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PubMed1988

Comparison between data obtained through questionnaires and interviews: life-style habits of pregnant women.

A random sample of pregnant women in the cities of Odense and Aalborg, Denmark, was taken as a part of a quasi-experimental study. The time period of the study was from October 1984 to March 1985. Out of 175 randomly selected pregnant women, 146 filled out the questionnaire in the 36th week of their pregnancy. The questionnaire was concerned with eating, smoking, and drinking habits before and during their pregnancy. These 146 pregnant women participated in an interview 3 weeks later where some of the same questions on the questionnaire were asked by the interviewer. In spite of the rather short interval between the two data collections, there were some differences in the answers given at the individual level. This is especially true for eating habits and estimated average drinking habits during pregnancy. No tendency was observed for a more frequent recalling of "less socially acceptable norms" in the questionnaire method of obtaining information. Lack of knowledge of the "true" classification is probably the main reason for the lack of stability in the answers given. This leads to some unavoidable misclassification in studies on self-reporting life style habits among pregnant women.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1989

Communes and changing family norms: marriage and life-style choice among former members of communal groups.

This article examines attitudes and behaviors regarding marriage, parenting, and lifestyle among former members of communal groups. A follow-up sample of 635 individuals who lived in a variety of communes in the early 1970s was restudied using personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Excommune members are less likely to have married than others in their age group. Sizable proportions currently live in multi-adult households. The vast majority of respondents holds open the possibility of collective living some time in the future. Attitudes show continunity of ideological criticisms of traditional life styles and a commitment to emotional openness and negotiated role relations within the family. Findings support a cohort-historical explanation of the commune movement. Communal experimentation was both a manifestation of and a contributor to the larger process of family change.

Americas↗

PubMed1987

Pediatric liver transplantation: patient evaluation and selection, infectious complications, and life-style after transplantation.

Liver transplantation is an increasingly accepted treatment for children with end-stage liver disease. Evaluation of the patient and appropriate patient selection for transplantation will become increasingly important issues as more and more children come to transplantation and compete for available organs. Numerous complications occur after transplantation, including infections. We have summarized our experience with bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in these patients and emphasize the need for continued improvement in immune suppressive drugs and regimens to minimize such complications. And finally, information presented on 65 pediatric patients followed 2 to 5 years suggests that, despite numerous complications and often prolonged hospitalization for transplantation, life-style after transplantation appears to be significantly improved.

Biliary Atresia↗

PubMed1987

The Tromsø Heart Study: is coffee drinking an indicator of a life style with high risk for ischemic heart disease?

Associations between coffee drinking, use of table fat with low contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, preference for low-fat milk, use of fruits and vegetables, smoking and lack of physical activity in leisure time have been described in a cross-sectional study of 14,582 men and women. Coffee drinking was negatively related to the use of low-fat milk, use of table fat high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of fruits and vegetables, and positively associated with bread consumption. Three persons out of four with high coffee consumption (greater than 8 cups/day) were daily smokers, in contrast to about a quarter of those with low coffee consumption (less than 1 cup/day). In women and young men, high coffee consumption was associated with low physical activity at leisure. The results suggest that high coffee consumption may be an indicator of a life style with high risk for coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Demography, healht-related life style and history of tobacco consumption among occasional smokers in Spain].

BACKGROUND: This study describes the sociodemographic characteristics, health-related lifestyle, and history of tobacco consumption of the occasional smokers in Spain, and examines whether they show differences against daily smokers. METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Health Survey of Spain, carried out in 1993 through household interviews on a sample representative of the non-institutionalised population aged 16 year and older. Analyses were performed with logistic regression and adjusted for sociodemographic, health-state and life-style variables. RESULTS: Out of the 6,668 smokers in the survey, occasional smokers were 9.2%, while daily smokers of < or = 5 cigarettes and > 5 cigarettes were 9.9% and 80.9%, respectively. As compared with daily smokers of > 5 cigarettes, occasional smokers were more frequently women (odds ratio (0R): 2.12; CI95%: 1.72-2.61), younger (OR aged 25-44 versus 16-24 years: 0.75; 0.58-0.96), with lower alcohol consumption (p for linear trend: 0.0349), and higher leisure-time physical activity (p for linear trend: < 0.0001). On the day they smoke, occasional smokers used to consume less cigarettes than daily smokers (p < 0.0001). Occasional smokers were more frequent among young smokers (aged less than 20) with relatively short history of tobacco consumption (less than 20 years), and also among older smokers (aged 65 year and older) with longer history of consumption (over 50 years). Daily smokers of < or = 5 cigarettes showed characteristics midway between those of occasional and daily smokers of > 5 cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Occasional smokers show sociodemographic characteristics, health-related lifestyle, and history of tobacco consumption different from daily smokers. Such differences suggest that research and intervention programs specifically tailored to occasional smokers should be developed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Management after coronary by-pass graft surgery: a rehabilitation course induces life style changes which may improve long term graft survival.

Too many coronary artery by-pass grafts block within 10 years. Smoking, one risk factor is well managed with over 80% giving up peri-operatively, but hyperlipidaemia is not. Only 27% of such patients on a rehabilitation course knew their cholesterol and 32% had received no dietary advice. As baseline mean cholesterol was high (7.03 mmol/l) this may be a serious omission. After rehabilitation patients have complied for a mean 16.6 months with recommendations on diet (97% remain on a low fat diet) and exercise (now over 3 sessions per week, a level at which long term cardiovascular benefit may be expected). Within 4 months a significant (14%) fall in total cholesterol was achieved. Rehabilitation after by-pass grafting induces life style changes which may improve long term graft survival and should be made more available.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Ten-year experience with an exercise-based outpatient life-style modification program in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Exercise is frequently recommended in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, its use has been limited in clinical practice, and concerns about safety and efficacy persist. We have reviewed a 10-yr experience with 255 patients enrolled in a comprehensive diabetes program that emphasized physical training. A low maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was found in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared with sedentary control subjects. This was not accounted for by autonomic neuropathy and is unlikely to be due to subtle differences in life-style. Exercise-related proteinuria was common and occurred in 29% of patients and was associated with higher blood pressure levels at rest and during exercise, impaired VO2max, and decreased R-R interval variation. Regular exercise was associated with a modest decrease in resting and exercise blood pressure. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and plasma triglycerides improved only in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin requirements were significantly reduced in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Compliance for up to 3 mo in the program was acceptable but longer-term compliance was poor. Serious complications during the program were rare. Our experience suggests a program of regular aerobic training can be safely and effectively used in an outpatient population with diabetes mellitus for up to 3 mo.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among seventh-day adventists.

The Seventh-Day Adventist population abstains from smoking and drinking; about 50% follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; and most avoid the use of coffee, tea, hot condiments, and spices. Existing data on cancer mortality in Seventh-Day Adventists clearly document mortality rates that are 50 to 70% of general population rates for most cancer sites that are unrelated to smoking and drinking. Several approaches to determining whether this reduced risk is due to the unique Seventh-Day Adventist life-style or selective factors related to who choses to become and remain a Seventh-Day Adventist are described. A comparison of the mortality experience of Seventh-Day Adventist and non-Seventh-Day Adventist physicians shows equal cancer mortality, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the apparent reduced risk of cancer death in all Adventists may be due to selective factors. However, the results of a small case-control study of colon and breast cancer among Adventists show statistically significant relative risks for colon cancer of 2.8 for past use of meat. For current food use, the significant relative risks are 2.3 for beef, 2.7 for lamb, and 2.1 for a combined group og highly saturated fat foods. This strongly suggests that the lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet may protect against colon cancer. However, the evidence linking diet to breast cancer is less clear. Because of the marked variability in dietary habits within the Seventh-Day Adventist population, they will be a productive group for further study of diet and cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Are the associations between life-style related factors and plasma total homocysteine concentration different according to polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (C677T MTHFR)? A cross-sectional study in a Japanese rural population.

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is one of the known strong risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases, and therefore it is important to clarify factors that could determine plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) level. A cross-sectional study with a random sample of 455 Japanese rural residents aged 40-69 years was conducted in 2000 to investigate the associations of plasma tHcy concentration with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and selected life-style related factors. The frequency of the mutant allele, Valine (V) allele, was 0.40 and the prevalence of VV genotype was 14.3%. Plasma tHcy concentration in VV was significantly higher than those in two other genotypes. There were significant inverse associations of plasma tHcy with serum folate and serum vitamin B12 (P<0.001 for trend, respectively); both being stronger in VV than in other genotypes. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was positively associated with plasma tHcy concentration. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that serum folate, serum vitamin B12, and MTHFR genotype were independently associated with plasma tHcy. The inter-individual variance of plasma tHcy was more explained by serum folate and vitamin B12 than by MTHFR genotype. Higher intakes of folate, vitamin B12, and non-smoking may be important to prevent mild hyperhomocysteinemia and the eventual atherosclerotic diseases in this Japanese rural population.

Alleles↗

PubMed1999

[Health, life style and living conditions in Greenland. The 1993-1994 Greenland health survey].

Existing knowledge about the disease pattern in Greenland does not include the Greenlanders' own perception of their health. Consequently, the Greenland Home Rule Government initiated a countrywide health interview survey which was carried out during 1993-1994. A total of 1728 adults were interviewed and filled in a questionnaire. Self-rated health varied with age, gender and socioeconomic conditions. Only few of those bothered by symptoms had contacted the health care services. Musculoskeletal diseases were by far the most frequent cause of symptoms. Suicidal thoughts were frequent; 48% had experienced the suicide of a relative or friend. The life style is characterized by a high consumption of marine mammals and fish, a decreasing but still high alcohol consumption and an 80% prevalence of smoking among both men and women. The health care services are often staffed by Danish physicians and nurses. Occasionally this gives rise to communication problems and dissatisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Borderline immunodeficiency in male homosexuals: is life-style contributory?

Results of our study suggest that white Southern male homosexuals without clinical evidence of AIDS who patronize "gay bars" may have significant zinc deficiency and moderately depressed T-helper/T-suppressor cell ratios. No single causative factor could be identified to explain the significantly low zinc and elevated copper levels measured in whole blood, as well as the depressed OKT4/OKT8 cell ratios. Seventy-four percent of the homosexual male subjects were "recreational" drug abusers, 81% used inhalant nitrites routinely, and 41% routinely treated themselves with antibiotics. Eighty-one percent practiced active and/or passive penile-oral insertion, and 55.5% practiced both active and passive anal intercourse. Of the latter, 19% reported anal bleeding. Clinically inapparent, though statistically significant, borderline immunodeficiency and aberrant zinc and copper levels may be a consequence of multiple factors comprising the gay bar life-style.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2002

[Health in stress: change in the stress concept and its significance for prevention, health and life style].

SUBJECT: The significance of the modern stress concept for health behaviour and prevention. METHODS/RESULTS: Many different definitions of the term "stress" exist concurrently. This observation is important for medicine because of the extensive and increasing use of this term in scientific publications. For a better understanding, the historical development of the stress concept and its association with the biopsychosocial model, with psychoneuroimmunology, mind/body medicine, and prevention/public health is illustrated. "Stress" is interpreted as a more general term that describes the effects of psychosocial and environmental factors on physical or mental well-being. Stressors and stress reactions are distinguished. "Stress" and health are related to health behaviour and life style. CONCLUSIONS: The complex nature of the stress concept requires the actual use of constant definitions. Further, the individual or "subject" needs preventive medical support to strengthen his own capacity and self-care potential so that the balance between stressors and stress reactions, disease- and health-promoting factors is achieved. Thus, an integrative, resource- and capacity-orientated health care system is implemented. Moreover, letting balance be the target of intervention - and thereby reducing the negative impact of stressors/stress reactions on health - is a possible way of producing a modern, cost-effective, and partnership-like physician-patient relationship. Consequently, "stress" can be "healthy", a challenge, and thereby promote flexibility and transformation.

Disease Susceptibility↗

PubMed1993

Life style, subsistence and mortality in the Slavonic village at Espenfeld (Kr. Arnstadt, FRG). A trace element study.

Since the burial site of the Slavonic settlement at Espenfeld, Germany (10th to 12th century AD), has been completely excavated, the skeletons are representative of the historic population. This skeletal series has also been intensively investigated both archaeologically and anthropologically. It thus belongs to the kind of museum specimens which should not be left apart from any further study made possible by technological improvements. Analysis of elements Ca, P, Sr, Ba, Zn, Pb and As from compact bone specimens of a subsample of this series was carried out to get a more detailed knowledge on the population's life style. After a consideration of site-specific diagenesis, reconstruction of subsistence was possible for both adults and children. The assessment of weaning practice revealed insights into childcare. Special consideration was given to hazardous elements and their influence on infant morbidity. Also, a presumed genetic relationship between certain individuals based on morphological traits was paralleled by a striking similarity of trace element profiles, suggesting that bone chemistry might also permit the differentiation of microenvironments.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Relationship between the serum level of leptin and life-style habits in Japanese men.

AIMS/METHODS: To investigate whether smoking affects the serum level of leptin, 708 male workers aged 25-65 years old were cross-sectionally surveyed. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis indicated that among the various parameters examined, the level of leptin was positively associated with the body mass index and the levels of insulin, total cholesterol and uric acid, and was inversely associated with physical activity and the level of creatinine. The partial correlation coefficient of leptin was highest against the body mass index (r = 0.40), followed by insulin (0.29) and physical activity (-0.14), after adjustment for other leptin-related variables. However, no association was observed between the level of leptin and smoking (0.05), alcohol consumption (0.09) or age (0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that among life-style habits, physical activity, but not smoking or alcohol consumption, significantly affects the serum level of leptin in Japanese men.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cross-sectional differences in health status in US racial/ethnic minority groups: potential influence of temporal changes, disease, and life-style transitions.

Racial or ethnic comparisons reveal marked health differentials within the US population. However, attempts to interpret these differentials are fraught with both conceptual and methodological pitfalls and are politically charged. The interpretational issues vary according to whether minority groups have disproportionately higher or lower risk compared to whites and according to whether differences can be readily explained by adjusting for recognized risk factors. Particularly when existing models are not sufficient to explain racial or ethnic differences, or lack of differences where they might have been expected on the basis of risk factor profiles, attention to changes in risk factors and disease patterns over time may be an important aspect of the analysis. "Life-style" diseases emerge and increase over time with social change. Thus, a population in an early or middle stage of urbanization or modernization can be expected to have a different epidemiologic profile from another population for which these processes are well established. Judging from the available time-trend data, US minority groups are at varying stages of chronic disease emergence. Attention to temporal changes will be critical if the increased emphasis on analyses involving race or ethnicity is to serve, rather than inhibit, the public policy and scientific objectives of these comparisons.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1982

Ischemic heart disease mortality in Iowa farmers. The influence of life-style.

Analysis of 62,000 deaths in Iowa men aged 20 to 64 years from 1964 to 1978 indicates that Iowa farm men younger than 65 years have lower than expected mortality for all causes and for ischemic heart disease. Using data gathered by the Iowa Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Program Prevalence Study, we compared levels of known cardiovascular risk factors in farmers with those of nonfarmers residing in the same rural county. Farm men smoked less frequently (19% v 44%) and engaged in exercise more frequently (83% v 40%) than nonfarmers. Treadmill performance in farm men indicates a higher level of fitness in farmers. Farm people consumed more total calories and cholesterol, but drank less alcohol than nonfarmers. Farm men had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also higher in farmers. However, when adjusted for age and exercise status, farmers and nonfarmers had similar lipid levels. The results of the LRC survey suggest that the lower mortality rates of Iowa farmers are a reflection of a life-style that includes vigorous exercise and little consumption of alcohol and tobacco.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users.

Measures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non-sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe-exchange schemes and self-reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life-style factors rather than just individual choices and motivation.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Anthropometric parameters of schoolchildren with different life-styles.

Height and weight data obtained from a 2-year longitudinal survey were analyzed for 2272 children aged 6 through 18 years who were attending public schools or Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) schools in southern California. The SDAs do not use alcohol or tobacco, and many adhere to a lacto-ovovegetarian diet. For both sexes, in each school group, the mean height and weight were at or above national reference values. Age-adjusted regression analysis showed that SDA school-boys were 1.6 cm taller than public schoolboys. There were no significant differences in height for girls. After controlling for height, boys and girls in the SDA schools were found to be leaner than their public school peers, ie, 1.27 and 1.16 kg, respectively. These results suggest that a health-oriented life-style in childhood and adolescence, such as the one followed by SDAs, is compatible with adequate growth and associated with a lower weight for height.

Adolescent↗