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PubMed1988

Influence of food restriction coupled with weight cycling on carcass energy restoration during ad-libitum refeeding.

Mature (450 g) rats were subjected to food restriction (60 percent of usual intake) with or without weight cycling (produced by cycles of 3 days of fasting followed by 7 days of refeeding). Weight cycling did not affect body weight, body composition, or food efficiency during the restriction period. However, the group subjected to weight cycling (WC) had an elevated level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the epididymal adipose tissue as compared to the group receiving a constant amount of food each day (CO). After 40 days (four 10-day cycles) of food restriction, rats were allowed ad-libitum access to a stock diet for 18 days. WC rats restored carcass energy more rapidly, with a greater food efficiency than CO rats. Carcass energy was not totally restored at the end of the 18-day period, but WC rats had regained significantly more total carcass energy and total fat-free dry weight (FFDW) than CO rats. Food intake during refeeding did not differ significantly between WC and CO rats. These results suggest that weight cycling in a food-restricted program has the potential to increase food efficiency during a subsequent refeeding period.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1987

Kinetics of drug action in disease states. XX. Effects of acute starvation on the pharmacodynamics of phenobarbital, ethanol and pentylenetetrazol in rats and effects of refeeding and diet composition.

Severely ill patients often do not eat or cannot retain ingested food. Malnutrition occurs frequently in hospitalized individuals and is known to be associated with substantial changes in the pharmacokinetics of certain drugs. On the other hand, little is known about the effect of acute starvation or malnutrition on the pharmacodynamics (concentration-effect relationship) of drugs. To explore the effects of acute starvation on the pharmacodynamics of drugs that depress or stimulate the central nervous system, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were deprived of food (but not water) for 3 days, whereas control animals had free access to food and water. Slow i.v. infusion of phenobarbital to onset of loss of righting reflex showed that the starved animals required a larger body weight normalized dose and that they had higher phenobarbital concentrations in serum, serum water, brain and cerebrospinal fluid at the pharmacologic endpoint. Refeeding of the rats for 2 or 7 days did not normalize the decreased body weight and serum total protein concentration. The starvation-associated decrease in the sensitivity of the central nervous system to the hypnotic effect of phenobarbital was only reversed slightly by refeeding for 2 days and persisted even after 7 days of refeeding. Acute starvation had no apparent effect on the dose of i.v. infused ethanol required to cause loss of righting reflex and on ethanol concentrations in serum, brain and cerebrospinal fluid at that time. The infused dose and the concentrations of pentylenetetrazol in serum, brain and cerebrospinal fluid at onset of maximal seizures did not differ significantly between starved and control (fed) rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Stepwise reintroduction of carbohydrate during refeeding after prolonged fasting.

In an attempt to minimize fluid retention and obtain a gradual return to the pre-fast metabolic state, 14 nondiabetic obese subjects, who had fasted totally for 32 +/- 3 days, were fed a hypocaloric diet that incorporated stepwise increments in carbohydrate beginning at 20 g/day. During the refeeding period of 14 days, the total caloric intake for the first 9 days was 800 kcal/day and 1000 kcal/day thereafter. No untoward clinical events occurred. A weight regain of 2.2 +/- 0.4 kg during the first 7 days was accounted for by fluid retention. The return to pre-fast postabsorptive plasma glucose levels (82 +/- 3 to 93 +/- 3 mg dl-1) and a rise in immunoreactive insulin (0.5 +/- 0.1 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 ng ml-1) occurred by day 7. Blood 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations (4.1 and 0.6 mM, respectively) declined more slowly to reach pre-fast values by day 14; urinary excretion of 3-hydroxybutyrate dropped from 64 mmol/day to pre-fast levels by day 10. Urinary nitrogen excretion increased from 2.6 to a plateau of 5.5-6.0 g/day from day 3 onward; nitrogen balance was at least +3 g/day throughout refeeding. This approach to refeeding is associated with acceptable clinical response and may be appropriate after other states of marked caloric deprivation.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Intestinal morphological changes during oral refeeding in a patient previously treated with total parenteral nutrition for small bowel resection.

This report describes a patient who, after a subtotal resection of small intestine for an embolic obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery, was maintained on total parenteral nutrition for 30 days and then refed. Cytoproliferative analysis of the intestinal mucosa, evaluated by peroral biopsies performed on days 1, 5, 14 and 30 after oral refeeding, demonstrated an increase in cell proliferation from 1 to 14 days after refeeding, followed by a return to starting values after 30 days. On days 1 and 5, we saw an intestinal hypoplasia that became a hyperplasia after 14 days of oral refeeding. Our data confirm the importance of oral nutrition for the small intestinal response after resection.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

Effects of refeeding on adipocyte metabolism in the rat.

Glucose metabolism in fat cells from fasted-refed rats and ad-libitum-fed controls were studied in the postabsorptive state. Two types of experiments were performed. First, each rat donated one epididymal fat pad and the metabolic results were expressed in relation to the number and size of fat cells of these tissues. Second, the other epididymal fat pad in the rats in each experimental group was pooled for experiments in duplicate where liberated fat cells were separated in fat-cell size classes, which enabled comparisons of metabolic activities at the same fat-cell size. Glucose incorporation into carbon dioxide and triglyceride glycerol and fatty acids were about equally elevated in absolute terms in the refed rats. In relative terms the increase was much more pronounced in carbon dioxide and fatty acids because these activities were very low in control rats. These results confirm previous results showing elevated metabolism after fasting-refeeding, and also demonstrate that this is an adaptation of fat-cell metabolism rather than a consequence of a higher cellular density of adipose tissue after fasting-refeeding with smaller fat cells. Adaptations of metabolism after fasting-refeeding might be of potential importance for elucidation of the cause of the rapid relapse after weight decrease of obese subjects with diminished fat-cell size.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1981

[Adaptation of lipogenic enzymes of liver and adipose tissue to starvation and refeeding (author's transl)].

The lipogenic enzymes-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate cleavage enzyme and malic enzyme of both liver and adipose tissue of rate of the wistar strain show a diminished activity in dependence on age. In the liver exists no age difference of the characteristic adaptation under the conditions of starvation and refeeding, but in adipose tissue of 18 months old rats the lipogenic enzymes show a poorer elevation of activity during refeeding after a 48 h period of starvation than in 3 months old animals. The serum inulin level and his variation in starvation and refeeding are independent of age.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1980

[Effect of a protein-deficient diet (5 p. 100 gluten) and of balanced refeeding (15 p. 100 casein) on potential lipase, colipase-dependent lipase and phospholipase A2 activities. I. In the growing rat pancreas].

The intake of a 5 p. 100 gluten diet as the only protein source caused an overall protein synthesis deficiency that immediately stopped the rat growth. At first, the pancreas was less affected than the rest of the organism, but after 29 days of malnutrition, there was a 40 p. 100 decrease in body and pancreatic weight. The protein level of the deficient pancreas remained at that of the controls. Refeeding caused a considerable but temporary increase in that level after 24 h. The specific enzyme activities (AS) showed high variations from one day to the other, but only phospholipase A2 AS was significantly affected by the deficiency (--50 p. 100). Total lipase activities of the pancreas were reduced by 50 p. 100 and those of phospholipase A2 by 70 p. 100. Refeeding caused a considerable increase in lipase activities in 12 h and in phospholipase A2 activity in 48 h, but this process was brief and did not indicate complete recovery of those activities. After 27 days of refeeding, only phospholipase A2 showed good levels. Adding methionine to the deficient diet only changed the colipase level; this constitutes one more argument in favor of a distinct synthesis for this factor and for lipase.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Protein phosphatase type-1 mRNA levels in response to starvation-refeeding and streptozotocin-diabetes.

Levels of the mRNA encoding the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase type-1 (PP-1cat) were reduced in skeletal muscle but not liver in response to short-term (2h) chow refeeding after prolonged (40h) starvation in the rat. This reduction did not appear to be mediated by insulin per se since streptozotocin-induced diabetes was associated with a reduction in PP-1cat levels in skeletal muscle. It is suggested that glucose levels may be one factor that modulates skeletal muscle PP-1cat mRNA levels. Despite the changes in PP-1cat mRNA levels in skeletal muscle, total protein phosphatase-1 catalytic activity was not altered by either chow refeeding or streptozotocin-diabetes. By contrast, although total hepatic PP-1cat mRNA levels were not altered in response to chow refeeding, there was a marked reduction in glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase activity in the cytosol but not in the glycogen/microsomal fraction.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1976

Effects of fasting and refeeding on secretory granules of the mouse gallbladder epithelium. A quantitative electron microscopic study.

Mouse gallbladder epithelial cells were studied with the electron microscope during fasting and refeeding. Morphometric data were obtained from randomly selected epithelial cells of normal starved (12, 24, and 48 hr) and refed (12 hr) mice. Deprivation of food significantly diminishes the volume density of the mucinous secretory granules by about 70% after 48 hr of fasting. Upon refeeding, this secretory granule parameter increases significantly ( 2.5 times). Stereological measurements were also performed on nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes, but no major morphometric changes were observed in these organelles. The findings suggest that a basal secretion of mucin granules occur in the mouse gallbladder, irrespective of the animal's nutritional state and that this discharge during starvation exceeds the formation of new granule material. The findings are discussed in relation to effects of fasting and refeeding on other secretory cell systems.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preoperative bile salt administration versus bile refeeding in obstructive jaundice.

BACKGROUND: Endotoxaemia due to intraluminal bile salt depletion may be a cause of renal failure in patients with obstructive jaundice. Administration of bile salts to these patients has been reported to decrease portal and systemic endotoxaemia during surgery and improve renal function. However, such changes have not been shown with bile refeeding. We compared the effect of preoperative bile salt administration with preoperative bile refeeding on renal function in patients with obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Sixteen patients with obstructive jaundice underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage--eight received oral bile salts (500 mg of sodium deoxycholate 8-hourly for 48 hours preoperatively) and the other 8 were refed the total bile output for the entire period of biliary drainage (median 13 days). Blood endotoxin levels and renal function were assessed before, during and after the operation. RESULTS: The number of patients with intraoperative portal and postoperative systemic endotoxaemia decreased after both forms of therapy. Renal function also improved in both the groups--all 4 patients with renal failure recovered. There was a significant increase in creatinine clearance postoperatively after bile salt therapy (from 65 ml/minute preoperatively to 87 ml/minute postoperatively). CONCLUSION: Refeeding of bile obtained by percutaneous catheter drainage is an effective, cost-free substitute for oral bile salts in patients with obstructive jaundice.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Endocrine studies during the refeeding of young women with nutritional amenorrhea and infertility.

Serial endocrine studies were performed during the refeeding of a group of nine young women who presented with amenorrhea associated with injudicious dieting. No significant psychopathology was disclosed by the Lanyon Psychological Screening Inventory in any of the patients, six of whom were single and three married and infertile. The mean weight before refeeding was 81.6% of the normal for height. The mean initial serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentration was within the limits of normal for young women of reproductive age, but the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and the vaginal maturation score were low. As weight was regained, the serum LH concentration increased (the pooled r for LH versus percent normal weight = 0.85) and the vaginal maturation score rose (the pooled r for vaginal maturation score versus percent normal weight = 0.93). When a mean weight of 96.6% of normal was reached after a mean of 5.3 (range, 2 to 11) months of refeeding, spontaneous menses occurred. The initial cycle was ovulatory in two instances and anovulatory in five, as determined by basal body temperature patterns, plasma progesterone concentrations, and endometrial biopsies. With continued weight gain, menstruation became regular and the three married patients conceived.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Carnitine levels in patients with skeletal myopathy due to anorexia nervosa before and after refeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of carnitine in the skeletal myopathy present in anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Serum levels of free and total carnitine were measured in a group of severely underweight women with anorexia nervosa and skeletal myopathy before and after an inpatient refeeding program. RESULTS: Carnitine levels were within the reference range before refeeding and remained unchanged despite significant weight gain in all the subjects. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that carnitine plays no part in the muscle weakness seen in severe anorexia nervosa.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Refeeding, metabolic rate, and weight gain in anorexia nervosa: a review.

Patients with anorexia nervosa require refeeding to restore normal body weight. A variety of studies have examined the role of metabolic rate in the refeeding of anorectic patients. Several measurement techniques have been used to divide metabolic rate into its components: basal metabolic rate, resting energy expenditure, activity-induced thermogenesis, and dietary-induced thermogenesis. In anorexia nervosa patients several consistent findings are present. First, the number of kilocalories required for weight gain or weight maintenance increases as weight increases. Second, over 50% of the body mass gained in anorectic individuals represents fat tissue. Finally, both a history of bulimic symptoms and a higher premorbid body weight may lead to lower calorie requirements. These findings suggest the need for gradual increase in calories provided throughout treatment; resting energy expenditures may aid the determination of caloric requirements

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

The effect of refeeding after neonatal starvation on Purkinje cell dendritic growth in the rat.

Male rats, undernourished from birth until 30 days by restricting access to the lactating dam, were given ad libitum food supplies unitl 80 days. Body weight, whole brain weight and cerebellar remained significantly lower in these animals than in normally fed controls. Significant deficits in the area of the molecular and granular layers persisted at 80 days, although there was some recovery during the refeeding period. At the same time granule and Purkinje cell density declined, suggesting that the areal recovery was due to the expansion of the interneuronal matrix. Granule cell numbers remained unchanged between 30 and 80 days. Network analysis of Golgi-Cox preparations indicated a 28% decrease in overall size of the Purkinje cell dendritic networks, due primarily to a deficit in segment frequency which remained unchanged throughout the rehabilitation period. Segment length did, however, show some recovery; distal segments from 80-day experimental networks were significantly longer than those of 30-day undernourished animals. The results of the topological analysis suggested that dendritic remodelling had taken place during the rehabilitation period. The failure to observe a complete recovery in the size and morphology of the dendritic network may be explained in terms of recent suggestions that dendritic development is influenced both by the metabolism of the neurons themselves, and by the number and density of adjacent afferent axons. It is suggested that refeeding from 30 days leads to the recovery of Purkinje cell metabolism, but is unable to restore the parallel fiber deficit.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

A mechanism of regulation of hepatic Fru 2,6-P2 concentration upon refeeding: involvement of xylulose 5-P and cyclic-AMP.

In order to determine the mechanism for delayed increase in Fructose 2,6-P2 in livers of refed rats, the time course of changes in various metabolites upon refeeding NIH or high sucrose diet was investigated. Kinetics of increase in Fructose 2,6-P2 and Xylulose 5-P were similar but different from hexose 6-P or glycogen in the livers of 48 h starved rats refed with NIH diet. The increase in the Fructose 2,6-P2 level was a result of a combination of changes in Fructose 6-P,2-kinase and Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase activity ratios, indicating dephosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme and decreased cAMP. A similar correlation between Fructose 2,6-P2 and Xylulose 5-P and dephosphorylation was observed with refeeding high sucrose diet and also with 16 h starved rats. These kinetic results are consistent with the idea that a specific protein phosphatase 2A, activated by Xylulose 5-P, dephosphorylates Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase and also decreased protein kinase A activity, resulting in increased hepatic Fructose 2,6-P2.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Acylcarnitine metabolism during fasting and after refeeding.

Carnitine metabolism during starvation and just after refeeding was studied by the measurement of acylcarnitine (ACR) and total carnitine (TCR) concentration in the serum and liver of mice. Starvation caused marked increases in the concentration of serum ACR, and of acid-soluble ACR in the liver. The refeeding caused the quick decrement of serum ACR with a concomitant marked increase in the level of acid-soluble TCR in the liver. Through the use of positron emission tomography in a rhesus monkey, a marked increase in [2-11C]acetyl-L-carnitine uptake in the liver was observed after the administration of glucose accompanying the decrease of serum ACR. From this study, it is clear that the mammalian liver can salvage and conserve the unused ACR when the state of energy metabolism is improved.

Acylation↗

PubMed1997

T lymphocyte subpopulations in anorexia nervosa and refeeding.

Several studies have addressed the question of the effects of starvation on immune function and changes in lymphocyte subsets. Patients with anorexia nervosa are severely malnourished, but there have been few studies of immune parameters in this group. For this reason, phenotypic markers of T cell function and activation were studied in 20 severely underweight patients with anorexia nervosa and again after a period of refeeding. The most significant finding was a reduction in the percentage and absolute number of CD8+ T cells in patients with anorexia, the result of a marked reduction in memory (CD45RO+RA-) CD8 cells. A tendency for recovery in numbers of this subset was seen after refeeding. A decreased memory:maive cell ratio was also seen among CD4 cells, but was less marked. Subtle abnormalities in activated CD4 and CD8 cells were also found in the patient group at the initial sampling, but did not follow any clear pattern. These findings indicate that starvation in anorexic patients is accompanied by a large change in memory CD8 T cells. It may be speculated that this relates to the perceived lack of symptomatic common viral infections in underweight anorexic patients and their return with the recovery of weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Effects of starvation and refeeding a high carbohydrate diet on the intra-acinar distribution pattern of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in the liver of male and female rats.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in rat liver was shown to be heterotopically distributed within the acinus under varying feeding conditions. Highest values of PEPCK activity were found in the periportal zone of the acinus from where it decreased continuously towards the perivenous zone. 84 h of starvation resulted in an increase of activity, which was most prominent in the perivenous zone, but nevertheless resulted in a steeper gradient. Refeeding of starved rats with a high carbohydrate diet for 6 nights led to a decrease in PEPCK activity which was most prominent in the periportal zone, but almost negligible in the perivenous zone, resulting in a further change in the activity gradient. Sex-dependent differences for total PEPCK activity were found i) in controls, where the activity was lower in females, ii) after starvation, where the induction was much higher in females, and iii) after refeeding of starved rats, where the activity in females remained higher compared to that of the controls. Differences in the intra-acinar localization of the activity in dependence of the sex were registrated in the control group and in starved rats. Livers from female rats contained a higher periportal/perivenous ratio compared to males. In starved and starved and refed animals the periportal/perivenous ratios were almost the same in both sexes.

Animals↗