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PubMed1985

[Behavior of microorganisms in wastes from medical practice and household refuse deposited in a model landfill].

Refuse from medical consulting rooms, a mixture of those refuse with municipal refuse (1:10), and municipal refuse were disposed aerobically and roughly anaerobically for over six months in a model landfill. Survival, proliferation, and transportation of microorganisms were estimated at different periods of time. Concentrations of aerobic bacteria and hyphomycetes decreased during the first weeks of deposition but remained later almost unchanged. Concentrations of nonsporeforming indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, feacal streptococci) decreased more strongly, and E. coli could not be found at latest after 23 weeks. In municipal refuse alone and mixed with refuse from medical consulting rooms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa proliferated temporarily. Leaching of microorganisms from the model landfill was observed in the whole course of the disposal period.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2003

Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans.

This study attempts to clarify the effects of chlorine content in waste on the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in full scale incinerators by proposing and using the principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gases of 17 emission sources, including incinerators and vehicles. Four incinerators, among these 17 emission sources, were sampled and analyzed in this study, and the data for the other 13 emission sources were selected from previous studies. These 17 emission sources can be classified into four categories, including medical waste incinerators (MWIs, H1-H5), municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs, M1-M8), vehicle fuel combustion (unleaded gas-fueled vehicles, UGFV; diesel-fueled vehicles, DFV, n = 2) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) facility vent combustors (PVC1 and PVC2, n = 2). PCA was conducted for these emission sources with the fractions of 17 2,3,7,8-congeners in the stack flue gases as variables to clarify the effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes on the emission of PCDD/Fs. From the results of PCA, we extrapolated that the threshold value of the chlorine content was at 0.8-1.1%, and the formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs are influenced first by whether the chlorine content in the feeding waste is over or below the threshold value then by other factors, which furnaces or APCDs represent. When the chlorine level in the waste is below the threshold value at 0.8-1.1%, the formation of PCDDs dominates, probably because the chlorine is used to chlorinate the non-substituted phenol to produce chlorophenols, which are important precursors for PCDDs. rather than chlorinate the dibenzofuran. While the chlorine level in the waste exceeds this threshold (0.8-1.1%), the rates of formation of PCDFs increase faster than those of PCDDs, probably because the chlorine content in the waste contributes to the deterioration of combustion conditions, and many products of incomplete combustion (PICs) like PAHs, will grow to a substantial level. When PCDD/Fs are formed from PAHs, the formation rates of PCDFs are higher than those of PCDDs.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1985

Disposable needle and syringe containers.

Needle/syringe disposal in health care facilities should comply with current CDC, JCAH, and EPA recommendations. Most state laws require that needle/syringes be rendered inoperable for future use. However, this does not necessarily mean that needles have to be broken or bent. Needles/syringes that are placed in a puncture and leak-proof container that are eventually autoclaved or incinerated should satisfy the intent of these regulations. It must be emphasized that currently no data are available from controlled studies examining the effect, if any, of these devices on the incidence of needle-transmissible infections. However, common sense dictates that the new disposable containers are easier and safer to use and therefore should contribute to decreasing the incidence of needle puncture accidents among health care workers. A comprehensive program aimed at minimizing needle-stick accidents should address not only disposal devices and their accessibility at key locations, but also periodic inservice education.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1975

Virus association with wastewater solids.

The solids produced at an urban wastewater treatment plant, tested semiquantitatively, almost all contained human intestinal viruses. Reoviruses and five or more types of enteroviruses were present. Sludge, digested anaerobically at 30 degrees-32 degrees C, and grit contained measurable levels of viruses. Until reliable means of inactivating the viruses have been developed and implemented, great care should be taken in disposing of these solids.

Enterovirus↗
PubMed2004

Release of simulated anthrax particles from disposable respirators.

A preliminary study was undertaken to evaluate the potential for a disposable respirator that has been contaminated with anthrax spores to release spores in handling after use. The release of inert particles from disposable respirators was measured for masks dropped 3 feet onto a hard surface. Ten experimental runs were conducted for each of two N95 mask types, the Moldex 2200N95 and the 3M 8210. Anthrax spores were simulated with a test aerosol of single and double 1-micron polystyrene spheres. For the Moldex mask loaded with approximately 20 million spheres on it, an average of 0.16% was released; for the 3M mask an average of 0.29% was released.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1978

Hazardous solid waste from domestic wastewater treatment plants.

The treatment of liquid wastes in municipal sewage treatment plants creates significant quantities of solid residue for disposal. The potential hazard from these wastes requires that their characteristics be determined accurately to develop environmentally sound management criteria. It is readily recognized that the sludge characteristics vary with the type and degree of industrial activity within a wastewater collection system and that these characteristics play a significant role in determining whether the material has potential for beneficial reuse or if it must be directed to final disposal. This paper offers an overview of past and present practices of sewage sludge disposal, an indication of quantities produced, and experience with beneficial reuse. An estimated range of costs involved, expected environmental effects and potential for continued use is offered for each disposal or reuse system discussed.

Refuse Disposal↗