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PubMed2004

[The effect of heat stimulation and mechanical stress (massage) of salivary glands on the secretory parameters of salivary Hsp70. A pilot study].

The presence of Hsp70 in human whole saliva was demonstrated in the authors' previous study. In the recent study the authors investigated, whether repeated, short-term heat and mechanical stimulation of the salivary glands can specifically modify the salivary Hsp70 concentration in the human whole saliva. Some other basic secretory parameters, like salivary secretion rate, total protein concentration and amylase activity of the whole saliva were also measured. Both kind of stimulation increased the secretory rate significantly (p < or = 0.05), during stimulation, but it decreased to control level in resting phases. Hsp70 concentration increased after the first stimulation in the case of mechanical stress and after the second stimulation in the case of heat stimulation. In contrast, a significant (p < or = 0.05) confluent increase of total protein concentration and amylase activity occurred after the first stimulation in the case of heat stimulation and after the second stimulation in the case of mechanical stress. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the durability and clinical importance of salivary changes following local heat and massage stimulation.

HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins↗
PubMed1981

Anorexia nervosa and salivary gland enlargement.

Enlargement of the salivary glands can occur in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This enlargement appears to be related to both the nutritional deficiencies and the bizarre eating habits (particularly the bulimia and vomiting) characteristic of these patients. In some patients, the salivary gland enlargement persists despite return to normal weight. Three patients illustrating this finding are described and the implications of this association between AN and salivary gland enlargement are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Value and indications for high-resolution real-time sonography in nontumor salivary gland diseases].

308 patients with salivary gland diseases were investigated using real-time sonography. In 142 patients we suspected neoplasms of the salivary glands on the sonograms. In the remaining 166 patients we investigated the following entities: sialolithiasis (74 patients), acute sialadenitis (54 patients), abscess formation (16 patients), chronic sialadenitis or autoimmune disease (53 patients) and cysts of salivary gland (5 patients). The changes in the sonographic morphology of the different diseases will be described. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of the different diseases will be discussed and the indications for sonographic investigations are summarised.

Abscess↗
PubMed1992

Salivary gland dysfunction.

Clinically significant declines of salivary output are not a function of aging. Complaints of oral dryness (xerostomia) are common in the elderly patient, however. This complaint is most often a consequence of medications; tricyclic antidepressants, certain antihypertensives, and anticholinergics can cause marked decreases in salivary flow rates. Other medications such as diuretics may cause xerostomia without decreasing salivary output. Systemic diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome can destroy salivary glands. Specific serologic, ophthalmologic, and salivary findings are necessary for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Radiation therapy for treatment of head and neck cancers also can damage salivary glands permanently. Infectious agents such as mycobacteria, Epstein-Barr virus, and various oral bacteria can infect human salivary glands. Diminished salivary output can lead to serious oral sequelae. Rapidly progressing dental caries and oral candidiasis are found frequently in this age group. Close supervision of the geriatric patient's oral and dental health is essential.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Phenotypic profiles of lymphocyte populations isolated from rat major salivary glands.

Marker expression was studied in rat lymphocyte populations isolated from parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Comparative data were also obtained for lacrimal gland and spleen populations. Increased percentages of Thy-1+ cells were found in salivary gland populations when compared to spleen with the highest percentage noted for parotid gland. Thy-1 percentages in parotid gland were comparable to those obtained with lacrimal gland. Salivary gland sIg, CD5 and CD8 cell percentages were lower than those obtained for lacrimal gland and splenic populations. The percentages of CD4-bearing cells in submandibular and sublingual gland were lower than those found in parotid gland, lacrimal gland and spleen, and the CD4:CD8 ratios in parotid gland most closely approximated those in spleen. Increased percentages of Thy-1+ lymphocytes coexpressing sIg and CD5 were obtained for all salivary gland cell populations when compared to spleen; however, percentages of salivary gland cells bearing these 3 markers were lower than noted for lacrimal gland, which contained the highest percentage. With respect to adhesion molecules, lymph node homing receptor (LNHR) and Peyer's patch homing receptor (PPHR) bearing cells were found in all glandular populations with the percentages of LNHR+ exceeding PPHR+ lymphocytes. Homing receptor bearing populations were highest in spleen and were present in equal proportions. LFA-1 was expressed by all salivary gland cell populations in greater percentages than lacrimal gland, but lower than those in spleen. VLA-4 and CD44 expression was higher in parotid gland and spleen than in submandibular and lacrimal gland. These data show that the phenotypes of resident lymphocytes in salivary gland tissues differ from lacrimal gland and spleen, as well as each other, and indicate that Thy-1+ cells in glandular tissues bear both B and T cell markers. The adhesion molecule expression data suggest that these molecules may be utilized differently in various glandular tissues, potentially contributing to the variation in phenotypic profiles of resident glandular lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transient salivary gland hypertrophy in bulimics.

Transient salivary gland hypertrophy is a reported clinical finding in patients with bulimia. A retrospective chart review of 49 patients enrolled in the University of Nebraska Medical Center Eating Disorders Program with a diagnosis of bulimia showed 29% (14/49) had at some time either parotid and/or submandibular gland hypertrophy noted on physical exam. Resolution of the salivary gland enlargement occurred in all of our patients after treatment of their bulimia. Bulimia must, therefore, be considered in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland hypertrophy, and treatment should be directed at the underlying behavioral disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Fine needle aspiration biopsy in a diagnostic workup algorithm of salivary gland tumors.

The ultrasonic diagnosis of salivary gland diseases can give a more accurate information than clinical data alone. In diagnosis of the parotid gland diseases, it is necessary to differentiate clearly tumors from other diseases. When a tumor is suspected, its presence should be confirmed, and determined if it is solitary, multiple, unilateral or bilateral, intra or extraglandular, and benign or malignant. In the period of May 1998 to January 2001 ultrasound examinations were performed in 354 patients, FNAB with ultrasound control were performed in 152 patients with a mean age of 49.7 years. The ultrasound and cytologic findings were correlated with surgical and histologic findings. Results indicate that in patients with solid mass of the salivary gland, ultrasound examination confirmed the finding of salivary gland tumor in all patients (100%). In non-solid diseases of salivary glands the diagnostic accuracy was slightly lower. The use of ultrasound techniques in the study of salivary gland pathology is well justified, due to its capacity to provide high resolution and improving clinical diagnosis. FNAB is a simple quick, accurate and virtually complications free investigative modality. The data on its ability to distinguish between lesions requiring surgery or not are encouraging.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Salivary gland enlargement following cardiac catheterization.

Salivary gland enlargement following heart angiography is described. Previously documented salivary gland swelling was related to excretory urography or administration of iodinated tablets. We could not find any previous description of salivary gland swelling following heart angiography.

Coronary Angiography↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary glands: an analysis of 141 cases.

141 salivary gland lesions that were subjected to fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, from January 1993 to October 2000 were reviewed with a view to assess the sensitivity and utility of cytological diagnosis in diseases of salivary glands. The highest number of cases was seen in the sixth decade of life. There was no gender preponderance in salivary gland neoplasms except in Warthin's tumours that occurred predominantly in males. The parotid gland was the most frequent salivary gland needled. Seven cases (5%) presented with bilateral salivary gland enlargement. Cytological study yielded a neoplastic diagnosis in 74.5% cases. Of the neoplastic lesions, 71.4% could be definitely designated as benign and 25.7% as clearly malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma and acinic cell carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant neoplasms diagnosed respectively. 53 cases had histological correlation; of these, 49 (92.5%) were neoplastic. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytological diagnosis in salivary gland lesions was found to be 73.6%.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A pilot study on the effect of radiation on calmodulin in rat submandibular salivary glands.

Xerostomia and loss of salivary gland secretion is one of the most common complications of the radiation treatment of head-and-neck malignancies. The secretory mechanism in the salivary glands can be modulated by the concentration of intracellular Ca2+. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that is widely distributed in nature and is involved in regulating intracellular calcium. In this study the effect of radiation on the concentration of calmodulin in rat salivary glands was investigated. Fourteen rats were divided into three groups: R1 (n = 4) and R2 (n = 5) received a single dose of 15 Gy and group C (n = 5) received no radiation. R1 and R2 animals were killed at weeks 2 and 10 post-irradiation, respectively. The submandibular glands were removed, homogenized and their total calmodulin was determined. The mean calmodulin concentrations were 6.4+/-1.1 microg/gland for controls, 14.1+/-3.7 microg/gland for R1 and 68.2+/-14.4 microg/gland for R2. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA revealed a significant increase in the concentration of calmodulin following irradiation (p = 0.003). The relationship between this increase and the loss of salivary gland function is not yet clear.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Tear lysozyme activity in frozen Schirmer strips and salivary gland biopsy as parameters of lacrimal gland function.

PURPOSE: The lysozyme concentration in human tears is an important parameter for tear gland function. The decline of lysozyme in tears reflects lacrimal gland destruction. In Sjögren's patients, lacrimal gland destruction parallels labial salivary gland destruction. The objective of this study was to determine whether human tear lysozyme that was frozen on Schirmer strips at -20 degrees C for several years maintained activity and whether there was a linear relation with inflammatory changes in labial salivary glands. METHODS: A total of 200 frozen Schirmer strips were processed. They were collected from 20 randomly selected patients each year of five consecutive years, all attending the UCSF Sjögren's Clinic. The tear lysozyme in the Schirmer strips was measured by a colorimetric assay. The average lysozyme concentration each year was calculated and compared. One third of the patients underwent labial salivary gland biopsy. The correlation was calculated between the tear lysozyme concentration and the lymphocytic focus scores in biopsy specimens. RESULTS: No significant difference of average lysozyme concentration in the Schirmer strips was found when the five different years of collection were compared. The linear relation between the tear lysozyme concentrations and the focus score in labial salivary gland biopsies showed a coefficient of r = -0.41. The linear relation between other diagnostic measurements, like Schirmer test, tear breakup time, or rose bengal staining pattern, and the focus score was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Human tear lysozyme in Schirmer strips can be stored at -20 degrees C for at least five years. There is little difference in lysozyme activity of frozen compared to unfrozen specimens. The lysozyme concentration in tears correlates better with the lymphocytic focus score in labial salivary gland biopsy than does clinical assessment and is therefore a parameter for the actual degree of tear gland destruction.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Specification of cell fates within the salivary gland primordium.

The Drosophila salivary gland is a simple tubular organ derived from a contiguous epithelial primordium, which is established by the activities of the homeodomain-containing proteins Sex combs reduced (SCR), Extradenticle (EXD), and Homothorax (HTH). EGF signaling along the ventral midline specifies the salivary duct fate for cells in the center of the primordium, while cells farther away from the source of EGF signal adopt a secretory cell fate. EGF signaling works, at least in part, by repressing expression of secretory cell genes in the duct primordium, including fork head (fkh), which encodes a winged-helix transcription factor. FKH, in turn, represses trachealess (trh), a duct-specific gene initially expressed throughout the salivary gland primordium. trh encodes a basic helix-loop-helix PAS-domain containing transcription factor that has been proposed to specify the salivary duct fate. In conflict with this model, we find that three genes, dead ringer (dri), Serrate (Ser), and trh itself, are expressed in the duct independently of trh. Expression of all three duct genes is repressed in the secretory cells by FKH. We also show that SER in the duct cells signals to the adjacent secretory cells to specify a third cell type, the imaginal ring cells. Thus, localized EGF- and Notch-signaling transform a uniform epithelial sheet into three distinct cell types. In addition, Ser directs formation of actin rings in the salivary duct.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Salivary gland tumors.

Although the incidence of salivary gland tumors in the general population is relatively low, these neoplasms account for a significant proportion of tumors of the oral and perioral regions and are therefore of considerable interest to the dentist. Malignant salivary gland tumors comprise the second most common type of oral cancer, although squamous cell carcinomas arising from the surface mucosa are nine times more common. Salivary gland tumors occur in both the major (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) and minor (accessory) salivary glands of the oropharynx. This article will discuss various types of salivary gland tumors and treatment options.

Adenocarcinoma↗