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PubMed1996

Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity (psoas, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall) in the lumbar spine.

This study tested the possibility of obtaining the activity of deeper muscles in the torso-specifically psoas, quadratus lumborum, external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis, using surface myoelectric electrodes. It was hypothesized that: (1) surface electrodes adequately represent the amplitude of deep muscles (specifically psoas, quadratus lumborum, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis); (2) a single surface electrode location would best represent the activation profiles of each deep muscle over a broad variety of tasks. We assumed that prediction of activation within 10% of maximum voluntary contraction (RMS difference between the surface and intramuscular channels), over the time history of the signal, was reasonable and acceptable to assist clinical interpretation of muscle activation amplitude, and ultimately for modeled estimates of muscle force. Surface electrodes were applied and intramuscular electrodes were inserted on the left side of the body in five men and three women who then performed a wide variety of flexor tasks (bent knee and straight leg situps and leg raises, curl ups), extensor tasks (including lifting barbells up to 70 kg), lateral bending tasks (standing lateral bend and horizontal lying side support), twisting tasks (standing and sitting), and internal/external hip rotation. Using the criteria of RMS difference and the coefficient of determination (R2) to compare surface with intramuscular myoelectric signals, the results indicated that selected surface electrodes adequately represent the amplitude of deep muscles-always within 15% RMS difference, or less with the exception of psoas where differences up to 20% were observed but only in certain maximum voluntary contraction efforts. It appears reasonable for spine modelers, and particularly clinicians, to assume well selected surface electrode locations provide a representation of these deeper muscles-as long as they recognize the magnitude of error for their particular application.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lumbar intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the somatosensory units of the lumbar intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle. A laminectomy was performed on the lumbar spine of adult male Japanese White rabbits. Receptive fields of mechanosensitive afferent units were investigated in the intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle, and electrophysiologic recordings were obtained from filaments of the dorsal root. Thirteen mechanosensitive units were identified: three units in the intervertebral disc area, and 10 units in the psoas muscle. Of the three units in the disc area, one was identified at the surface of the L5-6 anulus fibrosus and two at the insertion of the anulus fibrosus to the L5 and L6 vertebral bodies. These three units belonged to Group III and had very high mechanical thresholds, more than 160 g. The 10 units in the psoas muscle belonged to Groups II, III, and IV, and had mechanical thresholds ranging from 0.22 to 12.6 g. The units in the disc area may serve as nociceptors sensitive to strong noxious stimulation that could traumatize the tissue. The units in the psoas muscle may contribute to nociception and proprioception.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pyogenic psoas abscesses: noninvasive diagnostic techniques and review of the literature.

Psoas muscle abscesses are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Until recently, surgery was mandated for diagnosis and drainage of these deep posterior lesions. Scanning techniques such as computerized tomography, radionuclide imaging, and ultrasonography now enable noninvasive visualization of abnormalities of the psoas muscle. Patients with abscesses in the greater psoas muscle fall into two distinct groups. Six of 12 patients reviewed had no apparent predisposing conditions. These patients presented with subacute symptoms of fever, pain, and disability. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism isolated. Psoas infections developed in six other patients secondarily to infection or trauma elsewhere in the abdomen. Gram-negative and enteric organisms were the predominant bacteria isolated from this group. Surgical drainage in selected patients and appropriate antimicrobial therapy is necessary for treatment of these infections. Late complications such as osteomyelitis are not unusual.

Abscess↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Computed tomographic evaluation of lumbar spinal structures during traction.

In the previous studies, it is reported that traction diminishes the compressive load on intervertebral discs, reduces herniation, stretches lumbar spinal muscle and ligaments, decreases muscle spasm, and widens intervertebral foramina. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of horizontal motorized static traction on spinal anatomic structures (herniated area, spinal canal area, intervertebral disc heights, neural foraminal diameter, and m.psoas diameter) by quantitative measures in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). At the same time the effect of traction in different localizations (median and posterolateral herniation) and at different levels (L4-L5 and L5-S1) was assessed. Thirty two patients with acute LDH participated in the study. A special traction system was used to apply horizontally-motorized static lumbar traction. Before and during traction a CT- scan was made to observe the changes in the area of spinal canal and herniated disc material, in the width of neural foramina, intervertebral disc heights, and in the thickness of psoas muscle. During traction, the area of protruded disc area, and the thickness of psoas muscle decreased 24.5% (p = 0.0001), and 5.7% (p = 0.0001), respectively. The area of the spinal canal and the width of the neural foramen increased 21.6% (p = 0.0001) and 26.7% (p = 0.0001), respectively. The anterior intervertebral disc height remained unchanged with traction however the posterior intervertebral disc height was significantly expanded. This study is the first to evaluated in detail and quantitatively the effect of motorized horizontal lumbar spinal traction on spinal structures and herniated area. According to detailed measures it was concluded that during traction of individuals with acute LDH there was a reduction of the size of the herniation, increased space within the spinal canal, widening of the neural foramina, and decreased thickness of the psoas muscle.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Teardrop bladder: additional considerations.

Nine cases of teardrop bladder (TDB) seen at excretory urography are presented. In some of these patients, the iliopsoas muscles were at the upper limit of normal in size, and additional evaluation of the perivesical structures with computed tomography (CT) was necessary. CT demonstrated only hypertrophied muscles with or without perivesical fat. The psoas muscles and pelvic width were measured in 8 patients and compared with the measurements of a control group of males without TDB. Patients with TDB had large iliopsoas muscles and narrow pelves compared with the control group. The psoas muscle width/pelvic width ratio was significantly greater (p less than 0.0005) in patients with TDB than in the control group, with values of 1.04 +/- 0.05 and 0.82 +/- 0.09, respectively. It is concluded that TDB is a not uncommon normal variant in black males. Both iliopsoas muscle hypertrophy and a narrow pelvis are factors that predispose a patient to TDB.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Oculopharyngeal dystrophy: ultrastructure of muscles distinct from the primary myopathy.

The pectoral and psoas muscles from a 72-year-old man afflicted with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were processed at autopsy for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analyses of the pectoral muscle showed myofibrils which exhibited Z line streaming and a general breakdown in the organization of the sarcomere. In addition, some of the myofibrils displayed sites of degeneration at the center of the A band. The changes in the psoas muscles which are distant from the primary myopathic loci of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were more extensive than that seen in the pectoral muscle. Control tissues showed intact myofibrils ad little postmortem alteration.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Use of hydrodissection to prevent nerve and muscular damage during radiofrequency ablation of kidney tumors.

Muscular complications are uncommon but have been reported after radiofrequency (RF) ablation of renal tumors. Ablation of renal lesions near the psoas muscle may result in paresthesia in the distribution of the genitofemoral nerve. The present report describes a case of sensory and muscular dysfunction after RF ablation of a renal lesion lying on top of the psoas muscle that was treated without hydrodissection. To prevent this complication, hydrodissection was effectively used in two other patients during RF ablation of lesions abutting or in close proximity to the psoas muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Function of the N terminus of the myosin essential light chain of vertebrate striated muscle.

All but one (LC3-f; a fast skeletal muscle isoform) of the essential light chain isoforms of myosin (ELC) that are expressed in vertebrate striated muscles have an extended N terminus that is found neither in invertebrate ELCs nor in the majority of vertebrate smooth and nonmuscle myosin ELCs. Studies with permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers and in vitro motility assays have demonstrated that the presence of the ELC isoform lacking the N-terminal extension (LC3-f) is correlated with an increased maximal velocity of filament sliding. To examine further this modulatory role of the ELCs, a procedure was developed for the exchange of ELCs that is based on a technique for the removal of regulatory light chains from permeabilized muscle fibers. Different isoforms of the ELCs and mutant ELCs were exchanged into permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers from rabbit psoas muscle. The role of the ELCs of myosin in altering the shortening Vmax of striated muscle was confirmed. Additionally, experiments with mutant ELCs in which lysines at the extreme N terminus were replaced with alanines, demonstrated an increased shortening Vmax that coincided with removal of the positive charges contributed by the lysines. This suggests that charge interactions (i.e., salt bridges) between the N terminus of the ELC and negatively charged amino acids on the surface of actin cause a slowing of filament sliding. Whether this role in altering shortening velocity is the primary function of the extended N terminus of the ELC or whether it is merely a consequence of providing a tether between the thick and thin filaments is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Effect of oxygen free radicals on myosin in muscle fibres.

Experiments were performed on glycerol-extracted muscle fibres prepared from psoas muscle of rabbit in the presence of hydroxyl free radical generating system. Short irradiation of spin-labelled muscle fibres by UV light showed the interaction of probe molecules with oxygen free radicals. The intensity of the EPR signal from maleimide or isothiocyanate spin labels attached to the essential thiol groups decreased following irradiation. Oxygen free radicals affected the rate constant of the transition AM.ADP.Vi-->AM.ADP in the ATP hydrolysis cycle. It was found that the essential -SH groups of myosin were involved in the oxidation of sulphydryls by Ce(IV). Ce(IV) complexed to nitrilotriacetic acid in the presence of spin trap produced long-lived free radicals located partly on SH-1 sulphydryls.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2004

[Anatomic variations of the colon detected on abdominal CT scans].

PURPOSE: The frequency of anatomic variations of the colon detected on abdominal CT scans was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 296 consequtive abdominal tomography were evaluated prospectively for the presence of retrorenal colon, retrogastric (pancreaticogastric interposition or retrosplenic) colon, high positioned colon, interposition of the colon between the psoas muscle and the kidney and hepatodiaphragmatic interposition (anterior or posterior). RESULTS: We observed 2 retrogastric colon [1 pancreaticogastric (0.3%), 1 retrosplenic (0.3%)], 7 retrorenal colon (1.2%) being bilateral in two cases, 2 interposition of colon between the psoas muscle and the kidney (0.7%), 1 posterior (0.3%) and 6 anterolateral hepatodiaphragmatic interposition (2.1%) and 12 high positioned cecum (4.2%) (in 4 of them cecum was totally subhepatic in location). Terminal ileum was lying in Morrison's pouch and anterior to renal hilus in two of the cases with subhepatic cecum. CONCLUSION: Anatomic variations of the colon probably result due to mild embryologic abnormalities of bowel rotation and fixation, short transvers mesocolon, intraperitoneal ascending or descending colon, increased intraperitoneal pressure or decreased retroperitoneal fat. Pancreaticogastric interposition occurs in approximately 0.2%, partial retrorenal colon in 9-10%, complete retrorenal colon 1%, interposition between psoas muscle and kidney in 0.7-1.7%, anterolateral hepatodiaphragmatic interposition in 1.3-3% of individuals. When located in lesser sac it simulates several pathologies of this area. On intravenous urography images it may cause mass effect. In percutaneous interventions and surgical procedures colon may be perforated. For these reasons tomography images should be evaluated for the presence of these anatomic variations.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Malignant psoas syndrome: recognition of an oncologic entity.

From January 1985 to January 1989 four patients with advanced cancer developed a syndrome characterized by proximal lumbosacral plexopathy and painful flexion of the ipsilateral hip with positive psoas muscle stretch test. Malignant involvement of the psoas major muscle was confirmed radiologically in all cases. Pain was intractable in 3 patients until time of death. We have termed this presentation the malignant psoas syndrome (MPS) and retrospective review of 427 oncology patients with "high risk" solid cancer culled no additional cases during the same 4-year period. We believe MPS to be a hitherto unreported complication of systemic cancer in which malignant involvement of the psoas muscle, in addition to producing severe nociceptive pain, contributes to the process of lumbosacral deafferentation. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and strategies of management of MPS are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Hematoma of the psoas, a hemorrhagic complication of prostatic cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of hematoma of the psoas muscle, an uncommon hemorrhagic complication of carcinoma of the prostate. METHODS/RESULTS: Hematoma of the iliac psoas was caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation arising from multiple bony metastases of a prostatic cancer. The hematoma was successfully managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Hematoma of the psoas muscle is generally secondary to a coagulopathy. Conservative treatment generally achieves good results.

Hematoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Unilateral "vanishing psoas": an anatomic variant.

We report five patients found to have obvious asymmetry of the psoas muscles on abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination. In all five patients, the upper portion of the psoas muscle was normal, but the lower portion was significantly reduced in size. In no patient was there neurological or other disease that might explain this finding. No patient exhibited signs or symptoms secondary to psoas asymmetry. Asymmetry of the psoas musculature is apparently a benign anatomical variant that may be recognized on CT examination and must be differentiated from pathological conditions.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1995

A rare site and appearance for lymphomatous recurrence.

A patient with a recurrence of large cell lymphoma is reported. There was psoas muscle involvement, which showed ring enhancement post-intravenous contrast on CT scan. Ring enhancement in skeletal muscle infiltration by lymphoma has not been described previously.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Unexplained systemic symptoms and Gallium-67--guided decisions.

Over 3 months, a healthy man developed prominent systemic symptoms that defied investigation. Physical examination was noncontributory, and extensive studies revealed only a marked acute-phase response associated with increased serum IL-6 levels. A whole body Gallium-67 scan was crucial in diagnosis, directing attention to high uptake in the left paraspinal and psoas muscles. Open surgical excision biopsy was performed, guided by intraoperative use of a gamma-probe. Removed tissue was diagnosed as diffuse, large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of muscle (stage IE), a rare extranodal lymphoma. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) therapy was given, and the patient became asymptomatic with normal blood tests and was thought to be in remission. However, a repeat Gallium-67 scan revealed recurrent multifocal disease and salvage chemotherapy was instituted. A 47,XXY karyotype (Klinefelter syndrome) was later identified, possibly associated with the lymphoma.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1984

CT of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

A clinical-radiologic-pathologic correlation study was performed in 18 (17 female) patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) with CT scans available for analysis. Presenting signs and symptoms included pain (66%), urinary frequency (66%), dysuria (66%), nocturia (66%), palpable mass (56%), leukocytosis (50%), and fever (50%). The duration of symptoms was usually relatively short (less than 6 months), considering the extent of the pathologic process. In 14 patients, the disease was diffuse; the kidney was enlarged with preservation of the reniform outline in 13. The renal pelvis, lined with sheets of lipid-laden macrophages and surrounded by a marked fibrotic reaction, was contracted in 11 and contained pelvic calculi in 12. The parenchyma was replaced by multiple, rounded, low-density areas on CT that corresponded to dilated calices and/or inflammatory tissue. These areas had enhancing rims (10 cases) that corresponded to preserved, compressed normal parenchyma and/or inflammatory tissue. There was CT identification of unsuspected extension through the renal capsule with involvement of the perirenal space in 11 patients, the pararenal spaces in 13, and the psoas muscle in six. The pararenal space and the psoas muscle were often extensively involved with minimal perirenal disease in six patients, a reflection of chronic indolent infection. There were four cases of focal XGP that appeared on CT as low-density mass lesions with wall enhancement surrounding dilated, stone-filled calices or as focal masses occupying one pole of a duplication. Extensive pararenal disease was present in two of the four cases of focal XGP. The preoperative diagnosis of XGP was suspected in only 44% of cases. It is concluded that CT should play a role in diagnosis and preoperative planning to demonstrate the extent of extrarenal disease that is poorly depicted by other means.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Psoas abscess-like metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.

We report a 70-year-old male who presented with gross painless total haematuria associated with persistent left hip pain of one month duration. Computerised tomography of abdomen revealed a mass on the right lateral wall of urinary and abscess like lesion in the left psoas. He underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour and ultrasonographical guided tru-cut biopsy of psoas lesion. Histopathology confirmed transitional cell carcinoma with metastasis to left psoas muscle. The presentation highlights the clinical and radiological features along with review of literature of rare metastatic site from transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Dynamic actin interaction of cross-bridges during force generation: implications for cross-bridge action in muscle.

The force response of Ca(2+)-activated, permeabilized segments of rabbit psoas muscle fibers to stretches and releases was studied. These length changes were imposed (i) during isometric steady state contraction, (ii) as a restretch at the end of a ramp-shaped prerelease, and (iii) during isotonic steady state shortening. The speed of the stretches/releases was varied between about 10 and 10(5) (nm/half-sarcomere)/s. At physiological ionic strength and at low temperature (5 degrees C), the force response to stretches apparently is neither affected by cross-bridges that occupy weak-binding states nor by redistribution among various attached force-generating states. Plots of force vs. imposed length change ("T-plots") and plots of apparent fiber stiffness vs. speed of the imposed length change ("stiffness-speed relations") recorded under all these conditions suggest that cross-bridges, even during force-generation, dissociate and reassociate from and to actin on a time scale that is fast compared to active cross-bridge cycling (> 50- 1000s-1 vs. 1-10s-1). This rapid dissociation/reassociation of force-generating cross-bridges may provide a mechanism to account for the unexpectedly low ATPase activity during high-speed shortening and for filament sliding exceeding 10-20nm while a cross-bridge passes through the force-generating states.

Actins↗