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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Milk composition of Majaheim camels.

To determine composition, milk samples were obtained at random from camels at two camel rearing areas near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Proximate analyses indicated 3.15% fat, 2.81% protein, 4.16% lactose, 10.95% total solids, .15% acidity, .83% ash, and 88.33% water. Mineral composition was (milligrams per gram) 30.03, Ca; 72.48, K; 43.10, Na; .28, Fe; .18, Pb; and 4.50, Mg. Results should contribute to the overall knowledge of camels as a food source, but much still needs to be learned if efficient improvement programs are to be initiated.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Plague from eating raw camel liver.

We investigated a cluster of 5 plague cases; the patients included 4 with severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. These 4 case-patients had eaten raw camel liver. Yersinia pestis was isolated from bone marrow of the camel and from jirds (Meriones libycus) and fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) captured at the camel corral.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Molecular characterization of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi isolated from an Ethiopian camel by ribotyping and PCR-ribotyping.

The aim of this study was to characterize a S. equi subspecies equi strain isolated from an Ethiopian camel by different molecular techniques (Ribotyping and PCR-Ribotyping). We compared the results obtained with those generated from two strains of the Pasteur Collection. The ribotyping showed the highest power of differentiation, distinguishing between the strains analyzed, whereas PCR-Ribotyping was able only to differentiate the camel isolate but not the strains from the Pasteur Collection. The application of this technique will be very useful to establish a clonal relationship among equine and camelids strains and help the prevention and cure of the equine and camel pathology.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive parameters of male dromedary and bactrian camels.

Functional anatomy of male reproductive organs and reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels are quite similar except for some differences in the seasonal pattern of reproductive events: left testes bigger than right; scrotum not pendulous; vas deferens very convoluted with 2 mm diameter; prostate divided into 2 parts by septum, with many ducts; bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands well developed and seminal vesicle absent; fibroelastic penis has "prescrotal" sigmoid flexure and the glans resembles crochet needle; triangular-shaped prepuce directed posteriorly to open to the rear, and can move cranially or caudally during erection or urination, respectively; semen ejaculate, 1-12 mL in volume with little gelatinous material, coagulates and liquifies within minutes; total sperm/ejaculate 6 x 10(9) sperm/mL; semen contains PGE1, PGE(2x,LH), estradiol progesterone/other metabolites; semen collected by AV used for bulls with long copulation time; ovulation induced 36-48 h after mating or insemination; sperm of a short life of 1-6 h at 0.4 degrees C, is prolonged in presence of mucopolysaccharide gel; fresh semen inseminated. Topics of future research on endocrinology of reproduction, gonadal physiology, semen biology assisted reproductive technology, and gene transfer to germ cells of camels are outlined. The prevention and control of STD is an important component of camel stud management to improve reproductive performance in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of uteroplacental glycosylation in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (Lama pacos).

The recent birth of a camel-llama hybrid, after numerous failed attempts, has prompted an investigation into the glycosylation of apposing fetal and maternal tissues of pregnant camels and alpacas. This study was undertaken to determine whether interspecies differences in glycans are factors that may account in part for the difficulty in producing a viable hybrid. Specimens of camel placentae from day 60 to day 375 of gestation and alpaca placentae from day 22 to term (approximately 345 days) were fixed and embedded in resin, and sections were stained with a panel of 19 biotinylated lectins and an avidin--peroxidase revealing system. Several qualitative interspecies differences in tissue glycosylation were found, mainly in the trophoblast, and especially with respect to bi/tri-antennary bisected N-glycan, fucosylated structures, beta-galactosyl residues and sialyl termini. In the maternal uterine epithelium, differences were found mainly in bi/tri-antennary bisected complex N-glycan and beta-galactosyl residues, indicating that there is more conservation of glycosylation in maternal tissues compared with trophoblast. There were also many quantitative differences in the distribution of glycans. It is possible that a failure to effect the normal glycan--glycan complementation that occurs at the cell surface between maternal and fetal tissues during the implantation processes of apposition and adhesion may account in part for the difficulty in establishing a viable pregnancy between these two species.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Giant cells in the placenta of the bactrian camel in the fetal period of development].

Polyploid giant cells resulting from differentiation of normal cytotrophoblast cells were found in the composition of the placenta cytotrophoblast of the Bactrian camel. In the placenta of the Bactrian camel the transformation of cytotrophoblast cells into multinuclear giant cells is realized via endomitotic polyploidization and distinctly reflects active synthetic processes occurring in these cells related with the trophic function of the placenta. It may be supposed that giant cells of the placenta of female Bactrian camels also participate in the endocrinous function of the placenta. Their histolitical function is completely excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Characteristics of development and morphology of Echinococcus granulosus of camel origin in north Xinjiang].

AIM: To study the characteristics of development and morphology of E. granulosus of camel origin in north Xinjiang. METHODS: Six dogs were infected with protoscolices and then purged with arecoline at days 35 and 45 p.i. RESULTS: Six dogs were heavily infected, the worm burden were 14,780 to 135,900 at days 35 and 45 p.i. At day 35 p.i. 77% of the had developed three segments, 10% contained mature eggs with fully developed "thickshelled" embryophores. Morphological studies revealed the following characteristics for 35-day-old worms; the mean length of the terminal segment accounted for 56% of the total worm length; the position of the sexually mature segment was always terminal (77%); the female reproductive system possessed an enlongated ovary with compact lobules; the Mehlis gland was covered by the vitelline gland and the testes were distributed throughout the segment arranging in a row posterior to the vitelline gland. CONCLUSION: The E. granulosus of camel isolate in north Xinjiang can readily be distinguished from the horse, sheep, cattle and pig strains, but is similar to the camel (Camelus dromedarius) strain distributed in North Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of ELISA kit hypodermosis in serodiagnosis of Przhevalskiana silenus in goats and Cephalopenia titillator in camels.

Myiasis is a problem of Medical and Veterinary importance worldwide. It affects human welfare both directly and indirectly. ELISA kit hypodermosis was evaluated in detecting antibodies against two oestrid larvae, Przhevalskiana silenus in goats and Cephalopina titillator in camels. Both animals were parasitologically proved to have oestrid myiasis infestation. Antibodies against P. silenus were detected in 38 out of 40 (95%) infested goats and negative results among the control group. With C. titillator, antibodies were detected in 39 out of 40 (97.5%) infested camels. But one of the control (10%) gave false seropositivity. ELISA kit hypodermosis diagnosed antibodies against P. silenus in goats and C. titillator in camels. Consequently, there are cross reactions between anti-hypoderma antibodies and antibodies against both Przhevalskiana and Cephalopina. ELISA is confirmed to be an easy and economic tool in diagnosing myiasis infestation when direct examination is not a simple mean and/or for epidemiological studies. The whole results were discussed. Focusing on the clinical pictures and pathogenesis of human myiasis was included to clarify the zoonotic importance of myiasis in Egypt.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Severe heart muscle degeneration caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in camel calves (Camelus dromedarius).

Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from different organs and intestines from three to five weeks old camel calves which have died from heart muscle necrosis. No other bacterial pathogens were isolated. Virus isolation on two different cell lines including a fetal camel skin were also negative. Mice which were injected with bacteria free filtrates prepared from intestinal contents of necropsied camel calves died after one to six hours demonstrating the presence of clostridial toxins. Our findings suggest that the cardiac muscle necrosis is caused by Clostridium perfringens type A toxins.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in camels.

Disposition and local tolerance of a new oxytetracycline (OTC) long-acting formulation were evaluated in camels by measuring the dynamics of creatine kinase. Six camels (Camelus dromedarius) were administered OTC by IV and IM routes according to a 2-period cross-over, study design. Serum OTC concentration was measured, using a microbiological assay procedure. After IV administration (5 mg/kg of body weight), mean residence time was 7.7 +/- 2.8 hours, steady-state volume distribution was 706.1 +/- 168.6 ml.kg-1 and serum clearance was 75.3 +/- 23.2 ml.kg-1.h-1. After IM administration of the long-acting OTC formulation (10 mg/kg), maximal OTC concentration (3.49 +/- 0.44 micrograms.ml-1) was observed after 7.3 +/- 3.5 hours; the mean systemic availability was near 100%, and serum concentration greater than 0.5 micrograms.ml-1 was maintained for about 72 hours. After IM administration, mean control serum activity of creatine kinase was multiplied by a factor of 3.36 +/- 1.55; at 72 hours after OTC administration, the serum creatine kinase activity returned to control values. It was concluded that OTC is an antibiotic of potential interest in camels and that a dosage regimen of 10 mg.kg-1 deserves attention when using a long-acting formulation that has good local tolerance and near total systemic availability.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

The main challenges facing camel reproduction research in the 21st century.

The reproductive efficiency of camels under their natural pastoral conditions is low. The reasons for this low reproductive efficiency include the short breeding season, the late age of reaching puberty and the long gestation period of 13 months. The introduction of controlled breeding programmes is important but several problems have to be considered. For example, oestrous behaviour is very vague and difficult to interpret, as it does not often relate to follicular development in the ovaries. In addition, all camelids are induced ovulators that normally ovulate only in response to mating, so alternative methods of inducing ovulation, such as injecting gonadotrophic hormones, have been investigated. The use of embryo transfer is becoming increasingly important but involves the necessity to superovulate the donors and synchronize the recipients so that they ovulate preferably 24 h after the donor. Superovulation can be achieved using exogenous gonadotrophins, although there is a high incidence of follicle luteinization before mating, of overstimulated ovaries and non-responsive females. The development of AI in camels is complicated by the difficulty of collecting semen and the gelatinous nature of the semen produced. However, diluting semen in Green Buffer and inseminating a minimum of 300 x 10(6) live spermatozoa has given encouraging results. The ability to control the follicular cycle of camels is leading to an improvement in reproductive efficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Vitamin content of camel milk.

The content of vitamin C, vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins E and A in camel milk was studied. The milk samples were collected from 20 individual camels (Camelus dromedarius) in two different occasions. The study showed that camel milk contains considerably less vitamin A and B2 than cow milk while the content of vitamin E was about the same level. The level of vitamin C was in average three times higher than that of cow milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

External fixation repair of a displaced comminuted radial fracture in a juvenile camel.

A young female camel had a complete comminuted midshaft fracture of the right radius. The fracture was repaired by external coaptation, which involved 2 full-limb fiberglass casts for 15 weeks. A Thomas splint was placed around the second cast for 12 weeks. The fracture healed in nonaligned configuration, and although lameness was substantial after the fracture had healed, the camel's breeding potential had been salvaged. This successful outcome is an indication that a high-limb fracture in a camel bone (in this case a radius) may be managed by external coaptation and repair by callus formation.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1991

The fine structure of the camel prostate gland.

The prostate glands of 10 mature camels (3-5 years of age) were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural examination of the secretory acini showed 2 types of cells, i.e. tall secretory epithelial cells and basal cells. The cells both were characterised by rounded nuclei. The subnuclear cytoplasm was filled with abundant stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The RER was occasionally observed to be interconnected with whorls and networks of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). In the supranuclear region, a moderate Golgi complex and a large number of secretory granules of varying sizes and electron density were observed. Lysosomes of various sizes were present in all types of cells. The luminal surfaces of the cells were covered with large number of microvilli. The basal cells were described. The ultrastructural morphology of the secretory units of the camel prostate may help us to determine if the mode of secretion in the camel prostate is apocrine in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

NADPH-dependent reduction of glyceraldehyde: a unusually high activity in the lens of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The enzymes of the polyol pathway, namely aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, were measured in camel lens extracts. A NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde and erythrose reductase activity 25 times higher than that of calf lens was observed in camel lens. A preliminary comparison between this enzyme activity present in the camel and aldose reductase of calf lens is reported.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial infertility in camels (Camelus dromedarius): isolation of Campylobacter fetus.

This study constitutes the first reported isolation of C. fetus subsp. venerealis from cervical swabs in breeding camels. 9 of 30 camels which were barren for a long period were found to be positive for C. fetus. The methods of isolation are described. Additionally, cervical flora of 30 camels were examined. 9 different bacterial species were isolated of which Staphylococcus aureus was most frequently found. All samples were negative for Trichomonas sp. and Streptococcus zooepidemicus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The structure and hormone content of the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Little is known of the blood sugar regulation in the camel and the morphology and function of its endocrine pancreas. The present paper describes the light microscopic structure and hormone content of the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel. Staining of pancreatic sections with haematoxylin-eosin or aldehyde-fuchsin showed numerous islets evenly distributed in all parts of the pancreas. Immunocytochemical staining for insulin or glucagon indicated that islets were predominantly composed of centrally located B-cells, surrounded by a peripheral rim of A-cells. Corresponding stainings for somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide (PP) demonstrated that D-cells comprised only a small part of the islet volume while PP-cells were common both within and outside the islets. There were no obvious differences between the frequency of the various islet cells in different pancreatic regions. The pancreatic hormone concentrations roughly corresponded to the frequency of the different islet cell types. Insulin appeared most abundant followed by glucagon, PP and somatostatin in decreasing order. The concentrations of each of the hormones were similar in different regions of the gland. It is concluded that the endocrine pancreas of the one-humped camel is dispersed into islets of the same size and cellular composition as has been described in many other mammalian species.

Animals↗