Families, peers, and contexts as multiple determinants of adolescent problem behavior.
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[Sexual and contraceptive behavior of adolescents].
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Achievement↗
Risky sexual behavior among adolescent women.
ISSUES AND PURPOSE: To review the epidemiology and etiology of risky sexual behavior in adolescent women, and to discuss implications for primary prevention. CONCLUSION: Adolescent women who participate in risky sexual behavior are at risk for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Black, Hispanic, and out-of-home adolescent women, however, are at greatest risk. Factors contributing to risky sexual behavior include early initiation of sexual intercourse, inconsistent use of condoms and other barrier contraception, and unprotected sexual intercourse. Identified protective factors for early initiation of sexual activity include the development of healthy sexuality, family and school connectedness, and the presence of caring adults. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Effective clinical interventions target high-risk adolescent women; incorporate environmental and cognitive-behavioral components; use social learning theories; address differences in regards to culture, developmental stage, and sexual experience; and support family and school involvement.
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A path analysis of an adolescent drinking behavior model derived from problem behavior theory.
The interrelationships between composite variables comprised of demographics, socialization, personality, perceived environment, conventional and problem behaviors, and their combined mediational influences on adolescent drinking behavior are examined. Students randomly sampled from four suburban, metropolitan-area high schools (N = 499) were administered the 250-question Survey of Underage Drinking Styles. All 12 composite variables, derived from the survey, were arranged in a causal model and submitted to a confirmatory path analysis. Data were analyzed by multiple regression procedures. According to the present model, a powerful pathway through to drinking may begin with family interaction problems, which may lead to a reduction in the adolescent's social coping skills. A reduction in the adolescent's coping skills may lead to a compensatory belief that alcohol improves mental and physical functions and an increased affiliation with and acceptance of the peer group's attitude and behavior toward consuming alcohol as a replacement coping skill. The adolescent's drinking may then increase as a result of the affiliative need to conform to peer group pressure.
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Psychosocial predictors of healthful dietary behavior in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of healthful dietary practices in adolescents using the Theory of Planned Behavior and determine how gender and ethnicity influence the relationship among the theoretical constructs. DESIGN: Initial and 1-month follow-up questionnaires, designed to measure the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and select demographic items, were administered to the participants in the spring of 1997 to gather data for this descriptive research. SETTINGS/PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 780 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 years, was recruited from randomly selected science classes at 4 public high schools in San Bernardino, California. Seven hundred and fifty participants (96%) completed the initial questionnaire and 672 (86%) completed the follow-up questionnaire. ANALYSIS: A 5-step hierarchical multiple regression procedure, general linear model analysis, and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Intention to eat a healthful diet was a predictor of healthful dietary behavior. Intention was influenced most by attitude and then by perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Those with positive attitudes toward healthful eating believed that they would like the taste of healthful foods, feel good about themselves, tolerate giving up foods that they like to eat, and lose weight or maintain a healthful weight. Mother, siblings, and friends were identified as important predictors of subjective norm. Knowledge about how to eat a healthful diet, availability of healthful foods, motivation, and access to enough money were salient facilitating factors related to perceived behavioral control. Interesting contrasts among gender and ethnic groups also were noted. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings indicate that multiple attitudinal, normative, and control factors influence healthful dietary behavior in adolescents. The synergistic use of these factors in the development and implementation of nutrition education interventions may assist in the promotion of healthful eating among teens from culturally diverse communities.
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Age and problem behaviors among adolescent multi-ethnic females.
Depression, alcohol use, and suicidal behaviors are common among adolescents. However, little is known if these problem behaviors differ among ethnically diverse females across the adolescent years. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health database, we conducted regression analyses to compare these problem behaviors in three age cohorts across five ethnic groups of adolescent females. The random sample (N = 3,297, aged 12-19 years) included Latinas, African-, Asian-, Native-, and Euro-American females. There are differences in these problem behaviors between some age cohorts across ethnic groups. Significance and implications of the results to mental health nursing research and practice are described.
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[Factors associated with sexual and reproductive behavior among adolescents from the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil].
This article calls attention to factors associated with sexual and reproductive behavior among adolescents from the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil. The analyses focus on three dimensions of this process: sexual initiation, use of contraceptives in the first sexual relationship, and fertility. Hierarchical models are implemented, because adolescents selected from the same community are more likely to have similar sexual and reproductive behavior than those from different communities. Level of schooling was the most important risk factor in the three analyses. Girls with 5 or more years of schooling were less likely to have their first sexual relationship during adolescence and more likely to use contraceptive methods in this relationship, besides demonstrating less risk of having children than their counterparts with less than 5 years of schooling.
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Risky sexual behaviors of adolescents in rural Malawi: evidence from focus groups.
Little is known about rural Malawian adolescents' perceptions of their sexual behavior and what would constitute an effective HIV risk-reduction program. This study explored the perceptions of Malawain adolescents using qualitative description research with focus groups. A purposive sample of 144 adolescents, ranging from 10 to 19 years of age was obtained. Subjects were then placed in focus groups separated by gender Qualitative content analysis revealed that adolescents were at risk for HIV based on the select behaviors These included early sexual debut, multiple partners, non-use of condoms and among girls older partners These adolescents acknowledged peer pressure and lack of parental supervision as factors that perpetuated these behaviors and identified two components of HIV prevention programs. For example, parental involvement and support for sexual abstinence were among the issues discussed. It is essential that HIV risk-reduction programs create ways of involving parents and of enhancing adolescents' HIV risk-reduction skills by helping them to change peer norms and to develop negotiation and assertiveness skills to in order to resist peer pressure.
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Early adolescents' sexual behaviors.
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in early adolescents' intimate behaviors and the initiation of sexual intercourse over a one-year time period. The changes are interpreted within the context of recent progress in understanding the development of early adolescents. Public school students in sixth and ninth grades of selected schools in a midwestern industrial city were studied in two waves of data collection. A total of 106 students provided data for the second year, allowing comparisons of their Time 2 with their Time 1 responses. Five of eight intimate behaviors studied increased in frequency during the year. Also, the adolescents' perceived benefits of having sexual intercourse increased and perceived costs decreased during the follow-up year. Increases in the frequency of intimate behaviors but not changes in their perceptions of the benefits and costs predicted whether or not students had initiated sexual intercourse during the follow-up period. These findings support current understanding of early adolescence as a time of incremental learning about intimacy and about sexual relationships. The findings suggest that preventing early sexual intercourse may require understanding the specific behavioral competencies related to healthful development of intimacy. Pediatric nurses can be leaders in providing the necessary counseling and education to young adolescents, their families, and their communities.
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[The formation of the deviant behavior in adolescents (psychopathological and psychological aspects)].
Psychopathological manifestations of deviant behavior, self-estimation psychological characteristics and accentuation of the personality were studied in 180 girls aged 12-17 years with deviant and 80 girls with normal behavior. 5 psychopathological variants of deviant behavior were singled out: psychopath-like, psychopath-like with hysteric episodes, asthenic, astheno-depressive, astheno-neurotic with hysteric episodes. The notion "total deviation" is introduced which allow to define the level of deviant disorders.
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Does sex education affect adolescent sexual behaviors and health?
This study examines whether offering sex education to young teenagers affects several measures of adolescent sexual behavior and health: virginity status, contraceptive use, frequency of intercourse, likelihood of pregnancy, and probability of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I find that while sex education is associated with adverse health outcomes, there is little evidence of a causal link after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity via fixed effects and instrumental variables. These findings suggest that those on each side of the ideological debate over sex education are, in a sense, both correct and mistaken. Opponents are correct in observing that sex education is associated with adverse health outcomes, but are generally incorrect in interpreting this relationship causally. Proponents are generally correct in claiming that sex education does not encourage risky sexual activity, but are incorrect in asserting that investments in typical school-based sex education programs produce measurable health benefits.
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Emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors in adolescents.
The relationship between emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors and sex differences in 134 adolescents involved in a 6-wk. training camp run by the military was investigated. They were asked to evaluate themselves on emotional intelligence and randomly chosen peers evaluated them on prosocial behaviors, indicated by organizational citizenship behaviors, a measure used in work organizations. Ratings of emotional intelligence significantly correlated with scores on two of the five organizational citizenship behavior factors: Altruism (r = .25, p < .01) and Civic virtue (r = .24, p < .01). The girls scored somewhat, but not significantly, higher than the boys on Emotional Intelligence, Altruism, Conscientiousness, and Civic virtue, an observation which might be explored further.
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The association of physical and sexual abuse with HIV risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood: implications for public health.
This paper explores the relationship between changes in HIV risk behaviors and physical and sexual abuse. A stratified random sampling procedure selected 602 youths from a sample of 2,787 patients seen consecutively at public health clinics in 10 cities. Face-to-face structured interviews conducted since 1984-85 provide a history of change in risk behavior from adolescence to young adulthood. Univariate and bivariate analyses assessed differences in demographic and number and type of risk behaviors between those experiencing single or multiple types of abuse and those with no abuse history at all. The results show that a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or rape is related to engaging in a variety of HIV risk behaviors and to a continuation or increase in the total number of these behaviors between adolescence and young adulthood. This information might help practitioners to both prevent initial involvement in HIV risk behaviors and to prevent continuation of behaviors as youths move into young adulthood.
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Knowledge of sunlight effects on the eyes and protective behaviors in adolescents.
The knowledge of the effects of sunlight on the eyes and protective behaviors were studied in an adolescent population. A group of 652 systematically sampled students aged between 13 and 17 years was surveyed with a standardized questionnaire in Brisbane, Australia in October-November, 1995. Survey data on the knowledge of sunlight effects on the eyes, ultraviolet light, eye and body protection as well as risk factors for ultraviolet (UV) exposure were relatively ranked and totalled to give overall scores. Of the 652 subjects, 330 (51%) were female. Most subjects (568 or 88%) were aged between 15 and 16 years. Overall, this group of subjects demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge with respect to UV, sunlight and the eyes. The knowledge of the effects of sunlight and body protection was higher than the knowledge of the effects of sunlight and eye protection. Almost three-quarters (462 or 71%) of the subjects owned a pair of sunglasses. The mean age at which subjects started to wear sunglasses was 10.4 years. However, most subjects (528 or 81%) only wore sunglasses occasionally or not at all. The reported frequency of wearing sunglasses was significantly related to personal, family and peer attitudes to such use, but not to media advertizing. Assessment of adolescent knowledge is important in the formulation of health promotion strategies designed to prevent excessive UV exposure at this young age.
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Correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors among adolescents: implications for prevention programs.
This study aimed to identify correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in adolescents to guide the development of programs aimed at the primary prevention of disordered eating. A model explaining unhealthy weight-control behaviors was tested among 4,746 adolescents using structural equation modeling. Models fit the data well and explained 76% of the variance in unhealthy weight-control behaviors among girls and 63% among boys. Weight-body concerns were a strong correlate of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in both girls and boys. Models also emphasized the importance of weight-specific social norms within the adolescent's proximal environment. Findings suggest the importance of addressing weight-body concerns within prevention programs and extending interventions beyond classroom settings to ensure changes in weight-related norms among peer groups and family members.
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Affect and sexual behavior in adolescents: a review of the literature and comparison of momentary sampling with diary and retrospective self-report methods of measurement.
OBJECTIVE: Assessment of mental health is important in understanding sexual risk behavior in adolescents, yet few studies have examined how affect is directly related to sexual behavior. Momentary sampling (MS) methods permit real-time assessment of affect in relation to specific events and embed the collected data in the context of the respondent's moment-to-moment life. The objectives of this study were to review the literature on affect and sexual behavior and to compare the feasibility and acceptability of MS with diaries and retrospective self-report as a means of collecting temporally relevant data on affect and sexual behavior in adolescents. METHODS: Sexually active, nondepressed adolescent outpatients who were aged 15 to 18 years were randomly assigned to a schedule of the 3 methods of data collection for 2 weeks each. All participants completed a retrospective self-report by interview at the end of each 2-week period. In the diary arm, participants completed twice-daily paper-and-pencil diary cards, which were returned by mail. In the MS arm, participants used 2-way pagers to respond to several random pages per day. Primary outcomes included rates of completion (diaries vs MS reports) and the participants' tolerance of and preferences for the methods. A secondary outcome was the agreement in means for positive and negative affect and in report of days on which substance use and sexual activity occurred. Associations of affect with contextual factors and with sexual activity were also explored in the MS arm. RESULTS: Ten youths completed 30 of 30 retrospective self-reports (100%, 3 per participant, by design), 254 of 280 diaries (91%; mean: 25.4 per participant), and 442 of 600 MS reports (74%; mean: 44.2 per participant). Most participants preferred the MS method to the diaries or retrospective self-report. Affect scores and reports of sexual activity and substance use were correlated among the methods. Measured with MS, affect was found to differ by location, companionship, and thoughts when paged; notably, positive affect was highest when participants reported thoughts about sex. There was no difference in affect before versus after coitus. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that MS in adolescents is feasible and preferred and provides contextual, temporally relevant, event-level data on affect and sexual activity that are not readily measured with traditional methods. Future research using MS methods will be important in increasing our understanding of the link between affect and sexual behavior and inform the development of improved risk reduction interventions for adolescents.
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[Can adolescents with behavioral disorders be helped? Problems among young people--behavioral disorders--preventive attempts--follow-up studies--evaluation].
Adolescents with serious behavioural disorders are often met with pessimism and neglect. Too often the prisons become the caretaker. The paper presents a follow-up study from a five year project in Buskerud county. The aim was to find alternatives for adolescents under 16 years of age with serious behaviour problems. The project included 70 youngsters aged 13-16. After a follow-up period of 3-7 years, 61% were found to be in a good situation without criminality or drug abuse. Child care communes and special foster homes were found to be most effective with a success rate of 80%.
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The National Institutes of Health (NIH) State-of-the-Science Conference on Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents - a commentary.
Although youth in the United States remain substantially more violent than adolescents and young adults in most industrial countries, the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) State-of-the-Science Conference on Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents identified many reasons for optimism about our capacity to develop effective prevention and intervention responses. The research is getting better and contrary to popular opinion we do know a lot about what does work. Future advances will depend upon our insistence on the use of effectiveness evidence and the development of a taxonomy which will facilitate cross disciplinary communication.
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