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PubMed2000

The nursing education programme in Lithuania: voices of student nurses.

The nursing education programme in Lithuania has passed through many changes. The latest change has been carried out with support from Denmark. Ten female student nurses have been interviewed with the assistance of an interpreter. The purpose of this paper is to describe how student nurses perceived their preregistration training. The most outstanding feature of the nursing education programme in Lithuania was lack of adequate textbooks and students found this disadvantage caused a heavy workload. Students were spending the whole day in school, then studying during the evening. They were constantly tired. Although students were encouraged to be independent and to think actively during lectures, in reality this was difficult because of their workload. Students as a group were satisfied with their education, but they were doubtful about how to manage work as an independent nurse. Nowadays, many nurses in Lithuania view their work professionally and have taken over responsibility for some tasks that were carried out previously by physicians. Nurses trained previously may cause problems for newly graduated nurses because these nurses still work in a traditional manner. It will be impossible to evaluate the usefulness of the new nursing education programme in Lithuania until further investigations show how students qualify and manage their work as nurses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Developing culturally competent researchers.

BACKGROUND: Whilst we live in multicultural societies most health researchers tend to take the cultural perspective of the majority ethnic group at the expense of the perspective of minority ethnic groups. AIM: This paper discusses the need for the development of culturally competent health researchers in all areas of research and proposes a model for the achievement of this. DESIGN: A snapshot review of research textbooks used in nursing curricula was conducted to identify whether culturally competent research was being promoted. RESULTS: The review found that whilst a few textbooks touched on ethnicity, race and culture, none of them addressed the issue of cultural competence. Subsequently the authors adapted their existing model of culturally competent health care practice, and in this paper they propose it as a model for the development of culturally competent researchers. DISCUSSION: The model put forward by the authors consists of four concepts: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence. A culturally competent researcher is one who is able to apply the related skills and knowledge in project design, data collection, analysis, report writing and dissemination. Furthermore, the authors identify two layers of cultural competence, those of culture-generic (knowledge and skills that are applicable across ethnic groups) and culture-specific competence (knowledge and skills that relate to a particular ethnic group). The relationship between these two layers is a dynamic and spiralling process as illustrated by the model. CONCLUSION: Current health policy in many developed countries focuses on inequalities of health and managing diversity, including ethnicity. Thus the authors conclude that the development of culturally competent researchers will lead to both valid research and culturally competent practice by health care professionals.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Annie Altschul's legacy to 20th century British mental health nursing.

Being knowledgeable about, learning from and building upon one's history is the hallmark of an enlightened and progressive profession. This includes an appreciation of the work of those who contributed to moulding the profession into what it currently is. Mental health nursing has not distinguished itself by respect for its former leaders. In this paper, the life and times of one of the most outstanding mental health nurses of the century, Professor Annie Altschul, are recalled and examined. She sought constantly to establish what should be the essence of mental health nursing and what its role should be in the alleviation of human suffering. As an outsider herself, she identified strongly with those marginalized by society. Always a spokesperson for the centrality of nursing in patient care, she saw nurses as those best placed to provide holistic care to patients whilst other professionals specialized in their biomedical, social and financial needs. Long after her retirement, Altschul remains active in supervising and examining postgraduate nursing students. She is still a voice in the mental health debate, someone whose opinions are sought and valued.

Faculty, Nursing↗
PubMed2003

Evidence-based practice: to be or not to be, this is the question!

Evidence-based nursing is the current fashion. It is being touted as the mechanism to achieve best practice in the clinical setting. But while evidence-based practice (EBP) is being presented in the literature, discussed at nursing practice forums, and evidence-based centres of excellence have developed, there seems to be very little impact in the practice that nurses deliver on a daily basis. The case in point is the collection of vital signs. While not historically a nursing skill, over the last 60 years it has become an integral component of practice in the postoperative general surgical setting. The evidence to support these practices is scant. Policies and text purport traditional routine-regulated practice without substantive evidence to support their claims. These policies are being used to control rather than support EBP. In conjunction with the traditional practice of vital sign collection and the culture of the clinical settings, the policies are limiting opportunities for clinicians to make individual decisions about care delivery based on the unique needs of each patient. Rather than focusing on EBP as the solution to the development of best practice, is it not time to change the focus to real strategies that will assist in achieving best practice? These include the creation of rigorous relevant evidence, the valuing of clinical expertise and the changing of the cultures in which nurses develop and practice.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2002

A study of issues in administering library services to nursing studies students at Glasgow Caledonian University.

Glasgow Caledonian University has had a Scottish Office pre-registration nursing and midwifery contract since 1996. Nursing studies students seemed dissatisfied with the library service and there were frequent complaints. A major study was undertaken during 2000 consisting of: an initial lis-link enquiry, separate analysis of returns from nursing studies students of the Library's annual general satisfaction survey (conducted every February), separate analysis of returns from nursing studies students of the Library's opening hours planning survey, and four focus groups held in October 2000. These studies showed the concerns of nursing studies students to be similar to other students but more strongly felt. The four main issues were textbook availability, journal availability, opening hours and staff helpfulness. Working conditions, placement requirements, study requirements and domestic circumstances were all found to be important factors. IT skill levels tended to be low but there is a growing appreciation of the need for training in this area. Concluded that: Library's services to nursing studies students have become enmeshed with the problems of delivery and assessment of education for nurses. Greatly extended opening hours are essential including evening opening during vacations. The problem of access to textbooks is so severe that conventional solutions are not going to work. Programmes of core text digitization and the promotion of e-books are needed. Reciprocal access programmes with local hospital libraries is essential.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching theory at the master's level: report of a national survey of theory instructors.

A stratified, random sample of 100 nursing theory instructors from across the United States was surveyed to gather information on essential content and concepts, assignments, textbooks, and related information for the purpose of updating a nursing theory course. A total of 44 usable questionnaires were returned. Results showed that there is general consensus on content that is considered essential in theory courses. Additionally, theory instructors responded that grand nursing theories are overemphasized whereas more emphasis needs to be placed on middle-range and practice theories, as well as the research-practice-theory triad. It was concluded that it is time to revise nursing theory courses to make them more research and practice oriented, timely, and relevant.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strengthening end-of-life care through specialty nursing certification.

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of content related to end-of-life (EOL) care in materials used in the nursing certification process across clinical nursing specialties. Thirty-eight certification examination blueprints, 18 specialty nursing scope and standards of practice documents, and 28 specialty nursing core curriculum text books were analyzed by using descriptive statistics to determine the quantity and quality of content related to nine critical areas of EOL content contained in them. Fifteen (38 per cent) of the certification examination blueprints contained at least one of the critical EOL content areas. Eight (44 per cent) of the scope and standards of practice documents contained at least one sentence on EOL care. Seven (25 per cent) of the 28 textbooks contained at least one chapter dedicated to EOL care content, and 129.5 (0.8 per cent) of the 15,706 textbook pages reviewed were dedicated to EOL care content. Expert ratings regarding the overall accuracy, currency, and comprehensiveness of EOL content found in the textbooks were poor to good. An increased focus on EOL care in the nursing specialty certification process is warranted. The content of nursing specialty certification examinations has a direct influence on nursing education as well as a significant impact on nursing practice in clinical specialty areas.

Certification↗
PubMed1999

Psychological care in nursing education and practice: a search for definition and dimensions.

Despite a wealth of literature from the medical and nursing arenas pointing to the significance of psychological care in illness, there appears to be little consensus on definition, description and dimensions of the concept. A literature review and analysis of textbook content was conducted to explore the nature of the concepts of psychological need and care which might inform nurse educationalists in the preparation of appropriate teaching and learning programmes. Preliminary findings indicate that there is little consensus upon definition or description and, with the exception of information-giving, upon the dimensions or components of psychological care, despite the fact that student nurses are prepared to meet the same nationally prescribed learning outcomes by pursuing broadly the same guidelines for educational content. It is suggested that this has particular implications for nursing lecturers with a responsibility for teaching the philosophy and practice of holistic care.

Counseling↗
PubMed2025

Neurology pioneers in Japan.

The pioneers of neurology in Japan were professors Hiroshi Kawahara and Kinnosuke Miura. Kawahara published the first description of progressive bulbar palsy and wrote the first neurology textbook in Japan. Miura, on the other hand, published studies about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in addition to participating in the founding of the Japanese Society of Neurology. The influence of European neurology, particularly French and German, in the figures of Professor Jean-Martin Charcot and Professor Erwin Bälz, was fundamental in the consolidation of neurology in Japan.

Japan↗
PubMed2002

Scientific neurology and the history of the clinical examination of selected motor cranial nerves.

The content of the neurological examination of the motor cranial nerves is a reflection of the current understanding of the neuroanatomy and clinical neurophysiology of the brain stem. The history of the neuroanatomy of the cranial nerves extends from Galen's investigations c. 200 CE to the determination of the innervations of the facial nerve by Charles Bell in the early 19th century. Scientific clinical neurophysiology first appears in the work of John Hughlings Jackson in the mid- to late 19th century. The modern model of the organization and function of the nervous system results in a clinical examination that can be called neurological. The codification of the technique of the neurological examination of the cranial nerves mirrors the institutional and social history of neurology and is reflected in the changing role of neurology textbooks in the 19th and 20th centuries. The texts develop through stages of classification, pedagogy, reference, and institutionalization and illustrate the development of a specialized medical discipline.

Cranial Nerves↗
PubMed2005

[Psychological trauma in psychiatric textbooks published in german - the dominating view of psychiatrists between 1945 and 2002].

AIM: The study investigates the concepts of psychological trauma and their changes over time in psychiatric textbooks published in German between 1945 and 2002, assuming that textbooks reflect the established and dominating views of their time. METHOD: [corrected] In psychiatric textbooks, the terminology, concepts of illness, and recommendations for assessment and treatment concerning psychological trauma were analysed. RESULTS: The concept of psychological trauma that had existed since 1916 continued to dominate textbooks up until the 1960s. Findings on holocaust survivors entered textbooks not before the mid 1970s. Since the mid 1990s, the concept of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder has been widely established in textbooks. CONCLUSION: Changes of dominating views on this issue in textbooks appear to have been extremely slow and occurred with significant delays in the past. The change of the dominating view in the 1970s was linked to the establishment of a new generation of leading psychiatrists. Since the introduction of PTSD, psychiatric textbooks have given up a previously negative attitude towards patients suffering from psychological trauma.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗