[Obstruction of the mesenteric blood vessels].
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Arteries↗
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Results for “MESENTERIC VESSELS”
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[Plain abdominal radiography in obstruction of the mesenteric blood vessels].
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Aged↗
[Twenty-six consecutive patients with acute superior mesenteric infarction. Comparison of conventional radiology, ultrasonography, and computerized tomography].
Ischemic bowel disease is a rare disorder whose incidence is increasing as the mean age of the population increases. Diagnosis by clinical, laboratory and radiologic means is often difficult, and delay in definitive therapy results in substantial morbidity and mortality. A series of 26 consecutive patients, with proved acute superior mesenteric ischemia, was retrospectively reviewed: the authors report the diagnostic methods performed preoperatively, the site and the cause of infarction and the time passed between the first radiograph ans surgery. Plain abdominal radiographs were performed in 25 of 26 patients, screening abdominal US in 23 cases and CT in 19 cases. All radiological examinations were retrospectively reviewed by three authors, independently, to recognize the different signs of infarction. On plain abdominal films, the findings warranting a presumptive diagnosis of bowel infarction were air-fluid levels (84% of cases), dilated bowel loops (48%), thickened and unchanging loops (20%), gastric distension and gasless abdomen (12%), small bowel pseudo-obstruction (8%). Screening abdominal US demonstrated intraperitoneal free fluid (26%) and dilated bowel loops (22%). Abdominal CT showed air-fluid levels (79%), dilated loops and free intraperitoneal fluid (47%), intramural gas and thickened bowel loops (36.8%), engorgement of the mesenteric vessels (31%), mesenteric-portal gas, mesenteric thrombus and marked reduction in the volume of gas in the small bowel (10.5%) and paper-thin bowel loops (5%). The authors conclude that air-fluid levels, dilated loops and intraperitoneal free fluid are the most frequent findings, even though they are not specific. While abdominal plain film and screening ultrasonography can be negative, CT detects at least one abnormal finding and at least three abnormal findings in 73% of cases.
Acute Disease↗
[Intra- and extravascular distribution of coagulation proteins. Interaction with the vascular wall].
Blood proteins specific for the clotting process show the same distribution behavior into the extra vascular space like other plasma proteins. They participate in the macromolecular transport through the vessel wall into the interstitial space and the lymph fluid. The reported results were obtained by vital microscopic investigations of mesenteric vessels of rats using different quantitative techniques with labeled proteins. Fluorescein labeled fibrinogen, antithrombin III, and plasminogen in this technique behave differently according to their molecular weight differences. In humans the extravascular distribution of clotting factors was studied using the model of cantharides skin blister. Some clotting factors were found to be diminished to a different degree pointing to clotting phenomena during transport. - In contrast to most other plasma proteins fluorescein labeled fibrinogen is found to have an affinity to blood vessels, as can be shown using the vital microscopic technique and rat mesenteric vessels. With this, one can detect areas at the interendothelial cell borders of small veins where the fibrinogen turnover primarily takes place. Similar affinities have been detected with fibronectin and a polypeptide from F VIII digest. The results are interpreted as a morphological hint at the functional connection between blood coagulation and the permeability of vessels for macromolecules.
Animals↗
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reduces diabetes-induced vascular hypertrophy: morphometric studies.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and vascular mass are both increased in the mesenteric arteries of diabetic rats. As vascular hypertrophy may result from smooth muscle growth following increased formation of angiotensin II, we have examined the histological nature of the increase in mesenteric arterial mass and the role of elevated ACE activity in diabetic vascular hypertrophy by administration of an ACE inhibitor (perindopril). Cross-sectional area of the media was measured in perfusion-fixed mesenteric vessels of diabetic rats 3 weeks after streptozotocin injection. The media was significantly larger (63%) in mesenteric vessels of diabetic rats compared to age-matched control animals. Medial hypertrophy in these vessels was not associated with increased blood pressure or plasma renin activity but there was evidence for increased hemodynamic load due to hyperphagia and intestinal enlargement. Increased mesenteric ACE activity was involved in this process as there was significant inhibition of medial hypertrophy by perindopril. Other markers of cardiovascular hypertrophy such as left ventricular weight and aortic medial area were less affected, but increased in the diabetic group when corrected for significant body weight effects, consistent with a systemic influence of diabetes on cardiovascular mass. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms of vascular complications of diabetes and may have implications for the use of ACE inhibitors in preventing or arresting diabetes-associated vascular pathology.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
Effects of leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4 on rat mesenteric microcirculation.
Arachidonic acid is metabolized to leukotriene (LT) B4, C4, D4, and E4 by lipoxygenase. LTB4 is a chemotactic agent while LTC4 and LTD4 stimulate smooth muscle fibers to contract. Mesenteric vessels have the capacity to release leukotrienes. The possibility that leukotrienes might be responsible for or contribute to mesenteric ischemia during mesenteric low flow, embolism, and thrombosis prompted us to investigate their action on mesenteric vessels. LTB4, C4, and D4 were applied topically on small bowel mesentery of 22 Sprague-Dawley rats in sequentially increasing concentrations. Mesenteric arterioles with diameters of 8-20 microns were observed through a microscope and vessel diameters were measured using a video shear monitor. LTB4 had no effect on diameter, but doses as low as 3 X 10(-8) M induced white blood cell adherence to venular endothelium, reflecting the potent chemotactic properties of this compound. LTC4 and D4 had no effect on systemic blood pressure or white blood cell adherence. Applications of 6.4 X 10(-9), 3.2 X 10(-8), and 6.4 X 10(-8) M LTC4 decreased mesenteric arteriolar diameter to 85.3* +/- 4.7% (mean +/- SD), 75.7* +/- 7.5%, and 66.8* +/- 6.1% of baseline, and 4 X 10(-9), 2 X 10(-8), and 4 X 10(-8) M LTD4 decreased diameter to 84.9* +/- 6.1%, 75.1* +/- 4.2%, and 64.1* +/- 5% of baseline, respectively (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acetophenones↗
Detection of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in bovine mesenteric blood vessels.
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Animals↗
Age-related changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated neurogenic vasodilation of the mesenteric resistance vessel in SHR.
Age-related changes in CGRP-containing vasodilator nerve activity in hypertension were studied in perfused mesenteric vascular beds isolated from SHR and normotensive rats (WKY). Perivascular nerve stimulation (PNS; 0.5-8 Hz) of both SHR and WKY preparations with active tone produced a frequency-dependent vasodilator response, which was abolished by 100 nM tetrodotoxin, 500 nM capsaicin or cold storage denervation. This response in SHR greatly decreased with age, whereas the response in WKY slightly decreased with age. The neurogenic vasodilation in 15- and 30-week-old SHR but not 8-week-old SHR was significantly smaller than that in age-matched WKY. Vasodilator responses to exogenous CGRP (0.1-30 nM) in SHR increased with age, whereas an age-related decrease in the vasodilation was found in WKY. Immunohistochemical studies showed an age-related decrease in CGRP-containing fibers in SHR. These results suggest that CGRP-containing vasodilator innervation is greatly decreased when SHR develop and maintain hypertension.
Aging↗
Effects of methylene blue on the uptake, release and metabolism of noradrenaline in mesenteric arterial vessels.
Methylene blue (3, 10 and 30 microM) increased the spontaneous outflow of endogenous dopamine and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves supplying the dog mesenteric artery and drastically reduced the formation of endogenous dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG). In addition, it decreased the accumulation of [3H]noradrenaline in the tissue, reduced the formation of [3H]DOPEG and [3H]normetanephrine, without altering the formation of [3H]dihydroxymandelic acid. In tissue homogenates of the same blood vessel, methylene blue 30 and 100 microM produced a significant reduction in the deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) and tyramine. Methylene blue increased the accumulation of [3H]isoprenaline in the tissue, and markedly reduced the formation of [3H]O-methylisoprenaline ([3H]OMI). These results show that methylene blue alters the storage and disposition of the adrenergic transmitter.
Animals↗
[A case of thromboembolism of the mesenteric blood vessels after artificial abortion].
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Abortion, Therapeutic↗
Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pig.
Infusion of norephinephrine (NE) (1 - 3 mug/ml/min) into the isolated mesenteric vascular preparation of rabbit resulted in a rise in perfusion pressure, which was associated with the release of prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) at a concentration of 2.81 +/- 0.65 ng/ml in terms of PGE2. Indomethacin (3 mug/ml) abolished the NE-induced release of PGE. Arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml) in the presence of indomethacin did not restore the NE-induced release of PGE. Hydrocortisone (10 - 30 mug/ml) and dexamethasone (2 - 5 mug/ml) also inhibited the NE-induced release of PGE. The inhibitory action of both corticosteroids was abolished by arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml). Antigen-induced release of a prostaglandin-like substance (PGs) (43.1 +/- 3.8 ng/ml in terms of PGE2 and a rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pigs was completely abolished by indomethacin (5 mug/ml) or by hydrocortisone (100 mug/ml). Indomethacin, however, increased histamine release up to 280% of the control level, which was 470 +/- 54 ng/ml, while hydrocortisone diminished histamine release down to 30% of the control level. A superimposed infusion of arachidonic acid (1 mug/ml) into the pulmonary artery reversed the hydrocortisone-induced blockade of the release of RCS and PGs. It may be concluded that corticosteroids neither inhibit prostaglandin synthetase nor influence prostaglandin transport through the membranes but they do impair the availability of the substrate for the enzyme.
Animals↗
Magnetic resonance imaging of bowel ischemia induced by ligation of superior mesenteric artery and vein in a cat model.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for detecting bowel ischemia with strangulation compared with histopathologic findings in an experimental cat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen cats were assigned to the normal control group (n = 3), acute ischemic group (induced by ligation of superior mesenteric vessels for 3 hours, n = 7), and subacute ischemic group (induced by ligation of superior mesenteric vessels for 10 hours, n = 4). Using a 4.7-T MR scanner, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after bolus injection of contrast media. T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained from the extracted bowel wall and compared with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: On contrast-enhanced MR images, the target-like bowel wall layers were clearly demonstrated and the submucosal layer showed the most prominent enhancement. At 10 minutes after administration of contrast media, the subacute ischemic group showed significantly lower enhancement of the submucosal layer than the normal or acute ischemic group (P <0.05). On T1-weighted images, there were not significant differences between the normal and ischemic bowel groups (P >0.05). On T2-weighted images, the signal intensity of all layers of acute ischemic bowel wall was significantly higher than that of the normal control or subacute ischemic group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Delayed contrast-enhanced MR images and T2-weighted images were helpful for detecting subacute and acute bowel ischemia with strangulation, respectively.
Acute Disease↗
Arachidonate cascade in mesenteric blood vessels and platelets of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of the arachidonate cascade are investigated in vitro in the mesenteric arteries and in the platelets of Wistar normotensive and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, using 1-14C arachidonic acid as substrate. The arachidonate cascade in the mesenteric arteries of both Wistar and Okamoto rats showed a sexual dependence. The lipoxygenase dominance in the mesenteric arteries increased almost in parallel with the blood pressure in female SH rats. The activities of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase were 4-12 times higher in female animals than in males. The lipoxygenase pathway dominated the arachidonate cascade in the platelets of both normotensive and hypertensive rats. The lipoxygenase pathway was more active in the platelets of SH animals than in the controls. Both in the mesenteric arteries and in the platelets, the arachidonate cascade might play some role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Animals↗
Early ligation of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery to reduce blood loss during pancreaticoduodenectomy.
When performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy, a considerable amount of congested blood is lost, especially during the period when the pancreatic head area is being isolated from the superior mesenteric vessels. Following Kocher's maneuver, a 4-cm dissection was continued along the right margin of the superior mesenteric artery. The root of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery was disclosed and ligated prior to the following resection procedures. The early ligation of the inferior pangreaticoduodenal artery decreased blood loss (from 194+/-24 mL to 86+/-50 mL) during the period when the pancreatic head area was isolated from the superior mesenteric vessels. This approach was feasible in reducing blood loss presumably related to blood congestion.
Aged↗
[Emergency diagnostic imaging in mesenteric ischemia].
Diagnostic imaging in patients with suspected acute mesenteric ischemia is started with abdominal ultrasound including duplex sonography of the mesenteric vessels. Despite low sensitivity even in experienced hands, ultrasound is used because operative treatment can be initiated without further imaging if a positive diagnosis is made. Plain abdominal X-rays are usually unspecific in acute mesenteric ischemia and are mainly used to rule out differential diagnoses. Spiral CT (ideally using a multislice technique) can accurately demonstrate morphology of the arterial and venous mesenteric vessels, changes in the bowel wall, and additional mesenteric or peritoneal findings. Therefore, CT has the potential for diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia on a pathological basis. Furthermore, CT is successfully used to confirm or exclude most other causes of acute abdominal conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be as accurate as CT for the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia and its differential diagnoses. However, MRI is not widely available and therefore not used as an emergency imaging modality so far. Catheter angiography remains the diagnostic gold standard for mesenteric vasculature when spiral CT is not available.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Sonographic findings of mesenteric panniculitis: correlation with CT and literature review.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the sonographic findings of mesenteric panniculitis (MP) and correlate them with CT findings. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, CT, and sonographic findings in 26 cases of MP in our hospital between January 1997 and July 2003. We also reviewed the sonographic features of MP previously described in the literature. RESULTS: The sonographic findings were well correlated to CT in 24 of 26 patients (92%). In these 24 cases, abdominal sonographic examination revealed a hyperechogenic, well-defined fatty mass (corresponding to the pseudocapsule CT sign) in the root of the mesentery, displacing the bowel loops. We found a clear interface between MP and normal intra abdominal fat. Examination with color Doppler sonography revealed the nondeviated mesenteric vessels within the mass. The persence of MP improved sonographic transmission in 9 obese patients and enabled the retroperitoneal vessels to be clearly visualized. Sonography was unable to demonstrate the preservation of the fat nearest the mesenteric vessels corresponding to the "fatty halo" sign on CT. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is useful in the diagnostic workup for MP. The characteristic sonographic features of MP (well-defined mass, homogeneous hyperechogenicity of the mass, nondeviated vessels within the mass, and displaced bowel loops) correlate well with CT findings.
Adult↗
The meandering mesenteric artery: a historic review and surgical implications.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding collateral mesenteric circulation with emphasis on the mesenteric meandering artery (of Moskowitz). Standard vascular embryology and anatomy are described as are the collateral mesenteric vessels that can develop with arterial stenosis or occlusion. A discussion on the correct usage of terms for describing mesenteric collateral vessels follows. METHODS: We undertook review of the historical literature to discuss the surgical implications of the meandering mesenteric artery. RESULTS: Despite a long history of study by anatomists and surgeons, confusion still persists regarding both the number and correct descriptive terminology of the collateral mesenteric vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the vague historic term "arc of Riolan" should be discarded for the more precise term "meandering mesenteric artery." The meandering mesenteric artery should routinely be preserved in all surgical procedures, to include resection for cancer, given its critical function in providing collateral mesenteric circulation. Further evaluation in the asymptomatic patient, however, is unnecessary.
Collateral Circulation↗
Effects in mice of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on platelet aggregation in injured arterioles and ex vivo.
Mice were implanted subcutaneously with placebo pellets, or with pellets containing either testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Eight to 19 days later platelet aggregation was produced in pial or mesenteric arterioles by injuring their endothelium with a noxious light/dye stimulus. The onset of platelet aggregation was significantly shortened in the mesenteric arterioles of male mice following implantation of 1.0 mg T or 0.1 mg DHT. However no effect was observed in females, nor did T or DHT alter aggregation in pial arterioles of either sex. Ex vivo studies showed that sodium arachidonate produced greater aggregation of platelets in plasma from testosterone treated males compared with controls. No effect of testosterone was observed ex vivo in platelets from females. These ex vivo results paralleled in vivo data from mesenteric vessels, but not from pial vessels. Moreover DHT failed to influence aggregation ex vivo in either sex. Thus enhanced aggregation observed in vivo in mesenteric arterioles of androgen treated males may not reflect direct action of androgen on the platelet. Rather enhanced aggregation may reflect hormonal action on endothelium or adjacent tissue. In addition to the preceding studies we tested the hypothesis that testosterone's action was due to its conversion to estradiol. This was considered because our data with T and mesenteric vessels resembled that previously reported by us with estradiol. However only minimal elevations in plasma estradiol levels resulted from testosterone treatment.
Animals↗