints within a theoretically based framework. METHOD: A correlational design was used with 303 nursing staff members from an 800-bed elder care hospital in central Israel. Participants completed a questionnaire including questions based on the TRA as well as socio-demographic and professional characteristics. RESULTS: Regression analyses found attitudes, subjective norms and moral considerations to be significantly associated to intention to use physical restraints with older people. The TRA explained 48% of the variance in nurses' intentions. CONCLUSIONS: The TRA proved to be a useful framework for examining nurses' intentions to use physical restraints. Nurses' attitudes, beliefs and expectations of significant others should be examined before implementing educational programmes regarding the use of physical restraints.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of tissue-engineered skin (human skin substitute) and secondary intention healing in the treatment of full thickness wounds after Mohs micrographic or excisional surgery.

BACKGROUND: Human Skin Substitute (Apligraf, Organogenesis, Inc., Canton, MA) is a bi-layered tissue-engineered living biological dressing developed from neonatal foreskin. It consists of a bovine collagen matrix containing human fibroblasts with an overlying sheet of stratified human epithelium containing living human keratinocytes. Human Skin Substitute (HSS) appears to be immunologically inert, and has shown usefulness in the treatment of chronic and acute wounds. OBJECTIVE: Primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HSS in the treatment of full-thickness wounds in a prospective case series. Secondary objectives were to determine the rate of complete wound reepithelialization, incidence of complete wound healing, pain at wound site, overall cosmetic outcome, and patient satisfaction. METHODS: Fourteen patients were enrolled in the study, of which 12 were evaluable. HSS was applied in a blinded fashion to 6 of the patients immediately following Mohs or excisional surgery for skin cancer. The remaining 6 patients were allowed to heal by secondary intention. Both groups were evaluated at weekly appointments until complete reepithelialization occurred. During each evaluation, wound quality was assessed through the Vancouver Burn Scar Assessment Scale by the investigator and an independent blinded dermatologist. The investigator, blinded observer, and patient further evaluated the cosmetic outcome of the wound through the use of a Visual Analog Scale over a 6-month period. RESULTS: HSS patients and secondary intention patients were equivalent in comorbid factors such as pain, erythema, edema, exudate, infection, or hematoma between the groups. The incidence of complete wound healing at 6 months was 100% for both groups. Both groups also appeared to heal at similar rates, as defined by the complete reepithelialization of the wound. HSS patients ultimately resulted in more pliable and less vascular wounds as defined by the Vancouver Burn Scar Assessment Scale. Patient satisfaction with cosmetic outcome in both groups was positive at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: HSS appears to be a safe, well-tolerated biological dressing with equivalent comorbid factors to secondary intention healing. HSS, however, seems to produce a more pliable and less vascular scar than those developed through healing by secondary intention. HSS also appears to produce more satisfactory cosmetic results when compared to secondary intention healing.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Intentional systemic mindfulness: an integrative model for self-regulation and health.

Self-regulation is the process whereby systems maintain stability of functioning and adaptability to change. Self-regulation is based on feedback loops which can be enhanced through attention. All self-regulation techniques, therefore, involve the cultivation of attention. However, the intention with which attention is directed may be crucial. In this paper, we explore intentional systemic mindfulness a model that explicitly introduces intention into self-regulation theory and practice. Intention as defined by this model is composed of the context of attention-systemic perspectives - and the quality of attention - mindfulness qualities. Intentional systemic mindfulness addresses both "why" (systemic perspectives) and "how" (mindfulness qualities) one directs attention, which may promote healing on multiple levels. Directions for research and implications for multiple levels of integrative health are considered.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

A study of performance of delayed intentions in multiple sclerosis.

The ability to remember and perform delayed intentions was investigated in a sample of 40 participants with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and compared to a group of 36 healthy, neurologically intact, control participants. Using a model of task division, performance on both the prospective memory (PM) component (a failure to remember to do something at a specific time) and the retrospective memory (RM) component (a failure to remember the content of the intention) of two "naturalistic" delayed intention experimental tasks were examined. Significantly poorer performance of the MS group in completing one of the delayed intention tasks successfully appeared to be primarily attributable to retrospective memory deficits rather than prospective memory deficits. This proposition was further supported by group differences on RAVLT measures of retrospective memory. By utilising a paradigm that enables the nature of failure in performing delayed intention tasks to be identified, specific strategies for the clinical management of MS cognitive deficits can be developed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Intentional and spontaneous imagery in hypnosis: the phenomenology of hypnotic responding.

Students were given 1 of 2 versions of the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS): (a) the original version, which contains instructions to intentionally imagine goal-directed fantasies, and (b) a modified version, in which instructions for suggestion-related imagery were deleted. Participants were asked to report their goal-directed fantasies and to indicate whether these occurred spontaneously or were generated intentionally. They were also asked whether they had tried intentionally to generate the suggested experience and to indicate whether they had believed that the suggested states of affairs were real (e.g., whether they thought a hallucinated cat really existed). The deletion of instructions for goal-related imagery significantly increased responsiveness to CURSS suggestions. Spontaneous goal-directed imagery was significantly correlated with behavioral response, but intentional imagery was not. Most successful responders tried to generate suggested experiences intentionally, indicated that they could have resisted challenge suggestions if they really wanted to, and reported believing in the reality of suggested ideomotor and challenge experiences but not of cognitive suggestions. Voluntary attempts to generate suggested experiences were correlated with subjective responding.

Female↗

PubMed1991

Automatic temporal order judgment: the effect of intentionality of retrieval on closed-head-injured patients.

Closed-head-injured (CHI) and control groups were tested on a temporal order task under intentional and incidental retrieval conditions. Subjects were given five presentations of a list of nouns. In the incidental retrieval condition, subjects were told that they were to remember the words but that the order was not important. In the intentional retrieval condition, subjects were given the words in an order different from that in which they were originally presented and were asked to reorder the words to match the original order. For both conditions we compared the order in which words were recalled to the order in which they were originally presented. The results suggest that temporal order memory had more effortful characteristics in the intentional than in the incidental retrieval condition. The two groups did not differ significantly in the incidental retrieval condition. However, while the control group showed a significant improvement in the intentional retrieval condition. CHI groups performance did not significantly change. This study highlights two major points: (1) intentionality at the retrieval stage determines the effortfulness with which information is processed; (2) the more automatic the tasks, the better it is preserved following closed-head injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Adherence to antiretroviral medications in HIV/AIDS care: a narrative exploration of one woman's foray into intentional nonadherence.

Intentional nonadherence occurs when patients deliberately do not take their medications. This phenomenon has not been studied within HIV/AIDS care, a significant omission due to the difficulty of adherence to antiretroviral medications for HIV/AIDS patients and the severe risks associated with nonadherence. The purpose of this study was to explore, using HIV-positive women's own recollections collected in diary format, how and why women living with HIV/AIDS intentionally fail to adhere to their antiretroviral medications. We examined the journal entries of 20 HIV-positive women written during a 1-month period. Although three participants wrote about their intentional nonadherence, the journal entries of only one woman are presented in detail. This woman's story highlights the complex reasons for intentional nonadherence and the social/emotional ramifications of such nonadherence. Results suggest that intentional nonadherence is emotionally trying for patients and that patients' adherence decisions are continually renegotiated, underscoring the need for routine provider-patient adherence communication.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Factors influencing intent to get pregnant in HIV-infected women living in the southern USA.

This descriptive study sought to identify factors that influence HIV-infected women's intent to get pregnant. Interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of n = 322 HIV-infected women at risk for pregnancy. Participants were predominantly African-American (84.4%), single (57.9%), and ranged in age from 17 to 48 years. Forty per cent (n = 128) of the women had been pregnant since becoming HIV-positive. Potential factors influencing intent to get pregnant that were examined included demographic characteristics, HIV-related factors and personal beliefs and attitudes. In simple logistic regression models, younger age, increased motivation for child bearing, decreased perceived threat of HIV, decreased HIV symptomatology, higher traditional gender role orientation, and greater avoidance coping were all associated with greater intent to get pregnant. Following a model selection procedure, motivation for child bearing (OR = 16.05, 95% CI 7.95, 30.41) and traditional sex roles (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 1.44, 13.55) were significantly associated with greater intent to get pregnant. Traditional gender role orientation and motivation for childbearing are significant factors in predicting intent to get pregnant among HIV-infected women. These factors, as well as other non HIV-related factors, need to be routinely assessed by health care providers in developing plans of care for HIV-infected women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗