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PubMed1997

Estimating progression of visual field loss in glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The authors estimated the prevalence and rates of progressive visual field loss in glaucoma patients followed annually for a median of 6.3 years. METHODS: Linear regression was used to estimate rates of progression of mean deviation, corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD), clusters of locations based on the Glaucoma Hemifield Test (GHT), and location specific changes in C-30-2 fields of the Humphrey Analyzer. RESULTS: Sixty-seven eyes of 56 patients whose first two consecutive fields were abnormal on GHT were included. Almost all patients were under treatment or had undergone surgery for glaucoma. Visual field deteriorated in 19 (28%) eyes based on worsening of one or more CPSD, GHT clusters, or individual test locations (regression slopes significantly different from zero). Corrected pattern standard deviation deteriorated in 5 eyes, at least one GHT cluster deteriorated in 17 eyes, and one or more individual test locations deteriorated in 15 eyes. For those whose visual field deteriorated, CPSD increased by 0.9 dB/year. Glaucoma Hemifield Test clusters declined by between 1.4 and 2.4 dB/year. Deterioration at individual locations ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 dB/year. Age, but not baseline visual field severity, was predictive of further visual field loss. The odds ratio for the association between progressive visual field loss and thinning of the nerve fiber layer was 1.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.52, 6.33), and 3.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.80, 18.16) for the association between progressive visual field loss and optic disc changes during follow-up based on masked photograph readings. CONCLUSIONS: Less than one in three eyes of patients with glaucoma had any progressive field loss. Average changes in threshold sensitivities of less than 1 dB/year could not be detected with seven fields done over 6 years. Larger changes or increased frequency of visual field testing would need to occur before smaller changes could be detected statistically.

Disease Progression↗

PubMed2006

Use of multifocal visual evoked potential tests in the objective evaluation of the visual field in pediatric epilepsy surgery.

OBJECT: To evaluate objectively the visual fields of patients with pediatric epilepsy who are uncooperative with perimetry and in whom postoperative visual field deficits are expected, the authors investigated the usefulness of the multifocal visual evoked potential (VEP) method. METHODS: Normal waves in multifocal VEP were determined in 21 healthy children (21 eyes) 6 to 15 years of age (mean 11.4 years). Responses from eight sites in each child were divided into four quadrants (superior and inferior temporal and superior and inferior nasal). In each quadrant, two response waves were grouped and averaged. The peak latency and amplitude at approximately 100 msec were used for assessment. In three cases involving patients with epilepsy, multifocal VEP measurements were also recorded and compared with the peak latency and amplitude in the healthy children. In these children, no significant differences were observed in the peak latency of amplitude among four quadrants using one-way analysis of variance. In each patient, multifocal VEP tests showed abnormal waves in the quadrant corresponding to the lesion demonstrated in neuroradiological images. This result was useful in the treatment of choice and the postoperative evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal VEP tests can be useful in evaluating the visual field of children objectively. They can also be valuable in assessing preoperative visual field defects and revealing changes in the visual field after treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

[Visual field defects in hydrocephalus].

Eight patients representing visual field defects associated with hydrocephalus are reviewed. Seven cases had aqueductal stenosis and one had congenital communicating hydrocephalus. We found five cases of defects in visual field typical of a chiasmal or optic nerve lesion: (1) inferior altitudinal hemianopia with inferior nasal quadrantanopia in the opposite eye; (2) inferior binasal quadrantanopia; (3) unilateral inferior nasal depression; (4) unilateral temporal defect; (5) bilateral central scotoma. In these cases CT demonstrated moderate or marked symmetrical dilatation of the third and lateral ventricles. Four out of five cases showed bulging of the third ventricle anteriorly into the sella turcica on CT or ventriculography. Other three patients had incongruous homonymous hemianopia. Characteristic asymmetrical dilatation of the lateral ventricles was noted in all three cases. The more enlarged lateral ventricles were ipsilateral with the affected visual pathways. The sites of lesion responsible for these field defects seemed to be optic tract in one case and optic radiation in two cases. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed in five out of seven cases. Impaired visual field improved in three patients after shunt insertion. A 28-year-old female who had history of blurred vision fos 14 days showed improvement in visual acuity and field when the enlarged ventricles became slit-like by shunting. In the other two patients defects in visual fields improved in spite of consistent ventriculomegaly. These facts suggested that not only the mechanical forces with distended third ventricle but also increased intracranial pressure played an important role in producing visual field defects in hydrocephalic patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The influence of stimulus size on measured visual field extent in infants.

PURPOSE: To compare measured visual field extent for a 6 degrees stimulus (typical size used in studies of infants) with a 1.5 degrees stimulus (similar to the largest size used in Goldmann perimetry) in young infants. METHODS: A total of 120 infants (60 each at 3.5 months and 7 months of age) and 24 adults were tested monocularly with a kinetic perimetry procedure using a black double-arc perimeter. Each subject was tested with either a 6 degrees or 1.5 degrees white sphere, which was mounted on a black wand and moved smoothly toward the intersection of the perimeter arms at 3.4 degrees /s. Visual field extent along each perimeter arm was defined as the median of 2 to 3 measurements of the position of the leading edge of the stimulus when the subject made an eye movement toward the stimulus. RESULTS: The 6 degrees stimulus produced larger measured visual field extent than the 1.5 degrees stimulus in 3.5-month olds (temporal field only) and in 7-month olds (nasal and temporal field), but not in adults. CONCLUSIONS: Using the testing conditions of the present study, increasing stimulus size beyond the largest used in a Goldmann perimeter (approximately 2 degrees) increases measured visual field extent in young infants, but not in adults. This may relate to differences in peripheral summation areas or to differences in attentional factors between infants and adults.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Concentric contraction of the visual field in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and its association with the use of vigabatrin medication.

PURPOSE: To describe concentric visual field loss found in the presurgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and relate the findings to potential causative factors. METHODS: A series of 157 consecutive patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, who had been selected for neurosurgical treatment, was examined in a study set up as a prospective investigation of their visual fields, to document the loss of visual field resulting from surgery. Pre-as well as postoperative visual field examinations were performed following a standard protocol using static and kinetic perimetry. As a number of patients appeared to have an unexplained concentric visual field contraction in the presurgical examination, a relation with potentially causative factors was analyzed in a cross-sectional study of all these patients. Correlations were sought with duration and severity of the seizure disorder, underlying pathology as indicated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and demonstrated by pathology, any type of antiepileptic drug (AED) ever prescribed, and gender. RESULTS: In this cross-sectional analysis of 157 consecutive patients who were candidates for surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy, absolute concentric contraction of the visual field of 10 to 30 degrees was found in the presurgical examination in 20 (17%) of 118 patients who had ever used vigabatrin (VGB) and in none of 39 who had not had this medication. This difference was significant (p = 0.004). In addition, men [15 (21%) of 72] were significantly more often affected (p = 0.007) than women [five (6%) of 85]. The degree of visual field loss, as indicated by the Esterman grid, showed a positive correlation with the duration of VGB medication. There was no correlation of visual field contraction with a history of meningitis as potential cause of the epilepsy, duration of the epilepsy, status epilepticus in the medical history, or histologic abnormality of the brain tissue removed. Ophthalmologic examination of the patients with concentric contraction revealed no abnormalities. None of the patients with concentric contraction complained spontaneously of their visual field loss. CONCLUSIONS: VGB medication is a causative factor in concentric visual field loss. Visual field examination of patients using VGB should be seriously considered.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed2000

Asymmetrical visual fields distribution of attention in dyslexic children: a neuropsychological study.

Visual spatial attention was evaluated in dyslexic and normally reading children by using a flanker task. When an irrelevant distractor is presented adjacent to a target stimulus, interference is observed when the two stimuli are associated with conflicting responses. In the present study the distractor flanked the target either to the right or to the left. Results showed an asymmetric flanker effect in dyslexics, whereas it was symmetrical in normal readers. Dyslexics exhibited a reduced flanker effect in the left visual field, concomitant with a strong flanker effect in the right visual field. These results give further support to the hypothesized left-side minineglect in dyslexics. Data also provide evidence for a reduced ability in suppressing distracting information in the right visual field. Such visual field asymmetry is thought to play a crucial role in reading disorders. Right over-distractibility and left inattention suggest an impairment of the right parietal functions as supported by the magnocellular theory of dyslexia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Asymmetry of the human visual field in magnetic response to apparent motion.

Predominance of the lower visual field has been shown in various visual tasks, but whether the upper visual field is involved in a specific neural process is unknown. We used magnetoencephalography to study the effect of orientation and direction on the responses of five subjects to apparent motion from the human extrastriate cortex. The first magnetic response always was the largest, and the peak latency of about 200 ms did not change with the stimulus conditions. Amplitudes of the first responses were highest when motions were oriented at the horizontal meridian, decreasing with the degree of the angle between motion orientation and the horizontal meridian. There was no difference in amplitude between the two directions in the lower visual field, whereas the value of the response to downward motion in the upper visual field was significantly larger than that to upward motion. These amplitude changes are not due to differences in the anatomical distribution of neural activities because the estimated origins for the first responses always were in the same cortical area (around the occipito-parieto-temporal region) and the directions of the current vectors did not change with the stimulus conditions, and the estimated current strength changed with the stimulus conditions as did the response amplitude. These findings suggest that the human extrastriate cortex has a directional preference for downward versus upward motion in the upper visual field.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma patients with asymmetric hemifield visual field loss.

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and determine the relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field sensitivity loss in glaucoma patients with asymmetric hemifield visual field loss. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty glaucoma patients with asymmetric hemifield visual field loss and 30 normal control subjects were included in the study. RNFL thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography and visual field sensitivity was measured by automated perimetry. Glaucoma patients with advanced visual field loss restricted to 1 hemifield and early or absent glaucomatous field loss in the other hemifield on the basis of the visual field data were included. Visual field sensitivity and mean deviation (MD) were averaged separately in each of the 2 hemifields. The hemifields in each eye were categorized as early (MD>or=-6 dB) and advanced (MD<-6 dB) glaucomatous hemifields. RESULTS: RNFL thickness measurements in corresponding (eg, superior peripapillary quadrant with inferior hemifield) advanced glaucomatous hemifields (59+/-16 microm) were significantly (P<0.001) lower than in corresponding early glaucomatous hemifields (90+/-25 microm). The mean RNFL thickness in corresponding advanced and early glaucomatous hemifields were significantly lower than in normal control subjects (P<0.0001). On the basis of the normative database supplied by optical coherence tomography software, 100% and 43% of eyes had abnormal RNFL thickness in corresponding advanced and early glaucomatous hemifields, respectively. A linear correlation was found between RNFL thickness and MD in the early (r=0.6; P<0.001) and advanced (r=0.5; P=0.007) glaucomatous hemifields. CONCLUSIONS: RNFL thinning was present in corresponding hemifields of glaucomatous eyes with minimal visual field defect and correlated with visual field sensitivity loss. Measurement of RNFL thickness has potential for detection of early nerve fiber loss owing to glaucoma.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, and Humphrey visual field testing in patients with glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite their normal or near-normal Snellen visual acuity, patients with glaucoma often complain of "poor" vision. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between large-letter contrast sensitivity, high-contrast visual acuity, and visual field defects in patients with glaucoma who have 20/40 or better visual acuity. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional case series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 250 eyes of 144 subjects from the Glaucoma Service at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. Subjects with a diagnosis of glaucoma, suspected glaucoma, or ocular hypertension who met the 20/40 or better vision requirement were recruited. Visual acuity was measured using the rear-illuminated Lighthouse Visual Acuity Chart at 4 m. Contrast sensitivity was measured using the Pelli-Robson Chart in a front-illuminated box with even luminance across the chart. Visual fields of the patients were measured using the 24-2 full-threshold program on the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. RESULTS: A significant correlation (r = 0.57, P < 0.001, n = 127) was found between the visual field mean deviations and the contrast sensitivity scores. The correlation (r = -0.322, P < 0.001, n = 127) was less between the visual field mean deviation and the log MAR visual acuity values, as was the correlation between the contrast sensitivity scores and log MAR visual acuity values (r = -0.370, P < 0.001, n = 127). In the subgroup of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma, the correlation between the mean visual field deviation and the contrast sensitivity score was higher at 0.689 (P < or = 0.001, n = 62). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced contrast sensitivity is significantly correlated with visual field losses in patients with glaucoma and a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The study data support the conclusion that, compared with visual acuity, the disease process preferentially affects contrast sensitivity. In our previous work, contrast sensitivity was shown to be more related than visual acuity to real-world function in patients with early glaucomatous changes.

Contrast Sensitivity↗

PubMed2005

Neural underpinning of postural responses to visual field motion.

Numerous results emerging from current research strongly implicate the effect of Visual Field Motion on the organization of postural responses. However, this is the first empirical study exploring the neural substrates underlying the subjects' response to Visual Field Motion. Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the subject responses to Visual Field Motion. In the first experiment, the standing subjects were exposed to Visual Field Motion in the VR environment. In the second experiment, the recumbent subjects viewed the same Visual Field Motion while in a MRI scanner. A virtual reality (VR) prototype of the moving room paradigm [Lee, D.N., Aronson, E., 1974. Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception & Psychophysics 15, 529-532] was developed to simulate various optic flow patterns in a controlled VR environment. Postural responses (center of pressure, body kinematics, vection, egomotion) and brain activation patterns (fMRI signals) were examined. The subjects experienced egomotion and have reported vection in both experiments only when certain attributes of Visual Field Motion were introduced. This was accompanied by significant activation of specific brain structures, including prefrontal, parietal cortices and bilateral cerebellum. We propose the existence of functional interactions between modality specific areas of the brain involved in postural responses to Visual Field Motion (VFM).

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of bifemelane hydrochloride in improving and maintaining the visual field of patients with glaucoma.

We investigated the change of visual fields in 40 patients with primary or secondary glaucoma. No limitations were placed on the type of angular glaucoma (ie, open or closed). The intraocular pressure of the patients had been controlled at < 20 mm Hg for 2 years before the study, and patients with normal-tension glaucoma also were included. We evaluated the effect of 48 months of treatment with bifemelane hydrochloride, 150 mg/d in three divided doses, on 20 patients with glaucoma. The control group included 20 glaucoma patients whose intraocular pressure had been controlled at < 20 mm Hg for 2 years before the study by the instillation or oral administration of an intraocular hypotensive agent. They had not received any oral agent, such as a cerebral circulation metabolism activator. Results showed that the visual field was improved in 14 (70%) of 20 patients who received bifemelane hydrochloride, whereas the visual field was improved in 4 (20%) of 20 patients in the control group. More patients in the bifemelane hydrochloride group had improved visual fields than in the control group; differences between groups were significant. In addition, an evaluation of the visual field with the use of the Kosaki and Inoue classification showed improvement in all patients in stages IIa to V. We conclude that this drug is useful for maintaining and improving the disturbed visual field of patients in whom the intraocular pressure can be maintained at < 20 mm Hg and in patients who can tolerate 150 mg/d in three separate doses.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Restoration of vision II: residual functions and training-induced visual field enlargement in brain-damaged patients.

PURPOSE: Brain damage is often accompanied by visual field defects which have been considered to be non-treatable. In recent years, however, new diagnostic methods have revealed hitherto unknown residual vision, which was found, for instance, in transition zones near the blind visual field sectors and in spared islands of vision within the blind regions ("blindsight"). Furthermore, animal studies revealed a high degree of plasticity in the visual system suggesting the possibility that recovery of vision may be induced by systematic visual training. METHODS: Here we summarize a series of studies with patients suffering from visual field defects after brain lesion using some most recently developed computer-based programs for the diagnosis and treatment of visual field defects. Specifically, high-resolution perimetry (HRP) was applied to first diagnose residual function in or near the "blind" sector of the visual field. Thereafter, visual restitution training (VRT, see Kasten et al., Nature med. 4, 1998, p. 1083) was used daily for 6 months to provide systematic stimulation of these areas of residual vision. RESULTS: In a number of studies, we have observed not only residual visual functions within or near the field defect, but we were also able to follow the course of spontaneous recovery of visual functions within weeks or months after visual system damage. Furthermore, even long after spontaneous recovery is complete, computer-based visual restitution training (VRT) in or near the areas of residual vision results in a significant enlargement of intact areas, both after optic nerve damage and postchiasmatic lesions. Using VRT, we found a border shift of about 5 degrees of visual angle which cannot be explained by eye movements or eccentric fixation. We observed a transfer of this training effects to other tasks such as form and color detection, as well as to tests of visual exploration which were not specifically trained. Moreover, 72 % of the patients reported subjective improvements of vision. Training-induced visual field enlargement persisted for at least one year, even in the absence of training beyond 6 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The visual system possesses a remarkable plasticity which becomes apparent in visual field enlargement during spontaneous recovery and specific visual training. Animal studies indicate that a minimum number of residual neurons surviving the lesion, in the order of 10%, provides a sufficient substrate for recovery of vision. Though the precise mechanisms of training-induced visual field enlargement need to be further explored, VRT can be introduced for routine clinical treatment of patients with visual field defects.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities as predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss.

PURPOSE: To determine whether frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry results predict glaucomatous visual field defects, as assessed by standard automated perimetry (SAP), in a glaucoma suspect population. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. METHODS: The study included 105 eyes of 105 glaucoma suspect patients, with a mean follow-up time of 41 +/- 17 months. Glaucoma suspects had either intraocular pressure (IOP) higher than or equal to 23 mm Hg or glaucomatous optic neuropathy by stereophotograph assessment. All patients had normal SAP visual fields at baseline. A baseline FDT test was performed within 3 months of the normal SAP examination. Several baseline FDT parameters and other variables (age, gender, IOP, central corneal thickness, SAP visual field indices, and stereophotograph assessment) were investigated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to obtain hazard ratios (HR) and identify factors that predicted which patients had SAP glaucomatous visual field loss during follow-up. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (16%) developed repeatable SAP visual field abnormality during follow-up. An abnormal FDT examination at baseline predicted the development of SAP visual field conversion in both univariate (HR = 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-8.25; P =.018) and multivariate models (Adjusted HR = 3.68; 95% CI = 1.06-12.8; P =.04). The analysis of FDT examinations during follow-up revealed that in 59% of converters the FDT abnormalities preceded SAP visual field loss by as much as 4 years. Also, the initial development of glaucomatous visual field loss as measured by SAP occurred in regions that had previously demonstrated abnormalities on FDT testing. CONCLUSION: Functional abnormalities detected by FDT perimetry were predictive of the future onset and location of SAP visual field loss among glaucoma suspect patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Superior quadrant visual field loss secondary to temporoparietal craniectomy for brain abscess.

BACKGROUND: Visual field defects occur from a variety of causes. As a result, the differential diagnosis of visual field defects and their etiology is important. METHODS: A 64-year old white male was examined in follow up related to the surgical removal of a right temporal lobe abscess secondary to a childhood right side mastoidectomy. The patient underwent ophthalmic examination, which suggested possible changes in his field of vision, and neurobehavioral evaluation related to his visual field defect, a left homonymous superior quadrant defect. RESULTS: Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head without contrast enhancement confirmed the ophthalmic diagnosis and correlated with the patient's medical history. However, neurobehavioral evaluation revealed a number of deficits that were believed to be associated with alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Visual field loss with changing vision symptoms and a complex history can confound the differential diagnosis of visual field defects. Frequently careful and complete evaluation can confirm and reveal subsequent diagnoses.

Brain Abscess↗

PubMed1991

Attentional factors in visual field asymmetries.

Over the past 30 years, numerous studies have reported left/right asymmetries in visual field performance, with performance generally superior in the right visual field for verbal tasks and in the left visual field for spatial tasks. These asymmetries parallel those found in neurological studies of hemispheric specialization. Consequently, many investigators have concluded that visual hemifield differences are primarily a reflection of the functional differences between the two cerebral hemispheres. However, alternative explanations proposing that visual field effects are dependent on other factors such as inadequate fixation, eye movements during presentation, postexposural scanning, and attentional biases have been offered. The potential impact of each of these factors on visual field differences are reviewed and discussed. Evidence is provided suggesting that attention and hemispheric functional differences interact to produce the magnitude and direction of visual field differences.

Attention↗

PubMed2003

[Scoring method evaluation for threshold visual field defect in glaucoma].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the validity and reliability of visual field defect scoring method in glaucoma. METHODS: The visual field defects of 91 glaucoma cases (91 eyes) were scored with the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) modified scoring method, and analyzed the relation and correlation between the score and cup/disk ratio, mean defect (MD) and loss variance (LV). RESULTS: The larger the score was, the larger the cup/disk ratio, MD and LV were. The significant positive correlation was found between the score and the cup/disk ratio (r = 0.8712), and the correlation coefficient was larger than that of between the MD, LV and cup/disk ratio. CONCLUSION: The visual field defect score could more accurately reflect the situation of glaucomatous optic nerve damage than visual field indices, and could quantify the visual field damage extent in glaucoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Visual field defects and pituitary enlargement in primary hypothyroidism.

In 14 patients with overt primary hypothyroidism, we examined visual fields by Goldmann's isopter perimetry. An unexpectedly high incidence (10 patients, 71.4%) of visual field defects was found. Two patients complained of visual failure, whereas 12 had no subjective symptoms. The extent of visual field change varied over a wide range, from early chiasmal compression to apparent bitemporal hemianopsia. The abnormality was characteristically restriction in the central visual field; peripheral vision was less often affected. The sella turcica was significantly enlarged in these patients as compared to controls. The volume of the sella turcica correlated significantly with both basal serum TSH and total pituitary reserve of TSH (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). There was no correlation between the extent of visual field change and the volume of the sella turcica or pituitary TSH reserve. Of 10 patients with visual field defects, 8 improved during 1-4 months of T4 replacement. In 2 patients, however, the visual field defect deteriorated during replacement. The deterioration occurred when serum TSH levels had decreased to about 50% and 20% of pretreatment values, respectively. The peak serum TSH after TRH stimulation was higher at the time of deterioration than before treatment. Visual fields became normal during treatment with an increased dose of T4 (200 micrograms/day), when serum TSH was suppressed to an undetectable level. The paradoxical course of visual failure during T4 replacement may be due to an imbalance between TSH synthesis in the pituitary and TSH release which may induce an increase in pituitary size. The data suggest that visual field defects and their deterioration are due to pituitary hyperplasia and are reversible with T4 replacement. In order to rule out a pituitary tumor, hypothyroid patients with visual failure should be followed during T4 replacement therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Visual field defects in diabetic children without retinopathy. Relation between visual function and microalbuminuria.

The effects of diabetes on retinal function before the onset of clinically detectable retinopathy have been investigated with several methods. Our aim is to evaluate the usefulness of computerized perimetry in early diagnosis of retinal sensitivity impairment in lack of fluorescein angiographic signs of diabetic retinopathy. Seventy diabetic children and adolescents, 39 normoalbuminuric and 31 microalbuminuric patients, and 70 normal subjects were investigated with static computerized perimetry. Normoalbuminuric patients showed functional parameters similar to those of controls, while microalbuminuric patients had a significant reduction of mid-peripheral light sensitivity in comparison with both normoalbuminuric children and controls. Our data suggest that an impaired light sensitivity, in mid-periphery of the visual field, is present in diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria.

Adolescent↗