PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “PITUITARY GLAND IRRADIATION”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Preoperative radiographic evaluation of implant sites by computed tomography. Radiation dose profiles.

The purpose of the present study was to compare radiation dose profiles for one and two mm slice thicknesses typically used for preoperative computed tomographic examination of potential implant sites. A Siemens Somatom DRH CT-system was used. A single two mm slice absorbed only 29% of the integral dose and a single one mm slice, absorbed only 17% of the integral dose. This is because the radiation beam was unchanged between the two different examinations. The integral dose is therefore identical for a single one mm slice and for a single two mm slice. When 10 consecutively two mm thick slices were exposed, approximately 50% of the integral dose was absorbed within the examined region. When 20 one mm thick slices were exposed, slightly less of the integral dose was absorbed within the examined region. This difference may be explained by uncertaines in the measuring instruments. The integral dose is, with the 10 two mm thick slices, half the integral dose compared to a serie of 20 one mm slices. In spite of a well restricted beam, more than half of the integral dose is absorbed outside the examined part. Consequently, during examination the thyroid gland, the eyes lens and the pituitary gland will be exposed to some irradiation.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

Early effects of cranial irradiation on hypothalamic pituitary function.

Hypothalamic pituitary functions were studied in 25 patients before and 6 months after cranial irradiation with or without radiosensitizing chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The estimated average total dose was 5,000 cGy to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The radiosensitizing chemotherapy used was endoxan, 4900 +/- 873 mg and/or methotrexate 113 +/- 30 mg. All patients had normal pituitary function before radiotherapy. Six months after radiotherapy, there was a significant increase in baseline serum thyrotropin (TSH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. The TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was significantly increased, suggesting primary hypothyroidism due to neck irradiation. The peak serum TSH response to TRH became delayed in 21 patients, suggesting a defect in TRH release. In male patients who did not receive radiosensitizing chemotherapy, the FSH response to luteotropic hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) increased while the luteinizing hormone (LH) response decreased. But in male patients who also received radiosensitizing chemotherapy, both the FSH and LH responses to LHRH increased. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) did not change, while the integrated cortisol response increased. The growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) did not change. The GH response to insulin tolerance test (ITT) increased and may be explained by the more severe hypoglycemia induced by the same dosage of insulin after radiotherapy or the recovery from the previous wasting caused by radiotherapy. There was no significant increase in serum prolactin. In conclusion, we demonstrated impairment of the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland axes as early as 6 months after cranial irradiation with or without chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between induction of mammary tumors and change of testicular functions in male rats following gamma-ray irradiation and/or diethylstilbestrol.

Male Wistar-MS (W/MS), Fisher-344 (F-344) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups including a control group implanted with a cholesterol pellet. Rats in the three experimental groups were treated with gamma-ray irradiation (260 cGyt) alone, diethylstilbestrol (DES) pellet implantation alone or both irradiation and DES, and all rats were observed for detection of mammary tumors for 1 year. Morphologically, well-developed mammary glands were observed in the SD rats at ages corresponding to the time of irradiation. But, the mammary glands in the W/MS and F-344 rats showed a lower degree of differentiation than those in the SD rats. No mammary tumor developed spontaneously in the W/MS and F-344 strains of rats during the experimental period. The rats administered both DES and irradiation showed significantly increased incidence of mammary tumors compared with the control, the incidence being 80.9% in the SD rats, 35.0% in the W/MS rats, and 9.4% in the F-344 rats, respectively. The incidence of tumor in the SD rats treated with irradiation alone and with DES alone was 9.5% and 14.3%, respectively, but no tumor development was observed in the F-344 rats treated with either irradiation alone or DES alone or in the W/MS rats treated with DES alone. The magnitude of the decrease of testicular weight in the SD rats implanted with DES after irradiation (to 70% of the control weight) was slightly less marked than that in either the W/MS (35%) or F-344 (16%) rats. The testicular atrophy showed a correlation with the accessory sex organ weight at the end of the experiment, serum testosterone concentration, and incidence of mammary tumors. Following administration of DES pellets after the irradiation, the activity of delta 5-3 beta- and of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testes showed the order F-344 < W/MS = SD and F-344 = W/MS < SD, respectively. Compared with the control, the irradiated F-344 rats implanted with DES pellets showed hypertrophied pituitary glands (10.7-fold, P < 0.01) as well as increased serum prolactin concentration (21.4-fold, P < 0.01). Of the three strains treated with both irradiation and DES, the F-344 rats showed the highest concentration of serum prolactin but the lowest incidence of mammary tumors. Our results suggest that W/MS, F-344 and SD male rats have differing susceptibilities for the induction of mammary tumor following irradiation. We discuss the relationship between testicular and pituitary functions and male mammary tumorigenesis.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1989

Adrenal autotransplantation with attached blood vessels for treatment of Cushing's disease.

A case of Cushing's disease was treated successfully by staged total adrenalectomy, left adrenal autotransplantation with the attached blood vessels and pituitary irradiation. In the first stage the left adrenal gland was removed with its attached blood vessels intact, and adrenal autotransplantation then was performed. An end-to-end anastomosis was made between the adrenal central vein and the right inferior epigastric artery. The anastomosis between the right saphenous vein and the adrenal middle artery was accomplished by intussuscepting the artery into the vein followed by suturing. The second stage operation was total right adrenalectomy. Steroid replacement therapy was stopped 7 days postoperatively and all laboratory studies were normal. Two months after total right adrenalectomy the patient had a sensation of facial fullness. Plasma cortisol and 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels were elevated. Part of the graft was excised with the patient under local anesthesia. The symptoms disappeared and the laboratory studies returned to normal. Pituitary irradiation was administered as supplementary treatment of Cushing's disease. This method for the treatment of Cushing's disease has proved feasible. The inguinal region is the optimal site for adrenal autotransplantation.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1978

Late effects of fetal mice x-irradiated at middle or late intrauterine stage.

Mice of F1 hybrids of (C57BL/6xWHT) strains were exposed in utero to 200 R of X-rays at 12 or 16 approximately 18 days post coitum. Mice of both sexes were allowed to liver through their life span, and the induction of tumors, growth retardation, and induction of degenerative diseases were examined. A significant enhancement of lung, pituitary gland, and ovary tumorigenesis was observed in mice irradiated at the late intrauterine stage. Also, incidence of liver and skin tumors was increased slightly in this group, whereas thymic lymphomas were not induced. Persistent growth retardation, several congenital malformation, and amyloid degeneration were found in mice irradiated at the middle intrauterine stage. However, no increases incidence of tumors was seen in this group. Moreover, incidnece of lymphoreticular tissue tumors, lung tumors, and leiomyosarcomas of uterus was significantly decreased by irradiation at the middle intrauterine stage from the unirradiated control and the late intrauterine irradiated group.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism following cytotoxic therapy for central nervous system malignancies.

Endocrinologic dysfunction including hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism are recognized complications of irradiation to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis or thyroid gland in the course of treating CNS malignancies. However, the frequency of these adverse effects in both short- and long-term survivors may be underestimated. Sixty-five patients treated in the University of Rochester Cancer Center since 1968 with radiation with or without BCNU chemotherapy for CNS tumors not involving the hypothalamic-pituitary axis were evaluated for thyroid, prolactin, and gonadal disturbances regardless of clinical symptomatology. Prolactin values were elevated in 19 of 47 patients (40%). For males and females treated with greater than 55 Gy, abnormal values were present in nine of 11 (82%) and seven of 14 (50%), respectively. For males and females treated with less than or equal to 55 Gy, two of nine (22%) and one of 13 (8%), respectively, were abnormal (P = .0001). Six of six patients who also received BCNU chemotherapy were hyperprolactinemic, as compared with six of ten (60%) who did not receive BCNU. Seven of eight females with elevated prolactin levels had menstruation abnormalities, and five of seven adult males noted a decrease in libido. Mild abnormalities in testosterone concentration were found in three of nine men evaluated, all of whom had normal gonadotropins. Of 47 patients who did not receive irradiation to the spinal axis (and thus the thyroid gland), ten (21%) had a decreased thyroxin (T4) value. Only one of these patients had an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) value. Of 32 patients who received greater than 55 Gy, ten (31%) had a low T4, compared with zero of 15 who received less than or equal to 55 Gy (P = .0001). Four of eight patients (50%) who also received BCNU had low T4 values, as compared with three of 14 (21%) who did not receive BCNU. Of 15 patients who were treated with 4 to 10 MV photon irradiation to the spinal axis, five patients (33%) had elevated TSH values. The mean spinal axis dose in these patients was 33 Gy. Two euthyroid children in this group manifested the early onset of puberty. The complex of endocrinologic abnormalities observed in several patients receiving only cranial irradiation, that is elevated prolactin, decreased thyroid, and gonadal hormone secretion in the presence of otherwise normal pituitary hormone levels, suggests a radiation-induced insult to the hypothalamic regulation of pituitary function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cancer risk following radiotherapy for infertility or menstrual disorders.

A cohort of 968 Israeli women treated with radiotherapy for infertility was followed up for cancer incidence. The majority of the subjects were irradiated to both the ovaries and the pituitary gland. Mean doses to the brain, colon, ovary and bone marrow were 0. 8, 0.6, 1.0 and 0.4 Gy, respectively. More than 10 years after radiation treatment, 60 cancers were observed compared with 74.5 expected based on national cancer incidence rates (standardized incidence ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.61-1.04). No statistically significant excess or deficit was seen for any individual type of cancer; however, a non-significant 60% increased risk of colon cancer was observed. Risk of colon cancer was higher among women with 2 or more treatments and increased with length of follow-up. A decreased risk of breast cancer was suggested. Neither age at exposure nor attained age modified subsequent cancer risk. No clear excess of any cancer site was observed among women at organ doses above the median compared with subjects at doses below the median, except a slight increase in colon cancer. No significant excess incidence of cancer was demonstrated in this small cohort of patients treated with radiotherapy for infertility. Our results are consistent with those from an earlier study of cancer mortality among women receiving radiotherapy for infertility conducted in New York City. Int. J. Cancer 82:795-798, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Stereotactic navigation, Jean Talairach, and I.

This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the work of Jean Talairach and his associates at the Centre Hospitalier Ste. Anne in Paris. Much more space than is available here would be required for that purpose. Talairach's contributions in the development of stereotactic instrumentation and methods, cerebral anatomy, neurophysiology, epilepsy, stereotactic biopsy and interstitial irradiation of tumors, radionuclide ablation of the pituitary gland, and surgical treatment of pain, movement disorders, and psychiatric illnesses are legend. Talairach is a creative pioneer who, from the time he arrived at Ste. Anne in 1937 at 28 years of age, has remained productive throughout his life and, even in his late eighties, continued to contribute to his field. His legacy is enormous. This work is simply meant to relate some of my personal anecdotes about Talairach and the people around him and to describe how the experience influenced my own career.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1978

[Multiple recurrence of Cushing's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy and pituitary gland surgery. Cure with o,p'-DDD].

A pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome in a young woman had an unusually protracted course and was extremely resistant to therapy. After unsuccessful pituitary irradiation, bilateral total adrenalectomy was performed. A piece of an excised adrenal gland was reimplanted into a buttock. Nevertheless, the patient went into adrenocortical failure and had to be given replacement therapy. After three years the Cushing's syndrome reappeared, this time combined with general hyperpigmentation. The implanted adrenal tissue was no longer to be found. Neither stereotactic pituitary coagulation nor implantation of 90-Yttrium into the pituitary resulted in remission of Cushing's syndrome. All attempts to localize the--very probably ectopic--cortisol-producing adrenocortical tissue failed. However, complete remission was finally achieved by treatment with o,p'-DDD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation: the Washington County, Maryland, study.

Although there have been many studies of cancer risk associated with a variety of x-ray treatments for benign conditions of the head and neck, little is known about the possible long-term health consequences of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. This treatment results in minimal radiation exposure to the thyroid gland, which is the focus of much of the research regarding other head and neck irradiation. With nasopharyngeal radiation, on the other hand, exposure to the pituitary gland and the nasopharynx in the area immediately adjacent to the application site may have been substantial. In 1975 a follow-up study was undertaken in Washington County, Maryland, of 2925 persons who were treated at the Health Department's Clinic for the Prevention of Deafness in Children between 1943 and 1960. Of these, 904 persons had been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. After an average of 24 years of follow-up, an excess risk from brain cancer was suggested on the basis of three cases of cancer occurring in the treated group and none occurring in those who were not treated. This finding could have resulted by chance. Other results were consistent with a potential pituitary effect of radiation, but interpretation is limited by the absence of clinical and laboratory data. The history of the study is reported along with an overview of study methods and results.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Whole-body irradiation transiently diminishes the adrenocorticotropin response to recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha.

Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) has significant potential as a radioprotector and/or treatment for radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. Both IL-1 and whole-body ionizing irradiation acutely stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We therefore assessed the interaction of whole-body irradiation and rhIL-1 alpha in altering the functioning of the axis in mice. Specifically, we determined the adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to rhIL-1 alpha administered just before and hours to days after whole-body or sham irradiation. Our results indicate that whole-body irradiation does not potentiate the rhIL-1 alpha-induced increase in ACTH levels at the doses used. In fact, the rhIL-1 alpha-induced increase in plasma ACTH is transiently impaired when the cytokine is administered 5 h after, but not 1 h before, exposure to whole-body irradiation. The ACTH response may be inhibited by elevated corticosterone levels after whole-body irradiation, or by other radiation-induced effects on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2002

A possible association between ionizing radiation and pituitary adenoma: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the recognition of ionizing radiation as a causal risk factor for a variety of solid tumors (including brain tumors), to date, such an association with pituitary adenoma (PA) has not been demonstrated. METHODS: To evaluate a possible association between past exposure to radiation and the occurrence of PA, the authors reviewed about 4900 medical records of patients who had been irradiated in childhood for tinea capitis. An additional search for patients was performed using the Israel Cancer Registry. The average radiation dose to the pituitary gland was estimated as 0.56 grays, and, for all patients, a meticulous validation of the irradiation was performed. RESULTS: A group of 16 patients who developed symptomatic PA after childhood exposure to radiotherapy were identified. Overall, the clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients were similar to other series reported in the literature. There was an apparently high rate of second primary tumors (25%), all of them in the irradiated area, diagnosed among this group. The methodologic issues that limit the demonstration of a possible association between radiation and PA and the epidemiologic and experimental findings in the literature are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the ample amount of evidence identifying low-dose ionizing radiation as a risk factor for a number of intracranial tumors as well as for tumors arising in endocrine organs, a radiation immunity of the pituitary gland is difficult to accept. Hence, the authors suggest that this series should be considered as preliminary observation that supports the role of ionizing radiation in the development of this tumor.

Adenoma↗