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PubMed2001

Effects of sarcoptic mange on the reproductive performance of ewes and transmission of Sarcoptes scabiei to newborn lambs.

In each of two experiments, the reproductive performance of ewes naturally infested with sarcoptic mange and of uninfested ewes was assessed in in-season natural breeding conditions (experiment I) or in out-of-season controlled breeding conditions (experiment II). A statistically significant difference was observed in the total lambs born per ewe (infested ewes, 1.2; controls, 1.6), in the liveborn lambs per ewe (infested ewes, 1.2; controls, 1.5) and in the lamb body weight per ewe (infested ewes, 3.33kg; controls, 4.53kg) under natural breeding conditions, as well as in the lamb body weight per ewe (infested ewes, 3.37kg; controls, 4.14kg) among ewes under controlled breeding conditions. No adverse effects were observed in the other reproductive indices, cycling rate, mating rate, return-to-oestrus rate, abortion rate, lambing rate and stillbirth rate. Sarcoptic mange was observed in the offspring of infested ewes after 30 days and in the offspring of uninfested controls 60 days after their birth.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive performance after hysteroscopic metroplasty in the hypoplastic uterus: a study of 29 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproductive performance after hysteroscopic metroplasty performed for hypoplastic uterus. DESIGN: Crossover study (15 patients) and descriptive analysis (14 patients). SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. POPULATION: Twenty-nine women (mean age: 31.4 years; range: 27-38.5 years) with a hypoplastic malformed uterus and a history of primary infertility and/or recurrent abortion and/or preterm delivery were included in this study. Fourteen women suffered from primary infertility and 15 women had previous pregnancies. Twenty-three women had been exposed to diethylstilboestrol in utero. METHODS: Women underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty between January 1996 and May 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of pregnancies and live births, anatomical results. RESULTS: The mean follow up was 40 months (range: 13-67 months). Twenty-one women (72.4%) experienced 30 pregnancies. Thirteen women gave birth to 16 live infants. At the time of the follow up, four women were pregnant in the second trimester. Compared with previous pregnancies, the rate of deliveries increased from 3.8% to 63.2%. No complications occurred during metroplasty. The hysteroscopic anatomical results were good in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hysteroscopic metroplasty, with its simplicity and minimal post-operative sequelae, seems to be an operation of choice in women with a hypoplastic malformed uterus and a history of severe infertility and/or recurrent pregnancy loss.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2004

Effect of timing of first clinical mastitis occurrence on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows.

Objectives of this study were to determine the influence of timing of first clinical mastitis case occurrence on lactational and reproductive performance in high producing lactating dairy cows during the first 320 days in milk (DIM). Holstein cows, 1001, from two commercial dairy farms in California were retrospectively divided into four treatment groups according to timing of first clinical mastitis case caused by environmental pathogens: control with no recorded clinical cases of mastitis (C; n=501); first clinical mastitis prior to first postpartum AI (MG1; n=250); first clinical mastitis between first postpartum AI and pregnancy diagnosis (MG2; n=147); and first clinical mastitis after diagnosed pregnant (MG3; n=103). Clinical cases of mastitis were identified at every milking by the herd personnel based on abnormal milk or swelling of the mammary gland. A fore sample of milk was aseptically collected from every clinical case for microbiological culture. Mastitis decreased yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and milk components, but the effect was only observed for MG1 and MG2. Cows in the control group had lower linear somatic cell count (SCC) score throughout the lactation. Culling was increased by mastitis, and cows in the mastitis groups left the study earlier than controls. Conception rate at first postpartum AI and pregnancy rate at the end of the study were both decreased by mastitis prior to or after first AI, and MG1 and MG2 cows had extended days open. Furthermore, cows experiencing mastitis during lactation had a higher incidence of abortions. The negative effects of mastitis on reproduction were observed regardless of clinical case being caused by either Gram positive or negative bacteria. Mastitis either prior to or after first postpartum AI impairs lactation performance, increases culling, and decreases reproductive efficiency in high producing Holstein dairy cows.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2005

Effects of chlorpyrifos on reproductive performances of guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) was selected to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos on reproductive performances. Male and female guppy with proven fertility were selected from our own colony and the groups of fish (n=72/group) were exposed to pre-determined chlorpyrifos concentrations (0.002 microg/l, 2 microg/l) based on the 96-h LC50 for guppy. Mating behavior of males was recorded on the 2nd day of exposure. Offspring were counted and survival recorded on the 14th day. Gonopodial thrusts (8/15 min) in 0.002 microg/l and (4/15 min) in 2 microg/l were significantly different from the control group (11/15 min). Similarly, live birth reduced significantly to 8/female in 2 microg/l compared to 27/female in the control group. Survival of offspring after 14 days was reduced to 47% in the 2 microg/l group compared to 94% of survival in the control. Our findings demonstrate that low soluble concentrations of chlorpyrifos affect mating behavior, number of offspring and offspring survival of guppy.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

The association between reproductive performance and milk yield in Chilean Holstein cattle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between reproductive performance and milk yield in central-southern Chilean Holstein cattle that calved from 1990 to 2003. The analysis included 150,457 lactations obtained from a certified recording system. Reproductive indexes included in the study were calving interval (CI, d), calving to first service interval (CFSI, d), calving to conception interval (CCI, d), services per conception (SC), and conception rate at first service (CRFS). Survival analysis for the risk of pregnancy was also conducted. Models for reproductive indexes were significant and included, as independent variables, year and season of parturition, parity, length of dry period, milk and fat production standardized to 305 d, herd size, and herd. In 1990 and 2003, respectively, means +/- SEM for CI were 399 +/- 1.6 and 415 +/- 1.1 d; for CFSI were 85 +/- 0.6 and 97 +/- 0.6 d; for CCI were 124 +/- 1.3 d and 137 +/- 1 d; and for SC were 1.6 +/- 0.02 and 1.7 +/- 0.01. For every 100 kg of 305-d standardized milk yield, the CCI increased by 0.6 d and CRFS decreased by 0.9%. Association between milk yield and the risk of pregnancy was almost zero when a Cox proportional regression model was conducted (hazard ratio = 1.005; 95% confidence interval = 1.002 to 1.008). We conclude that CCI has increased over time and is related negatively to the increase in milk yield experienced by central-southern Chilean Holstein cattle during the last 15 yr. Nevertheless, risk of pregnancy was not explained by the individual level of standardized 305-d milk yield of cows studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of temperature and humidity on reproductive performance of crossbred sows in Thailand.

This study investigated the influence of season, temperature, and humidity on the reproductive performance of sows under tropical conditions. Data were collected from 11 sow herds from January 2001 to June 2002. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily for each herd from January 2001 to February 2002. Semen used was collected from boars housed in conventional open-air stables (six herds) or in evaporative cooling stables (five herds). A total of 43,875 farrowing records were included in the statistical analysis. Fourteen-day moving averages of daily maximum temperature and minimum humidity were calculated and merged with each reproductive record. ANOVA was applied to the reproductive records. In addition to the fixed effects included in the statistical models (e.g. system, season, parity, temperature, and humidity), the random effect of herd within system was included. The total number of piglets born was analyzed in relation to the climate at previous weaning (NTB-w), at mating (NTB-m), and at farrowing (NTB-f). The housing system of the boars had no significant effect on any of the reproductive variables analyzed. Season (2-month periods) as well as parity number had a significant effect on all reproductive variables analyzed. Increased length of previous lactation had a significant and favorable effect (P < 0.001) on NTB-w, NTB-m, and weaning-to-first-service interval. There were indications that high temperature and humidity (recorded at the herd level) at previous weaning/mating or at farrowing had negative effects on litter size, but these negative influences were not consistent.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Absence of influence of high doses of biotin on reproductive performance in female rats.

Biotin at 2 doses totalling 5 and 50 mg/kg s.c. does not disturb the reproductive performance of the female rats 1-6 weeks after treatment. The number of implantations and resorptions as well as the weights of placentas and foetuses remain normal. The ovaries do not show weight or histological alterations. Vaginal cycle and readiness to mate remain undisturbed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of growth rate through 30 months on reproductive performance of beef heifers.

The effect of growth rate from birth through 30 months of age on the reproductive performance of Polled Hereford heifers calving as 2-year-olds was examined. Heifers with high gains during the first winter as weanlings had higher breeding efficiency when bred as year-lingins, had larger pelvic areas as 2-year-olds, gave birth to larger calves, had less calving difficulty at first parturition and had higher breeding efficiency at the subsequent breeding. Calf growth to weaning was positiviely related to first winter (weaning to yearling) gain of the dam. Heifers with high second winter gain had less calving difficulty at first parturition, slightly higher milk production and slightly higher breeding efficiency when rebred. Second winter gain of the dam had a high negative relationship with calf growth to weaning. Adequate growth from weaning to yearling was important for future production and reproduction through second breeding as 2-year-olds.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors with preservation of fertility: reproductive performance after persistent remission.

To describe our experience with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors with special reference to reproductive performance after remission, medical records of 31 patients were reviewed. The mean age at diagnosis was 18.6 years. Tumor by stage was I in 16 cases, II in 5, III in 5, IV in 3, and recurrence in 2. Histology was dysgerminoma in 7 cases, yolk sac tumor in 10, immature teratoma in 7, choriocarcinoma in 1, and mixed-type tumor in 6. Conservative surgery for fertility preservation was performed in 21 cases. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to all cases except two with stage Ia dysgerminoma. Of 31 cases, 4 including one fertility-preserved case died of disease. The other 27 cases including 20 fertility-preserved cases were successfully treated. Twenty-five cases (92.6%) have been followed longer than 60 months and 13 cases (48.1%) longer than 120 months. By the last follow-up, 8 of the 20 fertility-preserved cases delivered a total of 9 normal babies. Of the remaining 12 nonpregnant cases, 3 married, 9 have had regular menses, and 3 have had menstrual problems. Two of the latter three cases have been in hypergonadotropic anovulatory cycles. One patient has been diagnosed with tubal infertility caused by peritubal adhesion. Thus, management of the disease with fertility preservation is safe and the majority of patients can attain or retain normal ovarian function and reproductive potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reproductive performance after conventional metroplasty: an evaluation of 102 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of conventional metroplasty on reproductive performance of symmetric uterine anomalies and determine the complications of these procedures. DESIGN: A retrospective clinical analysis of consequently operated 102 women. SETTING: Institutional. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred two patients with bicornuate and septate uterus and a history of late recurrent abortion and/or preterm delivery were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Jones, Strassman, and Tompkins procedures for metroplasty and McDonald operation for cervical cerclage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The fetal survival rate has increased from 3.7% before operation to 75.0% afterwards. In only two patients uterine rupture was observed. RESULTS: Conventional metroplasty improves the fetal survival rate in women with symmetric uterine anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the view that conventional metroplasty seems to be an operation of choice in women with symmetric uterine anomalies and a history of recurrent late abortion and preterm delivery. However, uterine rupture and postoperative infertility may be potential complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relative calving date of first-calf heifers as related to production efficiency and subsequent reproductive performance.

Relative date of first calving of beef heifers was studied in relation to production efficiency and subsequent reproductive performance. Crossbred heifers were managed in a drylot environment for 1 yr with feed intake measured through weaning of the first calf. Mean heifer age at entry into drylot was 572 d. Production traits were evaluated by calving group (CG), where CG1 included records of heifers calving (and calves born) in the first 21 d of the calving season for a particular year, CG2 included those calving from 22 through 42 d and CG3 included those calving after 42 d. Calving groups did not differ significantly for preweaning calf ADG, but weaning age differences resulted in heavier weaning weights for CG1 compared with CG2 and CG3. An earlier relative calving date was associated with increased cumulative feed energy intake of heifers and their calves during the 1-yr test period. In terms of production efficiency, the weaning weight advantage of earlier calving was offset only partly by the increased feed energy intake of the dam-calf unit, resulting in 6.3 Mcal (12.4%) less ME per kg calf weaning weight for CG1 vs CG3 for the 1-yr period. Within a limited calving season, earlier calving dams tended to be biologically and economically more efficient because a greater proportion of their annual production cycle was in a productive (lactating) mode, diluting maintenance costs as a fraction of all costs. Heifers in CG1 also tended to calve earlier than CG3 heifers for the second calf. Calving interval was a biased measure under the management conditions of a limited breeding season and culling of open cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of breed of sire on growth of gilts and on subsequent reproductive performance.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of breed of sire on performance of crossbred gilts during the growing-finishing period and on subsequent reproductive performance for three consecutive parties. Average daily gain of gilts sired by Yorkshire boars was greater (P less than .05) than average daily gain of gilts sired by Landrace boars. Average daily gain of gilts sired by Duroc boars was between that of Yorkshire and Landrace sired gilts, but was not significantly different from either. Birthweight of Duroc and Landrace-sired pigs was heavier (P less than .05) than that of Yorkshire-sired pigs. Landrace-sired pigs were heavier at weaning (35 days of age) than were Duroc and Yorkshire-sired pigs. Sows sired by Yorkshire boars were heavier (P less than .05) when pigs were weaned, at 110 days of gestation and one day post-farrowing than sows sired by Duroc boars. Weight of Landrace-sired sows was intermediate between Yorkshire and Duroc-sired sows and was not significantly different from either. Survival traits were not affected by breed of sire.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1990

Observations on the influence of active immunization against somatostatin on the reproductive performance of sheep and pigs.

Somatostatin (SRIF) is known to have inhibitory effects in a wide variety of tissues but a role in reproduction has not been described. The present studies describe the influence of SRIF immuno-neutralization on the reproductive performance of sheep and pigs. In experiment 1, Rambouillet x Suffolk ewe lambs were actively immunized against SRIF conjugated to ovalbumin (SI; n = 24) or were not immunized (CT; n = 32). Primary immunizations were initiated at weaning and boosters given at 4-week intervals, as well 10 days before breeding and lambing. Over two years, breeding periods were September and January (in-season) and May (out-of-season). Pregnancy rates were higher for SI than for CT ewes following both in-season (P less than 0.01) and out-of season breeding (P less than 0.06). The number of lambs born per ewe lambing was not affected by treatment. In experiment 2, Yorkshire x Landrace gilts were actively immunized against SRIF-ovalbumin conjugate (n = 37) or were not immunized (n = 38). Primary immunizations were given at 39.8 +/- 1.5 kg body weight and boosters after 4 weeks, 10 days before breeding and at 105 days of gestation. Some SI (n = 15) and CT gilts (n = 17) were slaughtered 10 days after estrus to determine ovulation rates. Remaining SI (n = 22) and CT (n = 21) gilts carried their litters to term. Ovulation rates tended to be higher (P less than 0.1) in SI than CT gilts (11.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 10.7 +/- 0.4). There was no effect of treatment on pregnancy rates to initial breeding (86.4 vs. 90.5% for SI and CT gilts, respectively) but first litter size tended to be larger (P less than 0.07) for SI than for CT gilts (9.95 +/- 0.34 vs. 9.00 +/- 0.38). There was no effect of treatment on litter growth performance during lactation. These data provide evidence that SRIF may be involved in the regulation of reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Reduced reproductive performance in androgen-resistant Tfm/Tfm female mice.

Androgen-resistant female mice (Tfm/Tfm) homozygous for the mutant gene Tfm were bred by making use of males chimaeric for the Tfm gene. All seven Tfm/Tfm females found were fertile, confirming that a normal level of androgen receptor protein is not essential for reproduction in female mice. However, when five of the seven were studied throughout their reproductive life they proved to have impaired reproductive performance and premature cessation of reproduction. No impairment of reproduction was seen in heterozygous Tfm/+ females. The ovarian histology suggested that in Tfm/Tfm the normal ageing processes were accelerated. This work is consistent with the work of others in that androgen is involved in the control of follicular maturation and atresia, and that the effect is mediated by the androgen receptor coded by the Tfm locus.

Androgens↗
PubMed1995

Long-term influence of sialoadenectomy on reproductive performance of male mice.

The influence of the submandibular gland, the major source of epithelial growth factor, on male reproduction in mice was studied by removing the submandibular gland (sialoadenectomy) and examining its effects on sperm production and copulation and fertility rates over an extended post-operation period. The removal of the submandibular gland caused a decrease in the number of epididymal spermatozoa 4 weeks after the operation; the decrease became significant (P < 0.05) 6-10 weeks after the operation compared with the sham operated and intact groups. There was no significant difference between prepuberal (30 days old) and postpuberal (60 days old) sialoadenectomy, indicating that the submandibular gland is not related to the maturation of the seminiferous tubules. The reduction in the number of epididymal spermatozoa was due to the decrease in number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes per Sertoli cell in the seminiferous tubules. When the reproductive performance was examined over 14 weeks, sialoadenectomized males showed a lower copulation rate and a significantly (P < 0.05) higher incidence of non-fertile copulation compared with the sham-operated and intact males. These results indicate that the submandibular gland and the secretion of epithelial growth factor from it affect spermatogenesis by acting on spermatogonial proliferation and sperm maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus and Mycoplasma bovis infections in dairy cattle: II. The association between a positive antibody response and reproduction performance.

In a cross-sectional study to determine the possible relationship between a positive antibody test to bluetongue virus (BTV) or Mycoplasma bovis infections and reproductive performance of dairy cows, data were collected on 572 California dairy cows during December 1986 for analysis. Serum samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on reproduction variables were extracted from the individual cow sheets of the California Dairy Herd Improvement Association records and interfaced with the serological results for analysis. Similar data analyses for both BTV and M. bovis were performed to identify and quantitatively assess the association of the reproduction variables and each agent. These associations were evaluated unconditionally using the chi 2 for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if reproduction variables with significant unconditional associations remained significant when adjusted for the effects of possible confounding factors. Both the BTV and M. bovis ELISA antibody titres indicated exposure to the agents. The results of the multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that cows seropositive for BTV were significantly older at first calving (p less than 0.03). For M. bovis, seropositive cows were more likely to have longer intervals from calving to last service and longer intervals from calving to pregnancy diagnosis than seronegative cows (p less than 0.05). The other reproduction variables examined were not significantly associated with ELISA seropositivity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Reproductive performance of women with uterine anomalies after abdominal or hysteroscopic metroplasty or no surgical treatment.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reproductive performance in women with a confirmed uterine anomaly treated by abdominal or hysteroscopic metroplasty, or by no surgical procedure. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Four hundred four women with uterine anomaly, of whom 247 had complete or partial septate uterus or partial bicornuate uterus. INTERVENTIONS: Hysteroscopic metroplasty was performed in 32 patients with septate or subseptate uterus. Twenty women underwent abdominal metroplasty (Jones or Tompkins procedure) and 140 had no operative treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fetal survival improved from 13% to 91% after hysteroscopic metroplasty and from 3% to 86% after the abdominal procedure. A living child was born in 67% of 264 pregnancies in 116 women with septate uterus with no surgical treatment. When 19 patients with hysteroscopic metroplasty were matched by age, gravidity, and type of uterine anomaly with 19 women not subjected to metroplasty, the rates were 86% and 68%, respectively (p = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic metroplasty has replaced abdominal metroplasty in the treatment of septate uterus. It improves the fetal survival rate in women with repeated miscarriage. It does not enhance pregnancy rates in infertile women with septate uterus, but as a minimally invasive uterine repair, it may be carried out before assisted reproduction. Pregnancy in the septate uterus can also progress without any surgical treatment. Metroplasty seems to prevent breech delivery and to decrease the cesarean section rate, which are potential benefits.

Abortion, Habitual↗