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PubMed2005

The influence of mating system on the intensity of parent-offspring conflict in primates.

An evolutionary conflict of interest exists between parents and their offspring over the partitioning of parental investment (PI) among siblings. When the direct fitness benefits to offspring of increased PI, outweigh the inclusive fitness costs from lost future sibling fitness, selection should favour the evolution of offspring selfishness over altruism. In theory, this conflict is heightened when females are not strictly monogamous, as current offspring should be less altruistic towards future half-siblings than they would be towards full-siblings. Using data collected on foetal growth rate (representing prenatal PI) in primates, I test the prediction from theory that the resolution of the parent-offspring conflict will be closer to the offspring's evolutionary optima in polyandrous species than in more monandrous species. Using phylogenetic comparative analysis, and controlling for allometry, I show that offspring are able to obtain more PI when the probability of future full-siblings decreases, and that this is most pronounced in taxa where there is the opportunity for direct foetal access to the maternal bloodstream. These results support the hypothesis that the resolution of prenatal PI conflict is influenced by both a species' mating system and by its placental structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The reproductive behavior of Aequidens paraguayensis (Pisces, Cichlidae).

The reproductive behaviour of aquarium-held Aequidens paraguayensis is described, with emphasis on a quantitative comparison of female-male parental roles. It is a biparental species. Eggs, laid on leaf litter, are guarded and aerated for about 32 hours (25--27 degrees C) and newly-hatched young are orally brooded for several days. Both sexes performed all parental activities; female-female did more fanning and mouthing of eggs, male-male more oral churning of young initially. The combination of substrate and oral brooding of young by both parents is rare among New World cichlids and is of interest for the study of the evolution of parental behaviour in fishes.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Touching and birthing.

Although humans are mammals, experts have often acted as though we were not, especially in the realm of our need for touch. Psychologists, surgeons and maternity hospitals are among those who have sought to discourage this basic mammalian form of contact and comfort. Yet there is ample evidence that touch is needed in a number of ways at the time of birth, for the months that precede it and for the years that follow. Even those who criticize touch-advocates for overstating the scientific evidence for their case, share their conclusion about the importance of touch at the time of birth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early parental touch and preterm infants.

Thirty-six parents were videotaped during visits with their preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit in order to describe some characteristics of parental touch. Parents most often touched infants' hands, backs, and heads, using stroke, hold, or contact actions of moderate intensity. Mothers and grandmothers provided more touch than fathers, and parents provided less touch to infants at or below a gestational age of 28 weeks. The results can be used as a basis for more controlled experimental studies evaluating preterm infants' physiologic responses to early parental touch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Parental representations and affective symptoms: examination for an hereditary link.

Parental characteristics of low care and overprotection have been linked with several grades of depression and anxiety in studies of clinical and non-clinical groups. The possibility that such associations could be spurious ones, brought about by an hereditary influence, was examined in a non-clinical group of adoptees (n = 109). If an hereditary influence accounted for previous findings no associations between such parental characteristics and higher levels of trait depression and anxiety would be expected. Instead associations were found to be as strong as those in the earlier studies, providing further indirect support for the possibility of a causal process linking such parental representations with the expression of certain affective disturbances in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Parental care and clutch sizes in North and South American birds.

The evolutionary causes of small clutch sizes in tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions are poorly understood. Alexander Skutch proposed 50 years ago that higher nest predation in the south constrains the rate at which parent birds can deliver food to young and thereby constrains clutch size by limiting the number of young that parents can feed. This hypothesis for explaining differences in clutch size and parental behaviors between latitudes has remained untested. Here, a detailed study of bird species in Arizona and Argentina shows that Skutch's hypothesis explains clutch size variation within North and South America. However, neither Skutch's hypothesis nor two major alternatives explain differences between latitudes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Perceptions of parental bonding in borderline patients.

Eighteen borderline and 29 nonborderline female patients were scored on perceptions of care and of protection by each of their parents. The two groups differed significantly in that borderline patients perceived less care than did nonborderline patients, particularly from their mothers.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Parental smoking increases exhaled nitric oxide in young children.

The present study investigated the association between reported parental smoking and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (F(eNO)) in young children. In total, 78 children (24 females, mean age 51.3 weeks) were recruited. Fourteen lived with one smoking parent and eight with two smoking parents. F(eNO) was measured using the modified single-breath technique. Mean+/-sd F(eNO) levels were 33.0+/-18.9, 38.3+/-15.0 and 48.3+/-14.7 ppb for children with no, one and two smoking parents, respectively. There was a significant linear trend across the groups and, after controlling for other relevant factors, a significant difference between the groups. In the present study, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide fraction in young children. Furthermore, there was evidence of a dose-response relationship between childhood exhaled nitric oxide fraction and the number of smoking parents.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2004

Domestic violence against 116 Turkish housewives: a field study.

In order to clarify the factors associated with domestic violence against married women and to learn the attitude of women toward violence and toward the inquiry of health personnel about domestic violence, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 116 married Turkish women. The prevalence of domestic physical violence was found to be 41.4%, emotional violence 25.9%, sexual violence 8.6%, and controlling behavior 77.6%. Physical violence experienced at any time in their life was 50.9%. Rate of physical violence was found related with lower formal education of both women and husbands and their place of birth. The opinion of "husbands must not beat their wives" was more common among women with formal education. Eighty-two percent of women indicated that they would be willing to answer questions regarding domestic violence by health personnel. In conclusion, cultural background and formal education of either woman or man influence the likelihood of imposing or tolerating violent behavior at home. Inquiry about violence may be a routine in women's health care practice, and it is welcome by most women.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The generalization effects of parent training across stimulus settings.

Five parents of nonverbal children were trained in two home settings to modify antecedents and consequences to their children's vocalizations. Generalization effects of the parent training on both the parent's and children's behaviors under different stimulus conditions were investigated using multiple-baseline designs. Increases in parent prompting and reinforcing their children's vocalizations generalized only minimally to a new setting in the home where parent training had not occurred. Child increases in vocalizations produced by the parents in the training settings did generalize to this new setting in the home. There was minimal generalization of child vocalizations to a free-play setting at school. In a formal speech session conducted by a behavior specialist at school, only one child showed definite increases in acquisition rate as a function of the parents starting to train the sound at home.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Sex ratios when helpers stay at the nest.

This study investigates the evolution of the sex ratio (parental investment in sons) when breeding adults are supported by help provided by nonbreeding individuals of one sex. The study also assumes that the helping sex remains on its natal site to compete for the opportunity to breed, whereas the nonhelping sex disperses. Two kin-selection models are presented, both of which incorporate the age structure found in many natural populations where such helping occurs. The first model assumes that helpers increase the survival of their parents. The second model assumes that helpers are indiscriminant: a helper chooses to increase the survival of a random pair of adults breeding on its natal patch. In both models, sex ratios are not always biased toward the sex that provides the most help. When helpers do not discriminate (second model), the direction of sex-ratio bias is determined solely by the size of the benefit of helping behavior. When this benefit is small, sex-ratio evolution is primarily influenced by local resource competition and sex ratios are biased toward the nonhelping (dispersive) sex. If the benefit of help is large enough, the effect of local resource competition is reduced and sex-ratio bias favors the helpful sex. When helpers help only their parents, the same qualitative relationship exists between the direction of sex-ratio bias and the benefit of helping. In this case, however, the direction of sex-ratio bias is also influenced by the size of the social group, mortality, and which individual (mother or father) controls the sex ratio. This study also investigates a sex-ratio conflict that exists between mates. Helping behavior of nonbreeders can act to alleviate the disparities between the optimal sex ratio from the perspective of a mother and that from the perspective of a father. This consequence of helping has not been previously recognized.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[International research in family dynamics].

The purpose of this study is to describe the family dynamics of families expecting their first or second child. The aim is to describe how mothers and fathers differ in their views on family dynamics and what differences there are between families expecting their first or second child. The study forms part of an international comparison study which is currently under way in the United States, Estonia and in the Nordic Countries. In the theoretical part of the study family dynamics is examined using the framework developed by Barnhill (1979). The study was carried out in the Turku and Rauma regions where a total of 136 families were involved. The families were clients of maternity clinics and were expecting their first or second child. Family dynamics was studied during the third trimester of pregnancy. A family dynamics questionnaire and measure developed by the Family Research Group in the United States were used in the study. Both instruments were based on Barnhill's (1979) conceptual framework of the functioning of healthy families. As statistical methods frequencies, correlations and the T-test were used. Both mothers and fathers reported moderate individuation and flexibility, clear communication, mutuality and role reciprocity. Mothers reported more role conflict than fathers who reported more isolation, rigidity and distorted communication than mothers. There were no significant differences between families expecting their first or second child in terms of individuation, flexibility, stability and communication. After childbirth the latter reported more isolation and role conflict.

Child Rearing↗