SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Training”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men.

Hormonal and neuromuscular adaptations to strength training were studied in eight male strength athletes (SA) and eight non-strength athletes (NA). The experimental design comprised a 21-week strength-training period. Basal hormonal concentrations of serum total testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT) and cortisol (C) and maximal isometric strength, right leg 1 repetition maximum (RM) of the leg extensors were measured at weeks 0, 7, 14 and 21. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at weeks 0 and 21. In addition, the acute heavy resistance exercises (AHRE) (bilateral leg extension, five sets of ten RM, with a 2-min rest between sets) including blood samples for the determination of serum T, FT, C, and GH concentrations were assessed before and after the 21-week training. Significant increases of 20.9% in maximal force and of 5.6% in muscle CSA in NA during the 21-week strength training period were greater than those of 3.9% and -1.8% in SA, respectively. There were no significant changes in serum basal hormone concentrations during the 21-week experiment. AHRE led to significant acute decreases in isometric force and acute increases in serum hormones both at weeks 0 and 21. Basal T concentrations (mean of 0, 7, 14 and 21 weeks) and changes in isometric force after the 21-week period correlated with each other (r=0.84, P<0.01) in SA. The individual changes in the acute T responses between weeks 0 and 21 and the changes in muscle CSA during the 21-week training correlated with each other (r=0.76, P<0.05) in NA. The correlations between T and the changes in isometric strength and in muscle CSA suggest that both serum basal testosterone concentrations and training-induced changes in acute testosterone responses may be important factors for strength development and muscle hypertrophy.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Effects of spouse-assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study.

This study tested the separate and combined effects of spouse-assisted pain coping skills training (SA-CST) and exercise training (ET) in a sample of patients having persistent osteoarthritic knee pain. Seventy-two married osteoarthritis (OA) patients with persistent knee pain and their spouses were randomly assigned to: SA-CST alone, SA-CST plus ET, ET alone, or standard care (SC). Patients in SA-CST alone, together with their spouses, attended 12 weekly, 2-h group sessions for training in pain coping and couples skills. Patients in SA-CST + ET received spouse-assisted coping skills training and attended 12-weeks supervised ET. Patients in the ET alone condition received just an exercise program. Data analyses revealed: (1) physical fitness and strength: the SA-CST + ET and ET alone groups had significant improvements in physical fitness compared to SA-CST alone and patients in SA-CST + ET and ET alone had significant improvements in leg flexion and extension compared to SA-CST alone and SC, (2) pain coping: patients in SA-CST + ET and SA-CST alone groups had significant improvements in coping attempts compared to ET alone or SC and spouses in SA-CST + ET rated their partners as showing significant improvements in coping attempts compared to ET alone or SC, and (3) self-efficacy: patients in SA-CST + ET reported significant improvements in self-efficacy and their spouses rated them as showing significant improvements in self-efficacy compared to ET alone or SC. Patients receiving SA-CST + ET who showed increased self-efficacy were more likely to have improvements in psychological disability. An intervention that combines spouse-assisted coping skills training and exercise training can improve physical fitness, strength, pain coping, and self-efficacy in patients suffering from pain due to osteoarthritis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Insights into training and examination performance from the first UK National Public Health Training Audit.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate predictors of a supportive training relationship and examination success using data from the first UK Public Health Training Audit. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey of UK public health trainees, conducted in April 2003. METHODS: All UK public health trainees were sent a questionnaire including questions on training experience and examination performance. Possible predictive factors of a supportive trainer-trainee relationship and success at Part I and Part II of Membership of Faculty of Public Health examinations were first investigated in univariate analyses, and subsequently using logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety responses were received (62% response). Supportive trainers gave feedback [odds ratio (OR) = 11.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7-34.0, P<0.001], spent at least 1 h/week with their trainee (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.7-15.4, P = 0.003), held 3-monthly progress meetings (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.1, P = 0.006), and encouraged wide training experience (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.4, P = 0.016). Predictors of success in the Part I examination by the end of the second year of training were medical background (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-12.2, P = 0.004) and perceived adequacy of examination support (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-10.0, P = 0.001). Predictors of success in the Part II examination by the end of the fourth year of training were access to examiners (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.3-16.2) and wide experience (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.1-14.5). CONCLUSION: Trainees feel supported when provided with adequate trainer contact time, feedback and wide experience. Part I examination success appears to be more likely amongst trainees with a medical background and those given examination support. Part II success is related to the breadth of a trainee's experience and access to examiner support.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of Snoezelen room, Activities of Daily Living skills training, and Vocational skills training on aggression and self-injury by adults with mental retardation and mental illness.

Multi-sensory stimulation provided in a Snoezelen room is being used increasingly for individuals with mental retardation and mental illness to facilitate relaxation, provide enjoyment, and inhibit behavioral challenges. We observed aggressive and self-injurious behavior in three groups of 15 individuals with severe or profound mental retardation and mental illness before, during, and after being in a Snoezelen room. All participants were receiving psychotropic medication for their mental illness and function-derived behavioral interventions for aggression, self-injury, or both. Using a repeated measures counterbalanced design, each group of participants was rotated through three experimental conditions: Activities of Daily Living (ADL) skills training, Snoezelen, and Vocational skills training. All other treatment and training activities specified in each individual's person-centered plan were continued during the 10-week observational period. Both aggression and self-injury were lowest when the individuals were in a Snoezelen room, followed by Vocational skills training and ADL skills training. The levels in the Snoezelen room were significantly lower than in both the other conditions for aggression but only in ADL skills training for self-injury. The difference in levels before and after Snoezelen were statistically significant with self-injury but not with aggression. The order of conditions showed no significant effect on either behavior. Snoezelen may provide an effective context for reducing the occurrence of self-injury and aggression.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training.

A randomised controlled trial comparing staged teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with conventional training provided the additional opportunity to investigate skill acquisition and retention in those attending conventional CPR classes. All subjects were tested immediately after their first instruction period and again at 6-9 months at an unheralded home visit. We were able to assess how far performance was related to poor acquisition of skills and how far it was related to skill decay. Out of 262 subjects who were randomised to receive conventional CPR instruction, 166 were available for home testing at 6-9 months. An invitation to attend for re-training had been accepted by 39 of them. The remaining 127 who attended only a single class comprise the principal study group, with additional comparative observations on the smaller re-trained cohort. Important failings were observed in the acquisition of skills in all modalities tested after the initial instruction. These were particularly marked in skills related to ventilation. Immediately after a class, 68% of trainees performed an effective check of breathing, but only 33% opened the airway as taught and no more than 18% provided an ideal ventilation volume. The technique of chest compression was also less than ideal. Although 80% of subjects placed their hands in an acceptable position, compression to an adequate depth and an adequate rate of compression were achieved by 54 and 63%, respectively. Seventy-eight percent demonstrated a careful approach, and 46% remembered to call for help. A carotid pulse check was simulated by 61% of trainees. When tested 6-9 months later, skill deterioration from this baseline was observed in all modalities tested except for the ventilation volume. The skill decay was significant (P<0.05) for the careful approach, performing an effective breathing check, the carotid pulse check, placing the hands in an acceptable position for chest compression, and compressing at an optimal rate. The minority who attended for re-training showed a trend to protection against skill decay for seven of the ten variables, compared with those who had attended only one training session. This improvement was significant for only two of them, but all were relatively small with limited practical value. Many who attend conventional CPR classes fail to acquire the necessary skills, and the skills that are acquired decline appreciably over the subsequent 6-9 months. The value of conventional re-training was modest in this study of community volunteers.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Undergraduate training as preparation for vocational training in England: a survey of vocational dental practitioners' and their trainers' views.

AIMS: To compare the views of new vocational dental practitioners (VDPs) and their trainers regarding how undergraduate dental education has prepared them for their vocational training (VT) in England. This study also aims to identify areas of relative weakness in dental undergraduate education that could influence the future training needs of vocational trainees. METHOD: Structured postal questionnaires were completed by VDPs and trainers from five Deaneries in England. The usable response rate was 71% (n = 186 VDPs and 186 trainers). RESULTS: The vast majority of VDPs and trainers perceived the undergraduate training in history taking, diagnosis and treatment planning for general practice to have been covered 'well' or even 'very well'. Undergraduate training in routine restorative dentistry, oral pathology and paediatric dentistry was also perceived to have been covered well. However, a large proportion of VDPs and trainers reported that they felt that undergraduate training in orthodontics, molar endodontics, surgical endodontics and surgical extraction of teeth had not adequately prepared them for VT. CONCLUSIONS: Newly qualified dentists appear to lack certain competencies recommended by the General Dental Council in The First Five Years. This has implications for dental undergraduate education, but also highlights current training needs during VT.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1977

Adaptation of protein metabolism to endurance training. Increased amino acid oxidation in response to training.

This study was conducted to investigate alterations in excretion of urea and total nitrogen after6-8 weeks of daily exercise and to establish if the capacity for amino acid oxidation in muscle is influenced by endurance training. Urea nitrogen excretion was increased in trained compared with untrained rats and nitrogen balance was less positive in trained than in untrained rats. Increased [14C]leucine oxidation with training was observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate that amino acid catabolism is increased during exercise training and that the muscle enzymes involved in leucine oxidation adapt to endurance training in a manner similar to the enzymes of carbohydrate and fat catabolism.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Does prior training and staff occupation influence knowledge acquisition from an aggression management training program?

Aggression management training has become mandatory for mental health staff in New South Wales, Australia. This study explores the differential effects of knowledge acquisition following a 2-day intensive training program for 103 mental health staff comprising three groups: (i) nurses, (ii) allied and medical staff, and (iii) ancillary staff. All occupations had significant knowledge gains following training, although knowledge acquisition was less for staff with prior training than for those without. Results suggest previously trained staff would be better suited to shorter, more frequent, on ward skills-based refresher training.

Aggression↗

PubMed1998

Future developments in professional hypnosis training: a review and critique of available training with consideration for development of a nationally coordinated program.

This article seeks to review current training models of hypnosis within a framework of basic distinctions between 2 primary goals of professional training programs and 3 primary aspects of professional training models. We focus on a description and critique of available training programs in the context of progress which has been achieved in the teaching of professional hypnosis. Programs within and the United States, Australia, and the Netherlands are reviewed, along with efforts to implement an "Americanized" version of training which incorporates desirable aspects of these latter programs. Suggestions are also made for what might be gained from adoption of a nationally coordinated program of training in professional hypnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Learning during group dynamics training: the effects of silent versus traditional training formats.

According to practicing group psychotherapists, the two most valued components of training for group psychotherapy are: (1) the opportunity to conduct a therapy group under supervision, and (2) participation in experiential training (Dies 1974). It is no wonder, then, that a large spectrum of experiential training models has emerged (Lakin, Lieberman, and Whitaker 1969). What is learned from the various models relates to the milieu, the leader, and the group composition (Stone and Green 1978), and in part depends on the particular training format. In contrast to descriptions of training, however, is the relatively limited formal evaluation of the learning which occurs in these programs. This paper will focus on an evaluation of the learning which took place during the group dynamics component of group psychotherapy training. The effect on learning of variations in format in which the leader is either silent or explicates group processes was tested.

Group Processes↗

PubMed2004

Temporal aspects of the VO2 response at the power output associated with VO2peak in well trained cyclists--implications for interval training prescription.

The power output achieved at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the time this power can be maintained (i.e., Tmax) have been used in prescribing high-intensity interval training. In this context, the present study examined temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at the cycling power that output well trained cyclists achieve their VO2peak (i.e., Pmax). Following a progressive exercise test to determine VO2peak, 43 well trained male cyclists (M age = 25 years, SD = 6; M mass = 75 kg, SD = 7; M VO2peak = 64.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 5.2) performed two Tmax tests 1 week apart. Values expressed for each participant are means and standard deviations of these two tests. Participants achieved a mean VO2peak during the Tmax test after 176 s (SD = 40; M = 74% of Tmax, SD = 12) and maintained it for 66 s (SD = 39; M = 26% of Tmax, SD = 12). Additionally, they obtained mean 95% of VO2peak after 147 s (SD = 31; M = 62% of Tmax, SD = 8) and maintained it for 95 s (SD = 38; M = 38% of Tmax, SD = 8). These results suggest that 60-70% of Tmax is an appropriate exercise duration for a population of well trained cyclists to attain VO2peak during exercise at Pmax. However, due to intraparticipant variability in the temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at Pmax, future research is needed to examine whether individual high-intensity interval training programs for well trained endurance athletes might best be prescribed according to an athlete's individual VO2 response to exercise at Pmax.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effects of endurance training and resistance training on plasma lipoprotein profiles in elderly women.

It has been shown that high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are associated with health maintenance in older women, but the few studies that have examined the relationship between exercise and plasma lipoprotein levels in this elderly population have been equivocal. In addition, there are no studies that examine the plasma lipoprotein response of two different types of exercise in a group of active but nonexercising women. Thus, the effects of exercise training on plasma lipoprotein levels in elderly women remain unclear. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of endurance and resistance exercise on plasma lipoprotein levels in elderly women who were active but nonexercising prior to the study. A total of 45 healthy, active women, aged 70-87 years, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic training (AT, 76 +/- 5 years, n = 15), resistance training (RT, 73 +/- 3 years, n = 15), or control (C, 74 +/- 5 years, n = 15) group. The AT group walked 3 days a week at 70% heart rate reserve. The duration on day 1 was 20 minutes, and it was increased by 5 minutes each day until subjects were walking for 50 minutes (week 3). The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of one to three sets of eight repetitions of eight different exercises at an eight repetition maximum; the C group maintained normal activity. Weight and diet were unchanged across groups. The exercise interventions lasted 10 weeks. Blood samples were obtained from all subjects at week 0 and week 11. Training resulted in a significant decrease in 1-mile walk times and heart rate at completion of the walk for the AT group and a significant increase in eight repetition maximum of all RT exercises. Both AT and RT groups experienced increased HDL cholesterol and decreased triglycerides at week 11 compared with week 0. There were no positive changes in control lipoproteins. Both triglycerides and the total cholesterol to HDL ratio increased significantly while total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol remained unchanged. The RT group also had significantly lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol compared with controls at week 11. Both RT and endurance training resulted in favorable changes to plasma lipoprotein levels for elderly women in only 10 weeks. The fact that this occurred without concurrent changes in weight or diet is an indication that high-intensity exercise alone can be used to modify lipoproteins in populations of healthy elderly women.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Prior training and recommendations for future training of clinical research faculty members.

A survey was conducted of the first authors of half of the research papers published in 18 leading peer-reviewed medical journals over a six-month period in 1986. The first authors of every other article (that is, alternate articles) published during this period were sent a questionnaire that assessed their previous research training and their recommendations for training of clinical research faculty members. Of the 772 physicians sent the questionnaire, 482 responded. Of these, 57% had had some research training in medical school, 52% had received such training during residency, and 87% had received it during their fellowships. Fifty-six percent had taken a formal statistics course, 31.4% had taken some computer training, and 87% had received research supervision in a nonstructured format (that is, no formal course work). Introductory biostatistics was the only formal course in any of the seven subject areas listed in the questionnaire that more than one-third of the respondents had taken, yet at least two-thirds recommended that researchers take formal courses in all of the seven areas listed. The investigators recommend for medical students and postgraduate trainees a graduated experience of research training and exposure that includes formal courses.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Pelvic examination instruction and experience: a comparison of laywoman-trained and physician-trained students.

PURPOSE: To evaluate medical student performances of pelvic examinations after completion of the obstetrics-gynecology (ob-gyn) clinical clerkship in order to compare the effectiveness of training by laywomen serving as both teachers and patients with the effectiveness of training by an attending physician as teacher, with a lay-woman serving only as the patient. The study also examined whether students were given additional training and opportunities for practice during their clinical clerkships in other disciplines. METHOD: Following completion of their ob-gyn clerk-ships in 1993 and 1994, a total of 81 students at two North Carolina medical schools answered a questionnaire eliciting demographic information, pelvic examination experience, and the content of the training they had received. The students then performed a pelvic examination on a standardized patient (SP). Their performances were evaluated by the SP using a 35-item scale, subdivided into technical and interpersonal skills. The data were analyzed by two-tailed t-tests, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests. RESULTS: The laywoman-trained students demonstrated better interpersonal skills than did the physician-trained students (p = .01). No significant difference was found in technical skills. Nearly one-fourth of the students reported that communication skills had not been taught during their ob-gyn clerkships. The students reported performing pelvic examinations often on their ob-gyn rotation but infrequently on other rotations. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend that teaching by laywomen be incorporated into the teaching of pelvic examinations and other aspects of a women's health curriculum. Interpersonal skills taught by laywomen in preclinical courses on pelvic examination may have a lasting effect that can be demonstrated after exposure to clinical clerkships. Clinical clerkships should then reinforce these skills.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Are pediatric emergency medicine training programs meeting their goals and objectives? A self-assessment of individuals completing fellowship training in 1993.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall training experience of those individuals completing fellowships in pediatric emergency medicine. Specific attention was given to the technical skills portion of training as set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics Curriculum Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. We surveyed those individuals completing their second year of fellowship training in pediatric emergency medicine. The questionnaire incorporated a self-assessment of the technical skills portion of the Subcommittee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine's most recent curriculum statement. It also contained several questions designed to evaluate the overall training experience. Eighty percent of respondents completing the self-assessment questionnaire rated their overall experience as favorable, whereas those who rated it unfavorable stressed a lack of training in research and teaching. Ninety-two percent of respondents felt they had a good clinical experience, but 80% expressed a need for further training in administration, 74% in research, and 46% in teaching. Although the majority claimed to be comfortable with most technical skills, several skills, including lifesaving procedures such as external pacing, peritoneal lavage, pericardiocentesis, shunt tap, airway foreign body removal, and needle cricothyrotomy, posed a significant degree of discomfort.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2003

Exercise training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: impact on left ventricular performance and cardiac size. A retrospective analysis of the Leipzig Heart Failure Training Trial.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training (ET) has been shown to improve functional work capacity in patients with stable chronic heart failure (CHF) having moderate symptoms (NYHA class II). This analysis was conducted, to evaluate the effects of ET on left ventricular function and haemodynamics in patients with advanced CHF (NYHA class III) fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the COPERNICUS trial. METHODS: Seventy-three patients with moderate and advanced CHF were prospectively randomised to a training (n=36), or to a control group (n=37). At baseline and after six months, patients underwent echocardiography and symptom-limited ergospirometry with measurement of central haemodynamics by thermodilution. RESULTS: Nine out of 37 patients in the control group (C) and 10 out of 36 patients in the training group (T) had symptoms of advanced CHF. Exercise training over a period of six months resulted in an improvement of functional status on average by one NYHA class in patients with advanced CHF. Moreover, oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold increased by 49% (from 7.7+/-1.0 to 11.4+/-0.4 mL/min/kg, P<0.01 versus baseline) and at peak exercise by 32% (from 16.3+/-1.6 to 21.5+/-1.2 mL/min/kg, P<0.01 versus baseline) in training patients. The small, but significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter by 7% (from 70+/-2 to 66+/-2 mm; P<0.05 versus baseline) was accompanied by an augmentation in stroke volume at rest by 32% (from 45+/-3 to 60+/-6 mL, P<0.05 versus baseline) and at peak exercise by 27% (63+/-9 to 81+/-9 mL, P<0.05 versus baseline) as a result of ET in patients with advanced CHF. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced CHF (NYHA class III), long-term exercise training is associated with an enhanced physical work capacity, an improvement in stroke volume and a reduction in cardiomegaly.

Cardiomegaly↗

PubMed2006

Chronic tension-type headache treated with acupuncture, physical training and relaxation training. Between-group differences.

The aim of this study was to compare acupuncture, relaxation training and physical training in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). The study comprised 90 consecutive patients with CTTH who were randomly allocated to acupuncture, relaxation training or physical training. Headache intensity, headache-free days and headache-free periods were registered using a visual analogue scale and a headache diary. The measurements were made 4 weeks before, immediately after, and 3 and 6 months after the treatment period. Immediately after the last treatment, the number of headache-free periods and of headache-free days was higher in the relaxation group compared with the acupuncture group. There were no other significant differences between the groups at any time point. The clinical implications of our findings are that relaxation training induced the most pronounced effects directly after the treatment period, compared with acupuncture and physical training.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed2002

Efficacy of training and fidelity of implementation of the life skills training program.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a model for diffusing the Life Skills Training (LST) Program into middle schools, examined implementation fidelity, and explored factors associated with involvement in training and program implementation. A convenience sample of master trainers (n = 44) and teachers (n = 45) from 16 Kentucky counties participated. Teachers were observed for content and process fidelity, and trainers and teachers completed questionnaires to assess factors related to training and program implementation. More than one-fourth (27%) of master trainers conducted training sessions, and 60% of teachers taught the curriculum. While implementation fidelity was relatively high, teachers were less likely to use the more innovative elements of the program. Trainers and teachers who conducted training and/or taught the LST Program were more enthusiastic toward the program than those who did nothing beyond being trained.

Adolescent↗