SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “ADHD subtypes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

376 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of dyslexia in primary school students.

BACKGROUND: Dyslexia is the most common subtype of learning disabilities with a prevalence ranging from 5-10 per cent. The central difficulty in dyslexia is the phonological awareness deficit. The authors have developed a screening test to assess the reading ability of Thai primary school students. OBJECTIVE: 1. To study the prevalence of dyslexia in first to sixth grade students at Wat Samiannaree School. 2. To study the clinical characteristics such as sex, neurological signs, verbal intelligence and comorbid attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) of the dyslexia group. METHOD: A total of 486 first to sixth grade students were administered "Raven's progressive matrices test" for estimation of intellectual functioning. Those who scored below the fifth percentile were labeled as mental retardation and excluded from the study. The students' reading ability was evaluated by 3 steps; first by classroom teachers using some items of the screening test, second by the researchers examining some more items individually, and third by the special educator assessing more details in reading and phonology. The students who had a reading ability two-grade levels below their actual grades and impairment in phonology were diagnosed with dyslexia. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslexia and probable dyslexia were found to be 6.3 per cent and 12.6 per cent, respectively. The male to female ratio of dyslexia was 3.4:1. The dyslexia group had significantly lower Thai language scores than those of the normal group (p < 0.05). All of the dyslexia group had a normal grossly neurological examination but 90 per cent showed positive soft neurological signs. Mean verbal intellectual quotient score in the dyslexia group assessed by using Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children--Revised was 76 +/- 7. The comorbid ADHD was 8.7 per cent in the dyslexia group. CONCLUSION: Dyslexia was a common problem among primary school students in this study. Further studies in a larger population and different socioeconomic statuses are required to determine the prevalence of dyslexia in the general population. The authors suggest evaluating the reading ability carefully by using a test that can detect phonological awareness deficit in all children who have learning problems.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Inhibitory deficits in reading disability depend on subtype: guessers but not spellers.

In this study, children with the guessing subtype of dyslexia (who read fast and inaccurately) were compared with children with the spelling subtype (who read slowly and accurately) on three aspects of executive functioning (EF): response inhibition, susceptibility to interference from irrelevant information, and planning. It was found that guessers were impaired in their ability to inhibit inappropriate responding on all tasks used to assess EF (the stop signal task, the Stroop task, and the Tower of London task). This raises the question of whether the specific reading disorder of guessers may be linked to the same executive deficits which underlie ADHD. In order to unite a fast/inaccurate reading style with executive deficiencies, an attempt is made to incorporate the concept of executive control into models of lexical activation.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

Attention patterns in children with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity.

The objective of this study was to differentiate the attention patterns associated with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity using continuous performance test (CPT). The diagnoses were based on the DSM-III, III-R, and IV criteria and of the 39 children who participated in the study, 14 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and 11 had attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADDWO), while 14 normal children served as a control group. Attention patterns were examined according to the performance of subjects on the CPT and parental scores on the ADHD Rating Scale, the Child Attention Profile, and the Conners Rating Scale. CPT performances were assessed before and after administration of 10 mg methylphenidate. We found as hypothesized that the CPT differentiated between the ADDH and ADDWO groups. However, contrary to our expectations, the ADDH children made more omission errors than the ADDWO children; they also showed more hyperactivity and impulsivity. The performance of both groups improved to an equal degree after the administration of methylphenidate. It is concluded that different subtypes of the attention deficit disorders are characterized by different attention profiles and that methylphenidate improves scores on test of continuous performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Tourette's syndrome - a review].

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by the occurrence of chronic motor and vocal tics that usually begin in childhood. A prevalence of 4-5/10.000 individuals is estimated. Tourette's syndrome patients frequently show comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and affective disorders. Some forms of OCD seem to share a common genetic etiology with TS and to be a facultative part of the TS phenotypic spectrum. Based on MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), data alterations in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical functional systems have been discussed. Within these systems, dopaminergic neurotransmission is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of TS. Autoimmunological mechanisms seem to be important in some subtypes of TS and OCD that are triggered or exacerbated by infections with hemolytic streptococci. In these cases, immune modulatory therapy proved to be efficient. To date, there is no established treatment regimen for TS. The medications used most frequently are antipsychotics.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Toward an integrative model of the spectrum of mood, behavioral and personality disorders based on fear and anger traits: I. Clinical implications.

Current formal psychiatric approaches to nosology are plagued by an unwieldy degree of heterogeneity with insufficient appreciation of the commonalities of emotional, personality, behavioral, and addictive disorders. We address this challenge by building a spectrum model that integrates the advantages of Cloninger's and Akiskalian approaches to personality and temperament while avoiding some of their limitations. We specifically propose that "fear" and "anger" traits--used in a broader connotation than in the conventional literature--provide an optimum basis for understanding how the spectra of anxiety, depressive, bipolar, ADHD, alcohol, substance use and other impulse-control, as well as cluster B and C personality disorders arise and relate to one another. By erecting a bidimensional approach, we attempt to resolve the paradox that apparently polar conditions (e.g. depression and mania, compulsivity and impulsivity, internalizing and externalizing disorders) can coexist without cancelling one another. The combination of excessive or deficient fear and anger traits produces 4 main quadrants corresponding to the main temperament types of hyperthymic, depressive, cyclothymic and labile individuals, which roughly correspond to bipolar I, unipolar depression, bipolar II and ADHD, respectively. Other affective temperaments resulting from excess or deficiency of only fear or anger include irritable, anxious, apathetic and hyperactive. Our model does not consider schizophrenia. We propose that "healthy" or euthymic individuals would have average or moderate fear and anger traits. We further propose that family history, course and comorbidity patterns can also be understood based on fear and anger traits. We finally discuss the implications of the new derived model for clinical diagnosis of the common psychiatric disorders, and for subtyping depression and anxiety as well as cognitive and behavioral styles. We submit this proposed schema represented herein as a heuristic attempt to build bridges between basic and clinical science.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2005

Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence, clinical correlates, and comorbidity among children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BPD) assessed in the early 1990s (first cohort) with those evaluated over the last 7 years (second cohort). METHODS: Subjects were consecutively referred children (N=108) and adolescents (N=197) with a DSM-III-R BPD diagnosis, referred to a child psychiatry service and evaluated with identical structured assessment methods. RESULTS: Mania was identified in 16% of referred youth in both age groups and cohorts; in both age groups and cohorts, the clinical picture was predominantly irritable and mixed, and the course was chronic. Youth with BPD in both age groups and cohorts frequently had comorbidity with ADHD, psychosis and anxiety disorders. They also had high rates of psychiatric hospitalization and evidence of severely impaired psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The consistency of clinical features of bipolar disorder seen across age groups (children vs. adolescents) and cohorts (early and late cohorts) over the past decade supports the hypothesis that BPD in the young is a severe condition afflicting a sizeable minority of referred youth. These findings replicate and extend our previous characterization of an early onset mania, which may represent a developmental subtype of BPD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A-412997, a selective dopamine D4 agonist, improves cognitive performance in rats.

The recent development of a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor agonist, A-412997 (2-(3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'] bipyridinyl-1'-yl)-N-m-tolyl-acetamide), has provided a pharmacological tool with which to conduct systematic investigations into the putative role for dopamine D4 receptors in the central nervous system. These present studies evaluated the potential cognitive enhancing properties of A-412997 in rat models of ADHD (5-trial repeated acquisition inhibitory avoidance in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat pups) and short-term memory (Social Recognition), in comparison with the less selective dopamine D4 receptor agonists PD168077 and CP226269. A-412997 showed significant dose-dependent efficacy in both models. PD168077 repeatedly improved acquisition in the 5-trial inhibitory avoidance model but failed to reach significance at any dose tested, although significantly improved social recognition was observed (albeit less potent than A-412997). CP226269 showed a significant enhancement in the 5-trial inhibitory avoidance model. These results support a role for the dopamine D4 receptor subtype in cognition.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2000

The structure of attention-deficit and hyperactivity symptoms among native and non-native elementary school children.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a measure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with Native and non-Native children. Two models, corresponding to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV symptom categorizations of ADHD, were assessed by (a) determining which DSM schema of ADHD best fit the data within each culture group and (b) testing the cross-cultural equivalence of the best-fitting model. Data were taken from the Flower of Two Soils and School Options for Native Children studies, examinations of emotional health and academic achievement among Native and non-Native children. The studies included teacher, parent, and self-report ratings of symptoms among 1555 Native and 489 non-Native children in grades 2 and 4 at four different locations across North America. For the data derived from teacher and parent ratings, a 2-factor solution corresponding to the DSM-IV conceptualization of two subtypes provided the best fit. For student self-ratings, the 2-factor solution showed no improvement over a 1-factor model. The respective factor solutions were culturally invariant. Acceptable internal consistency was observed across raters and within culture groups.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2007

Examining subtypes of behavior problems among 3-year-old children, Part II: investigating differences in parent psychopathology, couple conflict, and other family stressors.

This study examined family stressors among 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Children with HYP/OD were found to experience higher levels of family stressors than non-problem children on almost every family stressor variable. Compared to children with HYP, families of children with HYP/OD also tended to report more Axis II maternal psychopathology, Axis I paternal psychopathology, and high intensity couple conflict tactics. However, the HYP and HYP/OD group did not significantly differ on maternal Axis I psychopathology, paternal Axis II psychopathology, parental marital status, negative life events, frequency of couple conflict, or use of lower intensity couple conflict tactics. Parents of children with HYP and HYP/OD reported more negative life events, more maternal adult ADHD symptoms, and more maternal avoidance and verbal aggression during marital conflict than parents of non-problem children. Implications for treatment and etiology are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Cognitive flexibility, an additional symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Is it a therapeutically predictive element?].

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive flexibility is a capability acquired during infancy that can be evaluated from the age of 8 onwards. This executive function can affect patients with dorsolateral frontal lesions. Involvement of this function in some children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would point to an additional disorder. AIMS: The objective of this study was to report on the involvement of cognitive flexibility in patients with ADHD from the age of 8 years onwards, to establish a correlation with the progressive phenomenon in its development, and to relate the findings from the study of cognitive flexibility with those of the attentional function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A group of 50 children diagnosed as suffering from ADHD (8 21 years old) and 50 normal children were evaluated. The same subjects were submitted to a study of their attentional functions, their inhibitory control mechanisms as well as their cognitive flexibility. RESULTS: At least 38% of the patients studied showed involvement of cognitive flexibility. No statistically significant relation was observed when data were linked to the age variable, which could point to the absence of the maturation factor, unlike the results observed in the case of sustained attention. Patients with poor cognitive flexibility also present disorders involving attentional discrimination, the control of impulses and interference control. CONCLUSIONS: The group with cognitive rigidity as a symptom added to the attentional disorder could correspond to a complex subtype that does not respond so successfully to stimulants. Consequently, cognitive flexibility studies could reflect an indicator for selecting the type of pharmacological treatment to be employed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Experimental bases for evaluating attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

INTRODUCTION: The experimental evaluation of the time variable in attention enables us to distinguish between what can be considered as its normal and its pathological behaviour. It has proved to be useful in evaluating the population suffering from attention disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, frontal lesions, etc.) as a means of defining the extent to which the patient is affected by the disorder and also in designing a training programme for later use. DEVELOPMENT: The most notable attentional paradigms are attentional blink (AB), repetition blindness, change detection, psychological refractory period, task switching, and negative and positive priming. Patients with ADHD showed a poor capacity for identification of target stimuli (T1) in attentional blink tests; they also displayed a significantly higher attentional blink than that observed in the control group, especially for time intervals between 300 and 600 ms after the first target letter (T1). CONCLUSIONS: Attention is a complex, dynamic concept derived from the interaction of different neuroanatomical systems. There are several different theories to explain disorders affecting the attentional skills. One of the explanations comes into being as a result of linking sustained attentional disorder with impulsiveness and hyperactive behaviour. Another is related to selective attention disorders. This distinction allows us to discern the involvement of two systems that will give rise to different clinical symptoms and hence the presence of attentional subtypes. Thus, for example, it is possible to find a first group with disorders affecting attention, impulsiveness and disinhibition, and a second group with slow reactions and in a state of confusion and/or inattention as regards the events taking place around them (but they do not have impulsiveness or disinhibition).

Attention↗

PubMed2001

Timing, space and ADHD: the dopamine theory revisited.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the dopamine theory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in terms of advances made over the last decade. METHOD: 'Hyper' and 'hypo' dopaminergic theories are discussed, as well as noradrenergic and neuropsychological findings in ADHD. A model incorporating both anterior and posterior attention systems, involved in orienting, inhibition, vigilance and working memory, is described. Neuropsychological studies of covert orienting are reviewed. RESULTS: The dopamine theory is supported by neuroimaging, genetic and stimulant medication studies, which confirm an inhibitory dopaminergic effect at striatal/prefrontal level. Work in rodents and primates, as well as humans has shown that noradrenergic systems are also important in prefrontal regulation, in particular alpha(2A) noradrenergic agonists have a beneficial effect on cognitive tasks. Neuropsychological studies implicate posterior parietal mechanisms in the orienting of attention. Working memory may require integration of spatial and temporal information, involving anterior and posterior systems. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior and posterior attention systems are involved in inhibition, working memory and orientation. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and subtypes are likely to reflect deficits in both inhibition and working memory, and may be heterogeneous. While the dopamine theory is supported by genetic and stimulant medication studies, the work of Arnsten and colleagues suggests a potential role for alpha(2) noradrenergic agonists such as guanfacine.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2006

No hyperactive-impulsive subtype in teacher-rated attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems.

The aim of this study was to investigate which homogeneous groups, according to teacher reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADH) Problems on the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), can be identified in a referred sample (n = 4,422; age = 6-18 years; mean age = 9.9 years; 66% boys, 34% girls). Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on ADH Problems. In addition, co-morbidity levels in the different ADH Problems groups were compared. LCA yielded three different groups of children and adolescents with both Inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, and one group with high scores on Inattention but low scores on hyperactivity-impulsivity. A group of patients with predominantly hyperactivity and impulsivity was not found. Individuals in groups with higher levels of ADH Problems had significantly higher levels of oppositional defiant (OD) and conduct problems, and, although to a lesser extent, significantly higher levels of affective and anxiety problems than individuals in groups with lower levels of ADH Problems. It may not be useful to discern the hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Familiality of factor analysis-derived YBOCS dimensions in OCD-affected sibling pairs from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study.

BACKGROUND: Identification of familial, more homogenous characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may help to define relevant subtypes and increase the power of genetic and neurobiological studies of OCD. While factor-analytic studies have found consistent, clinically meaningful OCD symptom dimensions, there have been only limited attempts to evaluate the familiality and potential genetic basis of such dimensions. METHODS: Four hundred eighteen sibling pairs with OCD were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) Symptom Checklist and Severity scales. RESULTS: After controlling for sex, age, and age of onset, robust sib-sib intraclass correlations were found for two of the four YBOCS factors: Factor IV (hoarding obsessions and compulsions (p = .001) and Factor I (aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions, and checking compulsions; p = .002). Smaller, but still significant, familiality was found for Factor III (contamination/cleaning; p = .02) and Factor II (symmetry/ordering/arranging; p = .04). Limiting the sample to female subjects more than doubled the familiality estimates for Factor II (p = .003). Among potentially relevant comorbid conditions for genetic studies, bipolar I/II and major depressive disorder were strongly associated with Factor I (p < .001), whereas ADHD, alcohol dependence, and bulimia were associated with Factor II (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimensions in sibling pairs with OCD are familial with some gender-dependence, exhibit relatively specific relationships to comorbid psychiatric disorders and thus may be useful as refined phenotypes for molecular genetic studies of OCD.

Comorbidity↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Arithmetic disabilities and ADD subtypes: implications for DSM-IV.

This study investigated whether specific academic deficits were associated with attention-deficit disorder (ADD) subtypes. Twenty students (ages 8-12) with attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD/H) were compared to 20 students with attention-deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADD/noH). Group differences were compared using a MANCOVA, and paired t tests were used to compare within-group differences. Dependent variables for the within-group differences were four achievement subtest scores from the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised: Letter-Word Identification, Passage Comprehension, Calculation, and Applied Problems. Consistent with much of the previous research, no significant between-group differences were found on the achievement measures. Significant differences did, however, appear in the six within-group comparisons, all involving lower performance on the Math Calculations subtest. For students with ADD/H, only one comparison (with Math Applied Problems) reached significance. Students with ADD/noH, however, had significantly lower scores on the Calculation subtest compared to all of the other achievement subtests. These results provided additional support for the hypothesis that inattention exerts a specific and deleterious effect on the acquisition of arithmetic computation skills. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD as conceptualized in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), because they suggest that students with ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive Type may be at increased risk for arithmetic calculation deficits.

Attention↗

PubMed2001

An in-frame deletion in the alpha(2C) adrenergic receptor is common in African--Americans.

alpha(2) adrenergic receptors are activated by adrenaline and noradrenaline, and three subtypes (ie, A, B, C) have differential affinities for antagonists and medications. The alpha(2c) adrenergic receptor (ADRA2C), located on chromosome 4p16.3, is a candidate gene for schizophrenia because it binds clozapine, an atypical neuroleptic useful for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In addition, ADRA2C binds clonidine which is prescribed for three psychiatric diseases. This report communicates the findings of the genetic scanning of this gene of very tough GC content. The complete coding sequences and splice junctions were scanned with [DOVAM]-S in 104 schizophrenics, and pilot probes of patients with alcoholism (41 patients), cocaine abuse (25 patients), puerperal psychosis (30 patients), attention deficient/hyperactivity disorder (25 patients) and autism (25 patients). Six sequence variants were found, including five silent polymorphisms (allele frequencies 0.6--25%) and an in-frame deletion of a homologous repeat at nucleotides 967--978 (ie, TIDRU(1)). Genotyping of the normal two repeat unit of the Third Intracytoplasmic Domain Repeat Unit (TIDRU(2)) and the deleted variant (TIDRU(1)) revealed that TIDRU(1) had allelic frequencies of 39% (11/28) and 3.5% (6/172) in African-American and Caucasian schizophrenics, respectively, and it occurred with equal frequency in controls (44%, 31/70 and 3.0%, 6/198). TIDRU(1) occurs at a location similar to the third intracytoplasmic 48-nucleotide repeat unit in the DRD4 that is associated with ADHD. Although these data do not suggest an association of TIDRU(1) with schizophrenia, additional studies are needed to see whether TIDRU(1) confers a clinical phenotype.

Black People↗