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PubMedDate not supplied

[Nature of factors stimulating cobalamin production by Achromobacter cobalamini].

The object of this work was to study the nature of factors contained in molasses and maize extract and stimulating cobalaminogenesis in Achromobacter cobalamini. The activity of substrate fractions was analyzed to show that the stimulating substance was precipitated on the cation exchanger and eluted from it with HCl. The factor was found to be an organic nitrogen base readily soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether, chloroform and methanol. It was stable upon heating in concentrated HCl. Betaine in the composition of molasses and choline in the composition of maize extract had similar properties. Their addition to the growth medium produced the same effect as that of molasses and maize extract. It is concluded therefore that cobalaminogenesis is stimulated in A. cobalamini by betaine in molasses and by choline in maize extract.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed1997

Performance of West African Dwarf goats fed dehydrated poultry manure as a dry season supplement.

The performance of West African Dwarf goats fed dehydrated poultry manure when grazing maturing pastures was studied during 2 dry season months on the Accra Plains of Ghana. Twenty-eight goats (4 bucks and 24 does) were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of one buck and 6 does each. Animals had access to pasture and, in addition, each group was randomly assigned to one of 4 supplementary dietary treatments: (1) 100% straw; (2) 60% straw + 40% molasses; (3) 50% straw + 40% molasses + 10% dehydrated poultry manure; (4) 40% straw + 40% molasses + 20% dehydrated poultry manure. Weight gains and efficiency of feed utilisation were significantly affected by diet type (P < 0.01). The goats fed Diets 3 and 4 gained more (P < 0.01) and utilised their diets more efficiently (P < 0.01) than goats fed Diets 1 and 2. Goats fed Diet 2 performed better than those fed Diet 1 in both traits. Dehydrated poultry manure (incorporated with molasses) supplementation improved the overall performance of goats grazing low quality natural pastures.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Improving production of hyperthermostable and high maltose-forming alpha-amylase by an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans using response surface methodology and its applications.

By cultivating Geobacillus thermoleovorans in shake flasks containing cane molasses medium at 70 degrees C, the fermentation variables were optimized by 'one variable at a time' approach followed by response surface methodology (RSM). The statistical model was obtained by central composite design (CCD) using three variables (cane-molasses, urea and inoculum density). An overall 1.6- and 2.1-fold increase in enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium in shake flasks and fermenter, respectively. The alpha-amylase titre increased significantly in cane-molasses medium (60 U ml(-1)) as compared to that in the synthetic medium (26 U ml(-1)). Thus the cost of enzyme produced in cane molasses medium (0.823 euros per million U) was much lower than that produced in the synthetic starch-yeast extract-tryptone medium (18.52 euros per million U). The shelf life of bread was improved by supplementing dough with alpha-amylase, and thus, the enzyme was found to be useful in preventing the staling of bread. Reducing sugars liberated from 20% and 30% raw pearl millet starch were fermented to ethanol; ethanol production levels attained were 35.40 and 28.0 g l(-1), respectively.

Bacillaceae↗

PubMed2002

Effect of food-grade surfactant on bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil.

The use of native soil bacteria to biodegrade explosives-contaminated soil under co-metabolic conditions has been demonstrated. The addition of food-grade surfactants could improve the process by enhancing the rates of explosives desorption from soil, thereby increasing the bioavailability of explosives for microbial degradation. The objective of this study was to decrease residence time in the slurry reactor, thereby increasing output and reducing clean-up costs. In this study, Tween 80 (monooleate), served not only as a surfactant but also as the carbon substrate for the soil microorganisms. Four 2l soil slurry reactors were operated in batch mode with soil containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results indicated that TNT and RDX were removed in all reactors except the control (no added carbon source). The reactor enriched with surfactant and molasses performed better than reactors with either molasses or surfactant alone. The TNT and its metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were removed faster in the reactor with surfactant plus molasses (35 days) than in the reactor with molasses alone as carbon source (45 days). A radiolabeling study of the mass balance of TNT in the slurry reactors showed substantial mineralization of TNT to CO2.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1975

Epinephrine induced hyperglycemia in bulls and its relationship to polioencephalomalacia.

Data on blood glucose concentration in bulls affected with molasses associated polioencephalomalacia are controversial. It has been suggested that the brain lesions are related to a "hypoglycemic state" during the development of polioencephalomalacia. This paper reports the mobilization of glucose by means of the epinephrine test in three bulls fed two diets, one forage based and the other molasses based. The results showed significantly greater hyperglycemic responses in the animals during the molasses diet than during the forage one. This probably means that glucose stores (as glycogen) are higher in cattle consuming molasses than those consuming forage. Such hepatic glucose output is in disagreement with the hypoglycemia theory as the cause of the early stages of brain lesions and focuses the probable cause as being related to glucose utilization.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Chromatographic separation of nucleosides using a cross-linked xylose isomerase crystal stationary phase.

Cross-linked xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5., from Streptomyces rubiginosus) crystals (CLXIC) packed into a 7.8 x 300 mm steel column showed specific affinity towards uridine (Urd), cytidine (Cyd), adenosine (Ado), guanosine (Guo), and thymidine. These nucleosides eluted out of the CLXIC column in the same order as the corresponding nucleoside bases, indicating that the retention depends mainly on the base component of the molecule. The interaction of nucleosides with the CLXIC material was not based merely on ion exchange or hydrophobic interactions but also on the unique properties of the CLXIC column. Decrease in temperature increased the retention but not the resolution factors of the adjacent nucleosides. The CLXIC column maintained its separation capacity even when 100 mg of ribonucleosides in equimass amounts were injected into the column in a volume of 1 mL corresponding to 10% of the total column volume. Analysis of sugar beet molasses, a side stream from sucrose production, showed it to contain 1-2.5 mg mL(-1) of Urd, Cyd, Ado, and Guo. The CLXIC column was able to separate and enrich these nucleosides also from highly viscous sugar beet molasses. The CLXIC column was especially efficient in the purification of guanosine. Other commercially interesting sugar beet molasses components such as the acidic compounds betaine, gamma-amino butyric acid, and D- and L-pyroglutamic acids or neutral sucrose did not interact with the CLXIC material.

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases↗

PubMed1983

Intake and digestibility of berseem (Medicago sativa) and Sorghum Abu 70 (Sorghum vulgare) forages by Sudan zebu cattle and desert sheep.

Two experiments were carried out with Sudan zebu cattle and desert sheep to study the voluntary intake and digestibility of berseem (Medicago sativa) and Abu 70 (Sorghum vulgare) forages when offered ad lib. alone and with supplements of molasses to the cattle and dura grain to the sheep. In both experiments the intake of berseem was significantly higher than Abu 70. Supplementation increased Abu 70 intake and while molasses significantly increased berseem intake by cattle, dura decreased its intake by sheep. On the basis of metabolic body size sheep showed a higher intake of these forages than cattle. There was no significant difference in DM digestibility between berseem and Abu 70 by cattle. Sheep digested berseem significantly better than Abu 70. Molasses and dura significantly increased the digestibility of Abu 70 by cattle and sheep but had no significant effect on the DM digestibility of berseem.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Continuous potable alcohol production by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae on mineral kissiris.

A biocatalyst prepared by the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the surface of the mineral kissiris was used in the present study for continuous potable-alcohol production. An ethanol productivity (calculated on the basis of liquid volume) of 10.5 g/L/h was obtained at a 0.7/h dilution rate, 121 g/L sucrose content, and 29.6% conversion employing molasse as feed material. Glucose, raisin extracts, and molasse were successively used as feed materials without stopping the operation of the reactor for 6 mo. The ethanol productivity and yield remained constant during the operational-stability study of the reactor, carried out for 44 d. Biomass productivity, yield, and free-cell concentration in glucose, raisin extracts, and molasse were examined. Finally, a system with two continuous reactors joined successively was also studied in the present investigation.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1998

Flow injection analysis system for the supervision of industrial chromatographic downstream processing in biotechnology.

Sugar beet molasses is a natural resource for various products used in daily life, ranging from sucrose to amino acids for pharmaceutical industry. The separation of molasses into these high value components is performed on a large scale by ion exchange/exclusion chromatography. A biosensor system was set up for the "in time" analysis of serine and sucrose during molasses desugarisation. D-Serine was analysed with the multi-enzyme system D-serine dehydratase/lactic dehydrogenase and photometric detection of the NADH consumed. Sucrose was determined with invertase/mutarotase/glucose oxidase and the oxygen consumed was monitored amperometrically. An analysis could be performed within 2-5 min by directly injecting samples from the chromatographic process into the flow injection analysis system. The determination range for the sucrose analysis was 0-2.5 gl-1 and for the analysis of D-serine 0-0.5 gl-1. The standard deviation for the measurement of D-serine was 1.7%.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2001

Microbial decomposition of post-harvest sugarcane residue.

A laboratory in situ composting study was conducted as a possible alternative method for the current practice of open air burning of post-harvest sugarcane residue by sugarcane farmers. In situ composting of the sugarcane residue by the indigenous bacteria and fungi was accelerated using molasses as an initial substrate. A one-time application of molasses boosted the soil microbial population. which started to decompose the ligno-cellulosic fractions of the residue. The study showed significant differences in several parameters among the control and molasses applied treatments, namely, visual decomposition of residue, bacterial and fungal population, soil pH, cellulose content, cellulase activity. and soil organic matter. Further study is needed to refine the process for the future application of this technology as a possible alternative to the current practice of open air burning of sugarcane residue by farmers.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

Microbiological changes during bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soils in laboratory and pilot-scale bioslurry reactors.

Changes in the microbial community during bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil in a molasses-fed bioslurry process were examined. Upon addition of molasses to laboratory-scale reactors, total culturable heterotrophs increased rapidly by three to four orders of magnitude. However, heat-shocked heterotrophs and the percentage of gram-positive bacterial isolates did not increase until the soluble concentrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TNB) began to decrease. The number of identified phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and the total PLFA concentration also exhibited an immediate increase in response to molasses addition, while the concentration of branched PLFA, indicative of the gram-positive population, remained low until soluble TNT and TNB concentrations had significantly decreased. This same general relationship between explosives degradation and gram-positive-specific PLFA was observed during an experiment with a large field-scale bioslurry lagoon reactor. These results indicate that the gram-positive organisms, which have been shown to be severely impacted by even low concentrations of TNT and TNB [Current Microbiol. 35 (1997) 77; Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 (1998) 2185], are able to increase in concentrations after explosives compounds are reduced to non-inhibitory levels, and should therefore be able to reestablish themselves in remediated soils.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2002

Whey liquid waste of the dairy industry as raw material for potable alcohol production by kefir granules.

Kefir granular biomass was used in the fermentation of sweet whey and proved to be more effective compared to single-cell biomass of kefir yeast. The operational stability of the biocatalyst was assessed by carrying out 20 repeated batch fermentations. Levels of ethanol productivity reached 2.57 g L(-1) h(-1)), whereas the yield was 0.45 g/g. The fermentation time was only 8 h. Mixtures of sweet whey with molasses were fermented at initial densities ranging from 4.2 to 10.2 degrees Be and resulted in ethanol yield factors between 0.36 and 0.48 g of ethanol/g of utilized sugar. Lower degrees Be values led to an increase of percentages of ethyl acetate on total volatiles determined and a reduction of amyl alcohols. The addition of 1% black raisin extract to whey appears to promote whey fermentation, whereas the same was not observed in the case of white sultana extract addition. It was finally established that it is preferable to ferment mixtures of whey-molasses by adding molasses in whey after the completion of whey fermentation.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Optimization of dextran production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512 using cheap and local sources of carbohydrate and nitrogen.

Using pure components for the fermentation medium in dextran production imposes high costs on the industry. In the present study, the economic production of dextran using local and cheap sources of carbohydrate and nitrogen was investigated. Different concentrations of molasses and wheat-bran extract, after filtration, steam sterilization and pH adjustment, were inoculated with a fresh suspension of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Cultures were incubated, and then diluted with an equal volume of ethanol. The bacteria were pelleted, and an aliquot of the supernatant was diluted with ethanol and dextran was precipitated. The supernatant was removed and the precipitate was dissolved in a minimal volume of water. Activated charcoal was added and the solution was boiled. The solution was filtered and protein impurities removed by 2-methylbutan-2-ol/chloroform extraction. Dextran was again precipitated with cold ethanol as described above, and the precipitate was dried in a desiccator. Optimum conditions and composition of culture media for dextran production using sugar-beet molasses and wheat bran were determined. The best results were obtained when 20% (w/v) molasses and 15% (w/v) wheat bran were used. The optimal initial pH for dextran production was 7.5.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed1978

The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets.

1. The effects of defaunation of the rumen of cattle on low-protein diets was studied using animals given free access to a basal diet of liquid molasses and 1500 g oaten straw/head per d. These diets induced moderate numbers of protozoa in the rumen. 2. Nonyl phenol ethoxylate (trade name teric GN9) was used for defaunation; 100 g teric GN9 was found to be sufficient to eliminate protozoa from the rumen. 3. In cattle given the basal diet without bypass protein supplementation, defaunation had no effect on growth rates. Addition of 240 g of a feed pellet containing bypass protein increased growth rate significantly. Growth rates were significantly increased by 43% in cattle on the higher protein intake and where protozoa were removed. Intake of molasses was apparently stimulated by a protein supplementation but not by defaunation and this finding is discussed. 4. The results demonstrate that in cattle given a molasses-based diet, low in bypass protein, growth rates can be stimulated by defaunation without an effect on feed intake, the main effect apparently arising through an increased efficiency of utilization of feed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Kinetics and thermodynamics of ethanol production by a thermotolerant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a microprocessor-controlled bioreactor.

AIMS: The present investigation deals with the development of thermotolerant mutant strain of yeast for studying enhanced productivity of ethanol from molasses in a fully controlled bioreactor. METHODS AND RESULTS: The parental culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26602 was mutated using UV treatment. A single thermotolerant mutant was isolated after extensive screening and optimization, and grown on molasses medium in liquid cultures. The mutant was 1.45-fold improved than its wild parent with respect to ethanol productivity (7.2 g l-1 h-1), product yield (0.44 g ethanol g-1 substrate utilized) and specific ethanol yield (19.0 g ethanol g-1 cells). The improved ethanol productivity was directly correlated with titres of intracellular and extracellular invertase activities. The mutant supported higher volumetric and product yield of ethanol, significantly (P<or=0.05) higher than the parental and other strains. The mutated cultures produced 1.8- and 2.6-fold more extracellular and intracellular invertase productivity, respectively, than that produced by its wild parent at 40 degrees C. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the cell system exerted protection against thermal inactivation during formation of products. CONCLUSIONS: A mutant derivative of Sacchromyces cerevisiae with improved productivity of ethanol and invertases has been obtained, which showed concomitant improvement in thermostability of endogenous metabolism for formation of both ethanol and invertases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results of the present study are of commercial value as the mutant can be used for ethanol production in parts of Pakistan where the temperature may go up to 40 degrees C in April. Ethanol product yield coefficient and volumetric productivity, revealed the hyper-productivity of ethanol from molasses at 40 degrees C, which is not appropriate for wild organism.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed2005

Lipase production by solid-state fermentation: cultivation conditions and operation of tray and packed-bed bioreactors.

The production of lipase by Penicillium simplicissimum in solid-state fermentation was studied using babassu cake as the basal medium. Tray-type and packed-bed bioreactors were employed. In the former, the influence of temperature; content of the medium, and medium supplementation with olive oil, sugarcane molasses, corn steep liquor, and yeast hydrolysate was studied. For all combinations of supplements, a temperature of 30 degrees C, a moisture content of 70%, and a concentration of carbon source of 6.25% (m/m, dry basis) provided optimum conditions for lipase production. When used as single supplements olive oil and molasses also were able to provide high lipase activities (20 U/g). Using packed-bed bioreactors and molasses-supplemented medium, optimum conditions for enzyme production were air superficial velocities above 55 cm/min and temperatures below 28 degrees C. The lower temperature optimum found for these reactors is probably related to radial heat gradient formation inside the packed bed. Maximum lipase activities obtained in these bioreactors (26.4 U/g) were 30% higher than in tray-type reactors.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed2006

Effects of solids concentration, pH and carbon addition on the production rate and composition of volatile fatty acids in prefermenters using primary sewage sludge.

Increasing evidence is emerging that the performance of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems relies on not only the total amount but also the composition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Domestic wastewater often contains limited amounts of VFAs with acetic acid typically being the dominating species. Consequently, prefermenters are often employed to generate additional VFAs to meet the demand for carbon by EBPR and/or denitrification processes. Limited knowledge is currently available on the effects of operational conditions on the production rate and composition of VFAs in prefermenters. In this study, a series of controlled batch experiments were conducted with sludge from a full-scale prefermenter to determine the impact of solids concentration, pH and addition of molasses on prefermentation processes. It was found that an increase in solids concentration enhanced total VFA production with an increased propionic acid fraction. The optimal pH for prefermentation was in the range of 6-7 with significant productivity loss when pH was below 5.5. Molasses addition significantly increased the production of VFAs particularly the propionic acid. However, the fermentation rate was likely limited by the biological activity of the sludge rather than by the amount of molasses added.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2000

Comparative fermentation studies of industrial strains belonging to four species of solvent-producing clostridia.

Industrial and culture collection strains of solvent-producing clostridia, classified as Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum were utilised in a comparative study of fermentation performance in a laboratory fermentation medium, a molasses fermentation medium, and a maize fermentation medium under standardised culture conditions. At least one representative strain was selected from each of the sub-groups within the four species. Preliminary evaluations were first undertaken for the three different fermentation media to determine the most appropriate media formulations, carbohydrate concentrations, and culture conditions for comparison of the solvent-producing ability of these strains. Standardised fermentation media and culture conditions were then selected for each of the comparative fermentation studies. These included TYA medium containing 4% glucose, a supplemented molasses medium containing 6% fermentable sugars, and a supplemented maize mash medium containing 8% maize. Additional comparative fermentation studies on industrial strains belonging to two species of solvent-producing clostridia were carried out in molasses containing higher concentrations of fermentable sugars, and the sugar concentrations supporting maximum levels of solvent production were determined. Although all the strains tested grew in the maize fermentation medium and degraded starch, only a few strains produced consistently high solvent levels. Optimum starch utilisation and solvent production was obtained at a maize concentration of 80 g/l. Pretreatment of the maize by milling or saccharification decreased the buffering capacity of the medium and resulted in decreased solvent production. Decreasing the time used to gelatinise the starch had little effect. Solvent yields and concentrations obtained in this study were compared with various published data in the scientific and patent literature and appeared to closely simulate the results obtained in the industrial fermentation process. The fermentation performances of individual strains could provide useful comparative data for the selection and development of strains for use on various commercial fermentation substrates.

Biotechnology↗