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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against the Region II+ motif in circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and identify the monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against Region II+ motif in circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with 12 peptides within Region II+ in circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum. Spleen cells isolated from the immunized mice were fused with myeloma cell. After three times screening with ELISA, 3 positive hybridoma cell lines were obtained. RESULTS: ELISA test indicated that the McAbs reacted with recombinant circumsporozoite protein fragment containing tandemly repeat region and conserved Region II+. IFA test showed that the McAbs recognized not only the sporozoites of P. falciparum, but also the sporozoifes of P. yoelii. CONCLUSION: McAbs obtained can probe the Region II+ motif in circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum, which might also recognize that of other Plasmodium species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Organization of microbiology laboratory services for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

When faced with the ever-increasing demand for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), as well as a variety of fungal, parasitic, and bacterial opportunistic infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the Chest Service and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital developed a coordinated plan for the collection and rapid examination of specimens to allow presumptive diagnoses to be made as quickly as possible. Clinical studies have been performed to determine the efficacy of different specimens and diagnostic systems for the provision of clinically useful information. Our approach has been to provide medical care on an outpatient basis using less invasive diagnostic systems that do not require direct physician participation. Direct laboratory examination of a single specimen submitted to microbiology often yielded presumptive or final diagnoses that were directly communicated to the physician. The evolution of PCP diagnosis in AIDS patients is described. Our current procedure of examining mucolysed, concentrated induced sputum stained with a rapid Giemsatype stain, Diff-Quik (Baxter/Scientific Products, McGaw, IL), has a sensitivity for P carinii detection of 74% to 77%. We have found that the use of commercially available immunofluorescence staining diminishes screening time and increases the sensitivity of P carinii detection in mucolysed concentrated induced sputum. We also describe the appearance of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents seen on direct examination and the usefulness of antigen detection, serology, and various microbiologic culture systems for diagnosing infections caused by these organisms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

[The development of early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hip dislocation in Czechoslovakia].

The author gives an account of the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Czechoslovakia since 1918. He pays more detailed attention to the period before the Second World War and the period immediately after the war when aids now used on a world-wide scale were introduced into practice such as Hanausek's apparatus, Frejka's cushion and Pavlik's stirrups. At the same time screening of neonates in some areas was started. The author mentions also methods of preventive examinations of the entire population introduced in the fifties. He also pays attention to efforts to reduce the radiation load in X-ray screening of the population.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1988

[Current problems of blood group incompatibility in pregnancy].

The frequency of hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn has decreased since introduction of Rh-prophylaxis. In spite of that till now hemolytic disease caused by anti-D antibodies occur. It is probably caused by immunization already during pregnancy. Therefore it seems to be useful to give anti-D-Immunoglobulin (200 micrograms = 1000 IE) in 28-30th week of pregnancy in all d-women with D-husband. This seems especially necessary in pregnancy complications as hemorrhages in 3rd trimester, multiple pregnancies, trauma, and external version of breech. Rh-prophylaxis post partum is to perform in usual manner. As done before 2 time screening for irregular antibodies in pregnancy is necessary. Amniocentesis is often required in presence of antibodies against D, C, c, E, e, K, Fya, Fyb, S, s, U, Jka, Jkb and Dia. When hemolytic disease is confirmed, intrauterine transfusion or preterm delivery has to be performed. Immunization have increasing importance against erythrocyte factors other than D. It should give attention to it in transfusion practice during pregnancy.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1986

[Collective radiation dosage due to radiodiagnostic practice in France in 1982. Methodology. 1].

This paper recalls the main concepts of dosimetry which are useful when assessing the collective dose to the patient from medical X-ray examinations. It describes the general protocol which has been followed in measuring dose associated to each x-ray exam (anthropomorphic phantom, in vivo measurement) and gives some results about the variations of parameters such as the mAs, the kVp and the fluoroscopy screening time. As far as the gonadal dose and the effective dose equivalent are concerned a first evaluation is given per type of examination carried out in France in 1982.

Film Dosimetry↗
PubMed1986

[Collective irradiation caused by radio-diagnostic procedures in France in 1982. Results (2)].

This paper gives the most important results of the collective dose received by patients who undergoing diagnostic radiology examinations in France in 1982. It details, per each X-ray examination type, the collective organ dose associated with, and highlights the importance of the radiological procedures (number of X-ray films, fluoroscopy screening time) on the received patient doses. If one takes into account organs for which dosimetric measurements have been carried out, the collective effective dose equivalent per 10(6) inhabitants is 442 man-Sievert; the genetically significant dose reaches 0.295 mSv and finally the collective red bone marrow dose due to 45 million X-ray exams practiced in France (1982) is 40,300 man-Sievert i.e. 0.742 mSv. per inhabitant.

Female↗
PubMed1977

[Radiographic examinations of the colon -- results of 2400 double contrast enemas (author's transl)].

A technique for the double contrast method was described which was used in our radiology institute on 2400 patients. It takes into account economic factors (amount of film used) as well as the lowest possible radiation exposure (mean screening time: 6.4 minutes). Typical lesions from malignant processes in the colon were illustrated. Today, radiographic examination of the colon should be conducted only with the double contrast method. This rule need not be followed in acute cases, e.g., an ileus produced by a tumor. The examining techniques must be adapted to the individual case. Today, the single contrast technique should be used only in such special cases.

Colon↗
PubMed2001

A mathematical algorithm that computes breast cancer sizes and doubling times detected by screening.

This paper presents a mathematical algorithm that computes the sizes and growth rates of breast cancer detected in a hypothetical population that is screened for the disease. The algorithm works by simulating the outcomes of the hypothetical population twice, first without screening and then with screening. The simulation without screening relies on an underlying model of the natural history of the disease. The simulation with screening uses this natural history model to track the growth of breast tumors backwards in the time starting from the time they would have been detected without screening. The method of tracking tumor growth backward in time is different from methods that track tumor growth forward in time by starting from an estimated time of tumor onset. The screening algorithm combines the natural history model, the method tracking of tumor growth backward in time, the age group, the interval between screening exams, and the detection threshold of the screening exam to compute the joint distribution of tumor size and growth rate among screen-detected and interval patients. The algorithm also computes the sensitivity and leadtime distribution. It allows for arbitrary age groups, detection thresholds and screening intervals and may contribute to the design of future screening trials.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Diagnostic laparoscopy v. combined screening laparoscopy and timed follicle aspiration for in vitro fertilisation.

Results from ovulation induction and laparoscopic oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer were compared in two groups of patients to determine whether oocyte retrieval subsequent to diagnostic laparoscopy had specific advantages over combined screening laparoscopy and timed follicle aspiration. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the factors investigated in the two groups. This study was useful in demonstrating firstly that there are no absolute criteria for selection of patients for either diagnostic or combination laparoscopy. Secondly, the procedure of choice is a combined screening laparoscopy and timed follicle aspiration if a patient is willing to accept a failure rate of 7.4% (2/27 in this study) due to ovarian inaccessibility.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virilising 21-hydroxylase deficiency: timing of newborn screening and confirmatory tests can be crucial.

Early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) can be lifesaving. With the advent of newborn screening programs employing blood 17-hydroxyprogesterone, fewer cases are missed. Because false positive results occur, especially in premature and low birth weight babies, infants with borderline elevations, although requiring follow-up, are often considered normal. We describe a newborn female that, despite severe virilization, only had a borderline elevation in 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) on newborn screening, as well as on initial confirmatory testing in our clinical laboratory. Our confirmatory method, which employs high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, because of its high specificity, yields steroid values from both normal children and those with CAH that are lower than found with older, less specific methods. Given the heterogeneity of phenotypes of CAH, less severe forms, especially in males, could result in marginally abnormal laboratory results early in life, with possible adverse effects later. Although in retrospect the diagnosis of the described patient was clear and not a novel entity, we consider it an important example for several reasons. It emphasizes the broad range of 17OHP levels in CAH, the lack of correlation of these levels with clinical phenotype and the importance of the timing of both screening and confirmatory tests. Due to the complexity of interpreting these tests, any screening program for CAH should be controlled by an experienced pediatric endocrinologist.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1992

Targeted colon cancer screening: a concept whose time has almost come.

Screening of large populations for colon malignancy has been advocated in several countries to detect cancers at earlier, curable stages and/or prevent cancer by detecting and removing premalignant polyps. Ideal screening would identify subjects with the highest risk of cancer and target sensitive screening tests at this population. Recent data suggesting that environmental factors and genetic alterations contribute to increased cell proliferation in colonic mucosa provide several avenues for identification of high-risk subjects. This review examines the current literature regarding colon cancer risk factors, focusing on new ways to identify individuals who may benefit from targeted screening.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2003

Screening rarely screened women: time-to-service and 24-month outcomes of tailored interventions.

BACKGROUND: Managed care organizations and others reaching out to underscreened women seek strategies to encourage mammogram and Pap screening. METHODS: Female HMO members aged 50-69 years and overdue for a mammogram and a Pap test (n = 501) were followed for 24 months after interventions began. An Outreach intervention (tailored letters and motivational telephone interviews), an Inreach intervention (motivational interview delivered in clinics), and a Combined Inreach/Outreach intervention were compared to Usual Care at 24 months. Logistic regression and Cox hazard models examined predictors of obtaining screening services and time-to-service, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with Usual Care, the odds of Outreach women aged 50-64 obtaining a mammogram (OR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.59-5.29), a Pap test (OR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.12-3.53), or both (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.40-4.63) remained significantly increased at 24 months. The average time-to-service for Outreach women was reduced by 4 months. Outreach effects persisted despite intensive, ongoing health plan efforts to improve screening of all women. CONCLUSIONS: This brief, tailored outreach intervention was an effective strategy for encouraging cervical and breast cancer screening among women overdue for both screening services. It also shortened time-to-service, an important benefit for early detection and treatment. Alternative strategies are needed for women who remain unscreened.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

High-throughput RNAi screening by time-lapse imaging of live human cells.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to study gene function in cultured cells. Transfected cell microarrays in principle allow high-throughput phenotypic analysis after gene knockdown by microscopy. But bottlenecks in imaging and data analysis have limited such high-content screens to endpoint assays in fixed cells and determination of global parameters such as viability. Here we have overcome these limitations and developed an automated platform for high-content RNAi screening by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of live HeLa cells expressing histone-GFP to report on chromosome segregation and structure. We automated all steps, including printing transfection-ready small interfering RNA (siRNA) microarrays, fluorescence imaging and computational phenotyping of digital images, in a high-throughput workflow. We validated this method in a pilot screen assaying cell division and delivered a sensitive, time-resolved phenoprint for each of the 49 endogenous genes we suppressed. This modular platform is scalable and makes the power of time-lapse microscopy available for genome-wide RNAi screens.

Automation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An on-line system for measurement of opacity pulse propagation times in atraumatic screening of patients for occlusive vascular disease.

Measurement of opacity pulse propagation times to internal and external carotid vascular beds of the face and to upper extremities on either side of the body is a useful atraumatic method of screening patients for extracranial cerebrovascular disease. We describe a system for rapid measurement and on-line presentation of pulse propagation times that improves upon factors of measurement accuracy and time required to perform the procedure that had previously limited the clinical application of the method. Pulse propagation measurements evaluating common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, and subclavian arteries can be carried out and results obtained in 10 to 15 minutes using this system. Correlations of data obtained with the system with results of four vessel angiography in patients are presented.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed1995

Perceived determinants of risk for breast cancer and the relations among objective risk, perceived risk, and screening behavior over time.

Interrelations among perceived risk for breast cancer, objective risk factors, and both breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography screening were examined across two waves of a longitudinal study of breast cancer screening. Participants were a community sample of 335 predominantly White middle-class women, aged 37 to 77, who had not had breast cancer. Factors believed by women to determine their self-rated risk level for breast cancer were investigated. Women held optimistic biases about their own breast cancer risk; they often erroneously attributed their relatively lower perceived risk to personal actions, including mammography screening. Compliance with mammography screening but not BSE recommendations increased over time. Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer was related to both family history and breast symptomatology; early mammography screening was positively related to perceived susceptibility later in time.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Estimate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer due to mammography after adjustment for lead time. A service screening study in Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Excess of incidence rates is the expected consequence of service screening. The aim of this paper is to estimate the quota attributable to overdiagnosis in the breast cancer screening programmes in Northern and Central Italy. METHODS: All patients with breast cancer diagnosed between 50 and 74 years who were resident in screening areas in the six years before and five years after the start of the screening programme were included. We calculated a corrected-for-lead-time number of observed cases for each calendar year. The number of observed incident cases was reduced by the number of screen-detected cases in that year and incremented by the estimated number of screen-detected cases that would have arisen clinically in that year. RESULTS: In total we included 13,519 and 13,999 breast cancer cases diagnosed in the pre-screening and screening years, respectively. In total, the excess ratio of observed to predicted in situ and invasive cases was 36.2%. After correction for lead time the excess ratio was 4.6% (95% confidence interval 2 to 7%) and for invasive cases only it was 3.2% (95% confidence interval 1 to 6%). CONCLUSION: The remaining excess of cancers after individual correction for lead time was lower than 5%.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The importance of locally derived reference ranges and standardized calculation of dilute Russell's viper venom time results in screening for lupus anticoagulant.

Three commercial dilute Russell's viper venom time (DRVVT) kits were evaluated at four UK centres experienced at performing lupus anticoagulant (LA) tests. Each centre established a normal reference range for the DRVVT ratio calculated against local pooled normal plasma from 20 healthy normal subjects. Plasma from LA-positive patients and LA-negative thrombophilia patients was also tested. DRVVT ratios and the degree of correction were assessed in a variety of ways to reflect not only the UK national Guidelines, but also the manufacturers' recommendations. The reference range data showed a normal distribution in each case, but considerable variation in the mean and SD between the centres and reagents, with the mean +2SD value ranging from 1.06 to 1.19. The use of an arbitrary DRVVT ratio of < 1.1 as the cut-off value for normality, which is applied in many laboratories, is therefore inappropriate. Although no single kit had a clear overall advantage in terms of sensitivity and specificity, the way in which the screen and confirmation data were analysed had a major impact on the interpretation of the results. A data analysis method employing a mean plus two standard deviations (SDs) cut-off for normality, and judgement regarding confirmation of LA based on a percentage correction of DRVVT ratio, was the simplest and most consistent, with overall sensitivity and specificity values of 81% and 94%, respectively, for uncomplicated LA-positive and LA-negative thrombophilia samples. We conclude that the 1991 BSCH Guidelines are in need of revision, each laboratory should establish its own normal reference range for the DRVVT ratio and a common method should be used for calculating the degree of correction with confirmation reagents, so that LA results can be correctly interpreted between laboratories. Standardizing DRVVT interpretation in this way should improve the consistency of LA detection.

Humans↗