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PubMed2005

Folsomia candida (Collembola): a "standard" soil arthropod.

Folsomia candida Willem 1902, a member of the order Collembola (colloquially called springtails), is a common and widespread arthropod that occurs in soils throughout the world. The species is parthenogenetic and is easy to maintain in the laboratory on a diet of granulated dry yeast. F. candida has been used as a "standard" test organism for more than 40 years for estimating the effects of pesticides and environmental pollutants on nontarget soil arthropods. However, it has also been employed as a model for the investigation of numerous other phenomena such as cold tolerance, quality as a prey item, and effects of microarthropod grazing on pathogenic fungi and mycorrhizae of plant roots. In this comprehensive review, aspects of the life history, ecology, and ecotoxicology of F. candida are covered. We focus on the recent literature, especially studies that have examined the effects of soil pollutants on reproduction in F. candida using the protocol published by the International Standards Organization in 1999.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Longevity, growth rate and related traits among strains of Tribolium castaneum.

Longevity of eight laboratory strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, with various geographic backgrounds, was studied under constant laboratory conditions of 33 degrees C and 70% relative humidity in standard medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) during a period of 227 days starting from the egg stage. The eggs were collected from the same parents, first a few days after emergence and afterwards at intervals of 13, 9, 10 and 11 days. Mean survival time (MST) was found to be strain-specified. It ranges from 128.6 days for KJ (Kyoto, Japan) to 174.2 days for ES (Edinburgh, Scotland). MST was highly correlated with the percentage of adults alive after 227 days, which did not change the ranking order of strain longevity. Parental age had no effect on longevity. The mean adult longevity of the strains was correlated with the available data on adult weight, growth rate, viability and productivity. There was no relationship between adult weight and longevity. LIfe span was found to depend on growth rate (measured as 13-day larval weight), percent viability (from 13-day larvae to adulthood) and productivity. Developmental time was also found to influence adult life span within certain limits (two extreme strains deviated). The data suggest that ageing and death in T. castaneum is under genetic control and support the idea that ageing, allied to development, is genetically controlled.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

High-cell-density fermentation for ergosterol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The direct feedback control of glucose using an on-line ethanol concentration monitor for ergosterol production by high-cell-density fermentation was investigated and the fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, ethanol concentration, oxygen uptake rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate and respiratory quotient) were analyzed. Controlling glucose feeding rate in accordance with ethanol concentration and adjusting pH with ammonia during the fermentation process were effective fed-batch methods for ergosterol production. The fermentation parameters well described the variation of the whole fermentation process. Cultivation in a 5 l fermentor was carried out under the following conditions: culture temperature, 30 degrees C; pH, 5.5; agitation speed, 600 rpm; fermentation time, 60 h; controlling ethanol concentration below 1% and keeping respiratory quotient (RQ) at approximately 1.0. Under these conditions, the yeast dry weight reached 120 g/l and the ergosterol yield reached 1500 mg/l.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed1994

Screening for specific inhibitors of phagocytosis of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages.

Phagocytosis is one of the basic and characteristic properties of macrophages. We screened metabolites of Actinomyces for low molecular weight substances that selectively inhibited phagocytosis of dried yeast but not pinocytosis of neutral red by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Inhibitors of actin filament organization, protein kinases, respiration, and lipid synthesis selectively inhibited phagocytosis, and blockers of proton gradients selectively inhibited pinocytosis. This suggests that these functions are differently regulated. We applied this system to screening of metabolites of Actinomyces, and identified mycotrienin, piericidin, and genistein as selective inhibitors of phagocytosis.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1999

Antioxidant activity of a medicine based on Aspergillus oryzae NK koji measured by a modified t-butyl peroxyl radical scavenging assay.

A koji-based medicine composed of powder of Aspergillus oryzae NK koji, dried yeast, and lactobacilli koji had high antioxidant activity measured by a modified t-butyl peroxyl radical scavenging assay. This activity was mainly derived from A. oryzae NK koji. Digestion of koji-making grain germ medium with several commercial enzymes also increased antioxidant activity. By two weeks of oral administration of A. oryzae NK koji, the serum lipid peroxide levels elevated in STZ-induced diabetic rats could be decreased significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1961

[On yeast aldolase].

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Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase↗