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PubMed1968

Morphology, physiology, and serology of a Pasteurella species pathogenic for white perch. (Roccus americanus).

The Pasteurella species implicated as the etiologic agent of a massive white perch mortality in the Chesapeake Bay and first described by S. F. Snieszko et al. has been characterized further in our laboratory. The general morphology and physiology of this organism is similar to that of the pasteurellae and several known fish pathogens. There are enough dissimilarities, however, to rule out its identification with any established species. The organism is obligately halophilic and grows in a temperature range between 17 and 31 C on ordinary media containing 1% NaCl. It has a relatively narrow range of pH, temperature, and salinity tolerance, and a very short survival time in spent media or brackish water, in contrast to Pasteurella pestis and P. pseudotuberculosis. Serological tests also indicate that this organism is distinct from other species which it resembles. On the basis of classic morphological and physiological criteria, this organism fits best in the genus Pasteurella; the species name piscicida (L. noun piscis, a fish; L.v.L.adj. suffix-cidus, to kill; M.L. noun piscicida, fish killer) is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cytobacteriological coloring substance BF (methylene blue and basic fuchsin)].

The Authors have set up a cytobacteriological colouring matter for the reading of the figured elements of liquor, urine, exudats, and trasudats. The colouring solution is steady, it colours and fixes at the same time and is composed by blue methylene and basic fuchsine. There is abready a combination of both colouring matters in WAYSON'S formula for the bipolar colouring matter of the Pasteurella pestis and in PICK'S and Jacobson's formula to point out the intercellular neisserie.

Humans↗
PubMed1967

Pesticins. 3. Expression of coagulase and mechanism of fibrinolysis.

Mutational loss of pesticin I, a bacteriocin-like substance produced by Pasteurella pestis, is known to result in concomitant loss of a coagulase and fibrinolytic factor. No relationship was detected between pesticinogeny and other tested properties either associated with virulence or peculiar to P. pestis. Pesticin I was distinguished from the coagulase and fibrinolytic activities on the basis of anatomical distribution, behavior during gel filtration, and sensitivity to heat. Coagulase and the fibrinolytic factor were not differentiated by these criteria. Spontaneous suppressor mutations causing reversion to pesticinogeny were not detected, nor were such mutants obtained by treatment with ultraviolet light or 2-aminopurine. Attempts to demonstrate a common activator of pesticin I, coagulase, or the fibrinolytic factor in extracts of pesticinogenic cells were not successful. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that at least two structural genes for the three activities reside on a replicon distinct from the chromosome proper. Fibrinolytic activity was significantly reduced in the presence of 0.003 m epsilon-aminocaproic acid and was nonexistent on fibrin films freed from endogenous plasminogen by treatment with heat. Fibrinolytic activity on heated films could be restored by addition of plasma or serum from six mammalian species. Accordingly, the plague fibrinolytic factor, like staphylokinase or urokinase, promotes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

Bacteriocins↗
PubMed1975

Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. VI. The possibility of prediction of plasma cell reaction in the spleen of mice immunized with soluble antigen.

A mathematical expression of the accumulation of the plasma cells in the spleen of CBA mice immunized intraperitoneally is presented. The dependence of the plasma cell reaction in the spleen on the kinetics of antigen concentration in the blood was confirmed. For the transition from antigen to plasma cells, index A was proposed. The mean values of index A were used for comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the plasma cell reaction and the recorded differences were not great. In a similar way, index A was used for prediction of plasma cell accumulation in the spleen of animals, immunized with a mixture of two soluble antigens -- capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis and complete antigen of Francisella tularensis. The calculated values of plasma cell reaction corresponded to experimental values.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sir Charles James Martin MB FRS: Australian serpents and Indian plague, one-hundred years ago.

In 1891 as Demonstrator in Physiology at the University of Sydney, Charles Martin began the first systematic study of the chemical and physiological properties of the venoms of the Australian elapid species, Pseudechis porphyriacus and Notechis scutatus. Two major constituents were detected: a large coagulable protein which was associated with intravascular clotting, and a small proteinaceous molecule, an albumose, associated with neurotoxicity. Martin designed and constructed a high-pressure gelatin membrane ultrafilter for fractionation of venom. His studies indicated that certain physiological actions and clinical symptoms were related to the faster rate of diffusion within the tissue space of a neurotoxic constituent relative to a clotting constituent. Extending this work to toxin-antitoxin relationships, Martin provided evidence that antitoxin was a large molecule with slow diffusibility in tissue and advised the administration of curative serum (including diphtheria antitoxin) by intravenous injection. In 1903, Martin returned to London as Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. He was soon involved in the planning of scientific work to be undertaken by the Commission for Investigation of Plague in India as the disease continued to ravage the subcontinent. Detailed epidemiological studies of possible factors involved in the spread of Pasteurella pestis showed, unequivocally, that infected rat fleas were the vector of transmission from rats to humans.

Australia↗
PubMed1957

The influence of adrenocorticotropic and growth hormones on antibody formation.

The influence of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (somatotropin, STH), singly and in combination, has been studied in normal, young adult rats, with respect to antibody formation against Fraction IA of Pasteurella pestis. When ACTH was administered during the period of immunization, in a daily dose just sufficient to prevent body weight increase relative to the non-treated, immunized controls, serum antibody levels against the specific antigen employed were significantly depressed. The administration of STH alone resulted in a marked increase in body weight. The increase in antibody level was not significant at the 5 per cent level when compared with the control values. The same dosage of STH given simultaneously with ACTH maintained body weight at a level slightly above that of the controls, and resulted in an effective counteraction of the antibody depression produced by the latter hormone.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1957

Bactericidal activity of rat leucocytic extracts. I. Antibacterial spectrum and the subcellular localization of the bactericidal activity.

All extract of polymorphonuclear leucocytes of the rat, prepared by means of ultrasonic vibration, was found to be bactericidal against M. aureus. The bactericidal activity was primarily confined to the mitochondrial fraction of the leucocytes. The rat leucocyte mitochondrial extract was bactericidal against both Gram-positive (M. aureus, beta-Streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and Gram-negative (Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella enteritidis, Pasteurella pestis) bacteria. The Gram-positive organisms were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of the mitochondrial extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Therapy of other bacterial infections.

Cutaneous bacterial disease continues to account for a significant proportion of clinical visits. The continuing emergence of strains that are resistant to available antibacterial agents creates a challenge for dermatologists, who need to keep abreast of current treatment strategies. In this article, antibacterial regimens are presented for skin infections caused by organisms such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella multocida, Vibrio vulnificus, Actinomyces, and Nocardia.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

PLAGUE TOXIN: ITS EFFECT IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.

The murine toxin of Pasteurella pestis inhibited the respiration of heart mitochondria from the rat and the mouse but had little or no effect on the respiration of mitochondria from the rabbit, chimpanzee, dog, and monkey. Alterations occurred in tile S-T segments of the electrocardiogramus recorded corded from rats injected with (1/4) to 10 LD(50) of toxin, but not in those from rats dying of hemorrhagic shock, hypoxia, intoxication with glucose, or Escherichia coli endotoxin. No abnormalities were observed in electrocardiograms from rabbits injected with large amounts of toxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Plague bacillus: survival within host phagocytes.

Pasteurella pestis within nelutrophiles and macrophages removed from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs dutring experimental plague were shown to be viable by direct microscopic observation of the infected phagocytes incubating in sutitable bacteriologic media. The time-honored hypothesis that the major determinanit of the virulence of the plague bacillius is its ability to resist ingestion by phagocytes mutst be reevaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of chlorination on antibiotic resistance profiles of sewage-related bacteria.

A total of 1,900 lactose-fermenting bacteria were isolated from raw sewage influent and chlorinated sewage effluent from a sewage treatment plant, as well as from chlorinated and neutralized dilute sewage, before and after a 24-h regrowth period in the laboratory. Of these isolates, 84% were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Chlorination of influent resulted in an increase in the proportion of bacteria resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin, the increase being most marked after regrowth occurred following chlorination. Of the other nine antibiotics tested, chlorination resulted in an increased proportion of bacteria resistant to some, but a decrease in the proportion resistant to the remainder. Multiple resistance was found for up to nine antibiotics, especially in regrowth populations. Identification of about 5% of the isolates showed that the highest proportion of Escherichia coli fell in untreated sewage. Some rare and potentially pathogenic species were isolated from chlorinated and regrowth samples, including Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella multocida, and Hafnia alvei. Our results indicate that chlorination, while initially lowering the total number of bacteria in sewage, may substantially increase the proportions of antibiotic-resistant, potentially pathogenic organisms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1965

Agar-gel precipitin-inhibition technique for plague antibody determinations.

An application of the agar-gel precipitin-inhibition technique we described previously can be used to detect plague antibodies in human and animal sera after a series of plague vaccine inoculations or after exposure to Pasteurella pestis. Determination of the minimal reacting concentrations of the plague antigen and antibody reagents, methods for combining reagents, and length of incubation periods are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Immunogenicity of plague vaccines in mice and guinea pigs.

The median effective doses (ED(50)) of 28 lots of killed Pasteurella pestis strain 195/P vaccine were determined in mice and guinea pigs. Mice were injected with vaccine alone, whereas guinea pigs received vaccine suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Potency ratios of vaccines were obtained by comparing the ED(50) of the test with that of a reference vaccine. Mean potency ratios of 1.82 +/- 0.50 in mice and 3.22 +/- 0.56 in guinea pigs were obtained, and the difference between these means was significant, P = <0.01. The number of organisms in the challenge dose did not significantly affect the ED(50) of a vaccine in guinea pigs. However, irrespective of vaccinating route, nearly 1,000 times as much vaccine was required in the absence of adjuvant as in its presence to produce comparable protective indexes in the guinea pig. The response of guinea pigs did not offer any improvement over mice in evaluating the efficacy of plague vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Effect of ca on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic Acid in virulent and avirulent yersinia.

Virulent and potentially virulent cells of Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis produce virulence or V and W antigens (VW(+)) but remain static at 37 C during aeration in enriched Ca(2+)-deficient media containing 0.02 m Mg(2+). In this environment, which simulates mammalian intracellular fluid, VW(+) cells possessed a functional cytoplasmic membrane as judged by concentration of (14)C-isoleucine, release of (32)P, and consumption of oxygen at rates comparable to those of dividing cells cultivated with Ca(2+). Furthermore, rates of protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis were essentially identical in dividing and static VW(+) cells and in mutant VW(-) organisms. However, the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in static cells was about 10% of that observed in dividing organisms. Accordingly, bacteriostasis of VW(+) cells in the simulated intracellular environment is evidently caused by reactions directly associated with cessation of DNA synthesis rather than by alterations in the regulatory capacity of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1964

NEW TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR SHIPMENT OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS. I. FECAL SPECIMENS.

Cary, Sylvia G. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), and Eugene B Blair. New transport medium for shipment of clinical specimens. I. Fecal specimens. J. Bacteriol. 88:96-98. 1964.-A new transport medium for the collection and shipment of clinical specimens is described. Preliminary studies indicate that, with initial fecal specimens, Salmonella and Shigella can be recovered for as long as 49 days, Vibrio comma for 22 days, and Pasteurella pestis for at least 75 days.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1969

Pasteurella Bacteriophage Sex Specific in Escherichia coli.

Phage H, thought to be specific for Pasteurella pestis, was shown to plate efficiently on F(-) strains of Escherichia coli but not on F(+), F', or Hfr strains. The phage was adsorbed rapidly to F(-) strains but was not adsorbed to strains carrying F. Comparison with seven other reported female-specific phages showed that, although phage H was similar to the other phages in some characteristics, the exceptionally low efficiency of plating (<10(-9)) on F-containing cells makes phage H a particularly useful female-specific phage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

[Experimental protective of fraction I of the plague microbe].

The immunogenic properties of the freeze-dried preparation of fraction I tisolated from the culture of avirulent Pasteurella pestis strain were studied in experiments on hamadryas baboons, guinea-pigs and white mice. The preparation was found to have a pronounced protective effect in hamadryas baboons and white mice, especially when the preparation was used in mixture with incomplete Freund adjuvant. In hamadryas baboons resistance to infection was shown to correlate with hemagglutionation antibody titres.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗