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PubMed2007

A capillary polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella detection from poultry meat.

AIMS: In this study, a capillary polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) was applied for Salmonella detection from poultry meat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Salmonella detection limits of the optimized cPCR were determined with DNA templates from the samples of tetrathionate broth (TTB), Rappaport Vassiliadis broth (RVB) and selenite cystine broth (SCB) artificially contaminated with 10-fold dilutions of 6 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of pure Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteritidis 64K stock culture. Detection limits of cPCR from TTB, RVB and SCB were found as 6, 6 x 10(1) and 6 x 10(4) CFU ml(-1), respectively. In addition, detection limits of bacteriology were also determined as 6 CFU ml(-1) with TTB and SCB, and 6 x 10(1) CFU ml(-1) with RVB. A total of 200 samples, consisting of 100 chicken and 100 turkey meat samples, were tested with optimized cPCR and bacteriology. Eight and six per cent of the chicken meat samples were found to harbour Salmonella by cPCR and standard bacteriology, respectively. Of six Salmonella isolates, four belonged to serogroup D, two to serogroup B. CONCLUSIONS: The TTB cultures of both artificially and naturally contaminated samples were found to be superior to those of RVB and SCB cultures in their cPCR results. This cPCR, utilizing template from 18-h TTB primary enrichment broth culture, takes approximately 40 min in the successful detection of Salmonella from poultry meat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that cPCR from TTB enrichment culture of poultry meat would enable rapid detection of Salmonella in laboratories with low sample throughput and limited budget.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Poxvirus recombinant vaccines.

The poxvirus family, subfamily Chordopoxviridae, contains six genera. The basic criteria distinguishing membership in a genus is cross-neutralization and host-range predilection. Members of the genus Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia) and of the genus Avipoxvirus (fowlpox) have been genetically engineered to express genes from heterologous pathogens, thus providing a means of assessing these recombinant viruses as live recombinant vaccines. Vaccinia virus recombinants which have a broad host range can be useful vectors for both human and veterinary applications, while fowlpox virus recombinants, with a host range restricted to avian species, provide useful vectors for application to poultry diseases. Significantly, avipoxviruses have also been shown to be useful as vaccinating vectors in non-avian species. The results presented in this paper were selected to provide the reader with a sense of the extensive potential present in recombinant poxviruses as live recombinant vaccine candidates. The broad host range of vaccinia vectors and the narrower host range of avipoxvirus provide interesting applications. The surprising results obtained in non-avian species with recombinant fowlpox viruses are quite intriguing. The ability to generate a recombinant live vaccine that can readily be amplified in tissue culture, yet is non-proliferative in vivo, provides unique properties and interesting potential applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Causes of disease in two commercial flocks of laying hens.

Laboratory examination of all birds that were culled or died during an eight-month period in two commerical laying flocks was performed to reveal the causes of disease and their prevalence. The average weekly total of diseased birds was greater in one flock (60-69) than the other (27-37). This resulted mainly from a high incidence in the former flock of leucoses and sarcomas, although losses due to fatty liver syndrome, prolapse and cannibalism and cage layer fatigue were also marginally greater in this flock than the second. Haemangiomas occurred more frequently in the flock with the higher disease level. A total of 273 hens of the 2,000 examined from this flock had single or multiple haemangiomas. Special features of the major causes of disease were outlined and discussed. A conclusion made from this study was that histopathological examination is necessary for accurate diagnosis of avian tumours.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A survey of disease in five commercial flocks of meat breeder chickens.

Causes of sickness and death in approximately 30,000 chickens in 5 meat breeder flocks were investigated between May 1979 and April 1980. Approximately 23% of disease was due to neoplasms; 81% of these were Marek's disease despite vaccination against this infection. Other frequent diagnoses included cellulitis (15%), respiratory disease (14%), lesions of the reproductive tract (11%) and tenosynovitis/arthritis (9%). Antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticium, avian adenovirus, infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus were present in all flocks. Antibody to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was found in 2 flocks but titres were not considered protective against a virulent NDV challenge. Antibody to egg drop syndrome 1976 virus was found in 2 flocks comprised of the same breed of bird.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Toxicity in utility pigeons caused by the coccidiostat dinitolmide.

Utility pigeons on 3 farms were affected by a severe neurological disturbance manifested by fine tremors, rolling gait and incoordination. Affected birds had necrosis of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The birds from the 3 farms had been fed a pelleted diet obtained from a single mix of feed prepared by a stockfeed manufacturer. When feed obtained from the farms was given to utility pigeons under controlled conditions at the laboratory, they suffered the same clinical signs and lesions as seen in birds from the farms. Cross-bred cockerels were not affected when given this feed from day-old to 6 weeks of age. Samples of the feed contained 185 to 226 ppm of the coccidiostat dinitolmide. Utility pigeons given a prepared diet containing a similar level (234 ppm) of dinitolmide developed an identical condition after 3 to 4 weeks feeding. Laying hens were not affected by this feed. Dimetridazole, which was also present in some of the original feed samples, did not exacerbate the condition when included in the diet at a rate of 233 ppm. Production of squabs from the affected farms was dramatically reduced, and many of the breeder had to be culled because of the long-standing neurological disease.

Animal Feed↗