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PubMed1987

Comparison of washed blood and oxygenator whole blood as vehicles for sanguinous multidose cardioplegia.

The effects of washed blood or oxygenator-traumatized whole blood as vehicles for sanguinous cardioplegia were studied utilizing the isolated blood-perfused dog heart preparation. Hearts were subjected to 2 hr of potassium-induced arrest at 27 degrees C followed by 90 min of normothermic reperfusion. Washed blood cardioplegia (n = 7) contained blood washed thrice with saline while oxygenator blood cardioplegia (n = 6) contained whole blood which had been exposed to an extracorporeal circuit for 30 to 45 min. Cardioplegic solutions were administered at a perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg every 15 min during arrest. While the arrest-reperfusion sequence caused minor variations in the mechanical, metabolic, and biochemical parameters tested, generally insignificant differences were found to exist between groups. Differences in coronary washout PCO2 appeared to be due to inherent differences between the two cardioplegic solutions. Thus, while washing blood may be thought to be beneficial and whole blood from the extracorporeal circuit may be theorized to have a deleterious effect on the myocardium, excellent recovery of mechanical function was observed with both cardioplegic solutions. The present study suggests that it is unnecessary to wash the sanguinous cardioplegic solution obtained from the cardiopulmonary circuit.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1989

Alveolar liquid pressures in nonedematous and kerosene-washed rabbit lung by micropuncture.

We studied the relationship between alveolar interfacial pressure and lung volume in kerosene-filled lungs, nonedematous air-filled lungs on lung deflation and inflation, and air-filled lungs after washing with kerosene or the Dow Corning oil, 0.65 cs dimethyl siloxane (DC200). We used the micropipet-servonulling technique to measure alveolar liquid pressure (Pliq) in the alveolar liquid layer of isolated rabbit lungs at different airway pressures (Palv). It was not possible to measure pressure in kerosene or in DC200 by micropuncture because of its low electrical conductivity. We used the Laplace law for a spherical membrane to estimate alveolar surface tension (T). In the kerosene-filled lung, the pressure drop (delta P = Pliq - Palv) across the alveolar surfactant-kerosene interface was 1.1 cm H2O at TLC and decreased to 0.5 cm H2O at 71% TLC. These values corresponded to T values of 2.2 and 0.9 dyne/cm at TLC and 71% TLC, which were in agreement with in vitro measurements using the captive bubble technique. In the air-filled lung on inflation, delta P values were 12.7 and 15.7 cm H2O at 48% and 76% TLC. Corresponding T values were 14 and 21 dyne/cm. Thus, alveolar surface tension on lung inflation is surface area dependent. In the kerosene-washed and DC200-washed lungs, delta P values were 16 and 14.5 cm H2O at TLC and decreased to 9 and 8 cm H2O at 50-56% TLC. These values indicated a reduction of 40-60% in alveolar surface tension with lung deflation from TLC to 50% TLC. The results indicate that alveolar surface tension in both kerosene-filled and kerosene-washed air-filled lungs is surface area dependent. This is due to a surfactant-kerosene interface in the kerosene-filled lung and a surfactant-kerosene-air interface in the kerosene-washed lung.

Air↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing.

A 'non-blind' randomized hand washing intervention study was conducted in a low socioeconomic community in Rangoon to determine if hand washing by 494 children under 5 years old and their mothers could reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery in these children. Children and mothers in the intervention group were asked to wash their hands after defaecation and before preparing or eating their 3 main meals; 2 bars of plain soap were provided. The control group was left to follow customary practice. Diarrhoea and dysentery incidences in the 2 groups were monitored during 4 months by comparing the incidence density ratios (IDR). The diarrhoeal incidence among the children in the hand washing households was significantly lower than that among those in the control households (IDR = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.54-0.92). For dysentery incidence, although there was a 40% reduction (IDR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.22-1.55) in the children under 2 years, there seemed to be no impact in older children (IDR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.52-2.80). The study indicates that hand washing is effective in reducing the morbidity from diarrhoea and dysentery.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1988

Isolation and washing of human platelets with nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) was compared with prostacyclin as an inhibitor of the activation of human platelets during isolation, washing and storage. The use of NO throughout the procedure prevented the activation of platelets. The morphology and behaviour of NO-washed platelets was similar to that of prostacyclin-washed platelets when stored at 4 degrees C for up to 24 h. Prolonged storage resulted in deterioration of the platelets which occurred earlier in the NO-washed than in the prostacyclin-washed platelets. The protective effect of NO was potentiated by the selective cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor M & B 22948, suggesting that it is mediated by the activation of guanylate cyclase.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of a lactic acid/sodium benzoate wash solution in reducing bacterial contamination of raw chicken.

Raw chicken wings inoculated with Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, or Escherichia coli O157:H7 were washed in water (control) or a solution of a 0.5% lactic acid/0.05% sodium benzoate (LB) (pH 2.64) for 30 min. Viable cells of pathogenic bacteria and naturally occurring psychrotrophic bacteria on wings were enumerated after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Lower populations of pathogenic and psychrotrophic bacteria were detected on wings immediately after washing with LB compared to populations detected on control wings. LB solution was more effective in killing Salmonella, C. jejuni, and E. coli O157:H7 than L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. During refrigerated storage, populations of Salmonella, C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 decreased significantly on LB-washed wings, as compared to populations of respective pathogens on control wings. The growth of psychrotrophic bacteria on LB-washed wings was significantly retarded as compared to growth on control wings during refrigerated storage. Washing chicken wings with a solution containing 0.5% lactic acid and 0.05% sodium benzoate can greatly reduce the populations of pathogenic and psychotrophic bacteria, thus enhancing safety and extending shelf life.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effects of washing fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) following an oil spill.

An oil spill on 2 January 1990 in New Jersey resulted in premature emergence of fiddler crabs Uca pugnax from their underground burrows. Live fiddler crabs that emerged on the surface were collected and behavioral changes were compared between those that were washed with freshwater and those that were not washed. Locomotion, aggression, balance, and burrowing behavior were examined. Unwashed crabs improved significantly on only one of twelve behavioral tests, while washed crabs improved in four tests relating to movement, defensive behavior, and burrowing. The washed crabs showed the greater improvement on ten of twelve tests while unwashed crabs showed greater improvement for two tests. Washed crabs also showed greater improvement in their ability to find and to construct their own burrows. These experiments indicate that oil removal improves the behavioral performance of crabs, and suggests that under some circumstances the immediate flushing of salt marsh creeks by uncontaminated tidal waters may decrease behavioral effects on crabs.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Experimental study on alkaline skin injuries--periodic changes in subcutaneous tissue pH and the effects exerted by washing.

A skin alkaline injury model was constructed using rats and 2N-NaOH. The changes over time, paying special attention to subcutaneous tissue pH, were recorded and included a comparative study of the effect on subcutaneous tissue pH of washing with water at 1, 10 and 30 min after injury. After inflicting alkaline injury, the subcutaneous tissue pH reached its peak value at the 32nd minute and had not recovered to the pre-experimental level by the 90th minute. The peak pH values of the 1-, 10- and 30-min delays before washing groups were 7.97, 10.57 and 12.17, respectively. When washing was started within 1 min of injury the tissue pH values did not exceed 8.00. Washing had virtually no effect on lowering the raised pH levels when the delay between injury and the start of washing was 10 and 30 min.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Sucralfate mouth washing in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of sucralfate mouth washings in prevention of radiation-induced mucositis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty patients with head and neck cancer were randomized to use either sucralfate mouth washing 1 g six times daily during irradiation (n = 20) or to placebo washing (n = 20). Mouth washing was started at the beginning of radiation therapy and continued to the end of the therapy (7-10 weeks). Assessment of the degree of radiation mucositis and collection of stimulated saliva samples were done weekly during the therapy. Salivary lactoferrin and albumin, suggested markers for the degree of mucositis, were analyzed from stimulated whole saliva samples. RESULTS: All patients developed radiation-induced mucositis of varying degree after irradiation of about 30 Gy. No difference in the visually assessed degree of mucositis or oral pain reported by the patients was found between the study and the control groups. However, the patients treated with sucralfate used less anesthetic mouth washing and their salivary lactoferrin and albumin levels were lower. CONCLUSION: Although the trial produced no direct clinical evidence indicating that sucralfate mouth rinses prevent radiation-induced mucositis, the decrease in the salivary lactoferrin and albumin levels suggests that sucralfate has a slight protective effect on the oral mucosa.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Heparin content of washed red blood cells from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit.

Reinfusion of red blood cells (RBC) from the extracorporeal circuit following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) reduces patient exposure to homologous blood. Because infusing unneutralized heparin might exacerbate postoperative bleeding, this study examines the heparin content of the washed packed RBC produced by a commonly used autotransfusion device. This RBC product was derived from the residual whole blood in the oxygenator circuit after CPB. A wash volume of 750 mL of normal saline produced heparin concentrations below 0.04 USP U/mL. A 500 mL wash volume yielded heparin concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.22 USP U/mL, and could be used if time did not permit an additional wash. RBCs produced by the usual complete wash cycle do not contain clinically significant amounts of heparin; thus, they would not require a supplemental protamine dose.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Automated washing with the Reliance Endoscope Processing System and its equivalence to optimal manual cleaning.

BACKGROUND: Manual cleaning of flexible endoscopes is prone to error. To date, attempts to automate this process have been unsuccessful. The aim of this project was to compare the efficacy of the washing phase in the new Reliance EPS (STERIS Corp, Mentor, OH) with that of optimal manual cleaning. METHODS: Using simulated-use testing, all channels in 3 different flexible endoscopes, including a bronchoscope (Pentax, Pentax Medical Company, Miami, FL), a side-viewing duodenoscope (Olympus, Olympus Corporation), and a colonoscope (Fujinon, Fujinon Corporation, Wayne, NJ) were evaluated. All of the channels in the flexible endoscope were soiled with artificial test soil (ATS) (test soil that mimics the worst case levels of hemoglobin, protein, carbohydrate, and endotoxin from patient-used flexible endoscopes) containing 10(8) cfu/mL of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa The soiled scopes were allowed to dry for 1 hour prior to processing. Hemoglobin, protein, and viable organism counts for the flexible endoscopes were determined before and after cleaning. RESULTS: Both the Reliance EPS washing phase and optimal manual cleaning achieved >90% reduction of hemoglobin and protein, resulting in <6.4 microg/cm2 after the cleaning cycle. The reduction factor for viable organisms was not significantly different between the 2 methods, which ranged from 2.06 to 6.21 for manual cleaning and from 2.1 to 5.93 for the Reliance EPS washing phase. The mean reduction factor (all tests) was 4.32 +/- 1.03 for manual cleaning compared with 4.24 +/- 1.11 for Reliance EPS washing phase. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the Reliance EPS washing phase for flexible endoscopes was equivalent to optimal manual cleaning for all the makes and models of flexible endoscopes tested.

Bronchoscopes↗

PubMed2004

Highly specific marker genes for detecting minimal gastric cancer cells in cytology negative peritoneal washings.

Peritoneal wash cytology plays a pivotal role in the decision for gastric cancer treatment because advanced gastric cancer often turns out incurable with peritoneal metastasis. Molecular detection of minimal cancer cells from peritoneal washings may overcome the sensitivity boundary of conventional cytology and contribute to the prediction of the disease outcome. To select marker candidates out of ten thousands of genes, we performed microarray analyses in 12 gastric cell lines and 8 peritoneal washings of early stage cases. With 40 candidates selected by the above expression profiling, RT-PCR in 16 representative peritoneal wash samples was performed to identify genes specific to cytology positive samples. The finally selected five genes, CK20, FABP1, MUC2, TFF1, and TFF2, were then evaluated for their utility as a marker for minimal residual disease in 99 peritoneal wash samples. Nested RT-PCR using the five genes showed positive results highly specific to incurable cases (91-100%). With a high specificity, the combination of these five genes succeeded in identifying 6 out of 20 (30%) additional patients with all types of early recurrence that could not be predicted by the conventional method. The six newly identified recurrences included four non-peritoneal ones, showing that RT-PCR using the five genes without a real-time quantitative PCR technique contributes to the detection of minimal residual disease.

Ascitic Fluid↗

PubMed2006

The partitioning and modelling of pesticide parathion in a surfactant-assisted soil-washing system.

Soil sorption of organic pollutants has long been a problematic in the soil washing process because of its durability and low water solubility. This paper discussed the soil washing phenomena over a wide range of parathion concentrations and several soil samples at various fractions of organic content (foc) levels. When parathion dosage is set below the water solubility, washing performance is stable for surfactant concentrations above critical micelle concentration (cmc) and it is observed that more than 90% of parathion can be washed out when dosage is five times lower than the solubility limit. However, such trends change when non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) is present in the system. Parathion extraction depends very much on the surfactant dosage but is not affected by the levels of foc in the system. In between the extreme parathion dosage, a two-stage pattern is observed in these boundary regions. Washing performance is first increased with additional surfactant, but the increase slows down gradually since the sorption sites are believed to be saturated by the huge amount of surfactant in the system. A mathematical model has included foc to demonstrate such behavior and this can be used as a prediction for extraction.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2007

Optimizing the molarity of a EDTA washing solution for saturated-soil remediation of trace metal contaminated soils.

Three experiments were conducted to optimize the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for reclaiming urban soils contaminated with trace metals. As compared to Na(2)EDTA, (NH(4))(2)EDTA extracted 60% more Zn and equivalent amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb from a sandy loam. When successively saturating and draining loamy sand columns during a washing cycle, which submerged it once with a (NH(4))(2)EDTA wash and four times with deionised water, the post-wash rinses largely contributed to the total cumulative extraction of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Both the washing solution and the deionised water rinses were added in a 2:5 liquid to soil (L:S) weight ratio. For equal amounts of EDTA, concentrating the washing solution and applying it and the ensuing rinses in a smaller 1:5 L:S weight ratio, instead of a 2:5 L:S weight ratio, increased the extraction of targeted Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative cytology on bladder wash versus voided urine: a comparison of results.

OBJECTIVES: Quantitative cytology (Quanticyt) is a valuable marker for the identification of high-risk superficial bladder cancer (SBC) patients and can be used to individualize surveillance of patients. A disadvantage is the necessity to perform an invasive procedure to obtain the required bladder wash sample. This study investigated whether quantitative cytology can be performed on voided urine with reliable results, consistent with the quantitative cytology performed on bladder wash samples. METHODS: Between June 2003 and May 2005, 288 voided urine samples in combination with bladder wash samples were obtained from patients with SBC who visited our urologic outpatient department. Quantitative cytology was performed on all samples. Corresponding clinical pathologic features and washed cytopathology results were collected. Linear regression analyses were performed for comparison of results from both types of samples. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of the samples fell into the low or intermediate region on bladder wash. A clear deviation in the nuclear shape (MPASS) was seen in the voided urine samples, which led to more low-risk results. The clinical characteristics show that this shift is not the result of under-staging. The nuclear content (2c deviation index [DI]) did not change by performing the analysis on urine. CONCLUSION: When urine is correctly processed after voiding, quantitative cytology can be done on these samples. Voided urine-based quantitative cytology can be implemented in daily practice.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effects of ultrasonic energy on the wash fastness of reactive dyes.

The field of ultrasonic is still making strides towards perfection, but already many applications of ultrasonic energy have been found in science and technology. There is also a field called sonochemistry where ultrasonic energy is used to create some chemical and mechanical effects on matter immersed or solved in liquids. It was presumed that ultrasonic textile washing could be a competitive alternative to conventional textile washing techniques; and as such the following experiments were conducted. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic energy on the wash fastness of reactive dyes, which have three different reactive groups, were investigated. After dyeing with the conventional method, the samples were applied with three types of washing processes simultaneously (conventional, ultrasonic probe and ultrasonic bath) and comparisons were made. Three different fixing agents were used in the washing processes. Colourfastness, staining fastness, magnitude of total colour difference (DeltaE) and lightness difference of the colour (DeltaL) values of dyed samples were measured.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

The significance of cytological mesothelial atypia diagnosed from peritoneal washings performed during risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Occult cancer may be found in a small proportion of women undergoing risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). However, the results and significance of peritoneal wash cytology in this setting are not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of cytologic mesothelial atypia in the peritoneal washings of patients undergoing RRSO. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing RRSO from July 2002 to December 2003. Patient charts were reviewed for information regarding cytology, pathology, demographics, surgical procedure and findings, and outcome. RESULTS: One hundred thirty women underwent RRSO during the study period. One hundred seventeen had washings performed during the procedure and constitute the study cohort. The median age at the time of the procedure was 48 years (range, 33-78 years). Final cytology was reported as normal in 102 patients (87%), mesothelial atypia in 13 (11%), and non-satisfactory in 2 (2%). Ovarian and tubal histopathology was normal in all cases. No association was found between mesothelial atypia and age, prior breast cancer, or prior abdominal surgery. Twenty-nine patients had previously undergone genetic testing for BRCA1/2 mutations as part of ongoing prospective follow-up studies. Four (24%) of 17 patients with a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were found to have mesothelial atypia compared to 1 (8%) of 12 with no mutation. With a median follow-up time of 20 months (range, 1-40 months), none of the patients with mesothelial atypia were diagnosed with peritoneal malignancy following RRSO. CONCLUSION: In this study, mesothelial atypia was identified in 11% of patients who had peritoneal washings performed at the time of RRSO. No patients with mesothelial atypia went on to develop peritoneal carcinoma. The link between mesothelial atypia and mutations in BRCA1/2 and the need to perform peritoneal washings in this setting are both yet to be determined.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Cell washing versus immediate reinfusion of intraoperatively shed blood during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Significant hematologic changes are known to occur following intraoperative autotransfusion of shed blood, but the clinical importance of cell washing prior to reinfusion has not been substantiated. To evaluate these changes and their relationship to the use of blood bank products and postoperative morbidity, 26 patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were prospectively randomized to reinfusion with washed shed blood or to the use of a collection system in which filtered, but unwashed, whole blood was reinfused intraoperatively. Each patient was evaluated with respect to standard metabolic and hematologic laboratory parameters preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 12 to 18 hours postoperatively. Patient demographic data were similar for both groups. Perioperative survival was 100% for both groups. Total blood loss and blood volume autotransfused were significantly greater in the unwashed cell group compared with the washed cell group (p = 0.00014 and p = 0.00011, respectively). Hemoglobin, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time levels were not significantly different between the two groups at any time perioperatively; fibrin split product and d-dimer levels were significantly higher in the unwashed cell group postoperatively (p = 0.016 and p < 0.001, respectively). Serum free hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the immediate postoperative period in the unwashed cell group compared with the washed cell group (p = 0.0013); by 12 to 18 hours postoperatively, this difference was not significant. Haptoglobin levels were significantly lower in the unwashed cell group at both postoperative times (123 +/- 86 mg/dL versus 41 +/- 50 mg/dL, p = 0.0086; 102 +/- 66 mg/dL versus 24 +/- 36 mg/dL, p = 0.0001); however, there was no perioperative renal failure in either group. Furthermore, homologous blood product use was not significantly different between the two groups, with an average of 1.5 +/- 2.5 units of packed red blood cells given to patients in the unwashed cell group versus 0.8 +/- 1.7 units in the washed cell group (p = 0.419). Overall complications were higher and critical care and total hospital stays were longer in the unwashed cell group but did not result from autotransfusion of unwashed blood. We conclude that the intraoperative reinfusion of unwashed shed blood is safe and effective, causing transient hematologic abnormalities that normalize in the early postoperative period, and is not associated with increased mortality, or hematologic, cardiopulmonary, or renal complications.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Structural integrity of the polyurethane female condom after multiple cycles of disinfection, washing, drying and relubrication.

The female condom provides an important alternative means of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for women, particularly in situations where partners are reluctant or refuse to use male condoms. The relatively high cost of the device, however, is a barrier to its use in resource-poor environments. This has led to some reuse of the product and two studies have demonstrated that female condoms can withstand a limited level of reuse without an excessive loss of structural integrity when washed with soap and water. A consultation on female condom reuse convened by the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS in June 2000 recommended that all used female condoms should be disinfected immediately after use, before washing. The effect of such treatments on the female condom was not known. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of the disinfection, washing, drying and relubrication on the properties of the condom. Samples from three batches of female condoms were subjected to seven treatment cycles before being tested for structural integrity. In all cases the batches of condoms complied with the manufacturer's release specification for the product after treatment. Some minor changes in properties were seen but these were not considered important. There was evidence of a small increase in the number of condoms with holes following repeated disinfection and washing cycles, suggesting that excessive or rough handling can damage the condom. Condoms should therefore be handled carefully and inspected thoroughly for signs of damage after washing and drying before being stored with the intention of subsequently reusing the device.

Single-Use Internal Condom↗