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PubMed1990

Three cases of EB virus-associated uveitis.

We report our experience with three cases of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated uveitis. These patients had the following common clinical features: 1) a common cold-like prodrome, 2) bilateral involvement, 3) severe acute anterior uveitis with fibrinous exudate, 4) granulomatous anterior uveitis in the chronic stage, 5) little vitreous inflammation, 6) marked hyperemia and edema of the disc, 7) sunset glow fundus developed very early, 8) a good response to steroids but recurrence was common, 9) good final visual acuity, 10) no systemic changes in the course of the uveitis. High EBV IgG VCA antibody titers were found in the aqueous humor in all three cases (case 1, 1: 40; case 2, 1: 160; case 3, 1: 20). As controls, 37 cataract patients and 14 patients with various types of uveitis were examined for EBV antibodies in the aqueous humor. The result was negative in every case. On the basis of these data, the uveitis in these three patients appears to represent a new clinical entity: uveitis caused by EBV.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Viral receptor blockage by multivalent recombinant antibody fusion proteins: inhibiting human rhinovirus (HRV) infection with CFY196.

Viral receptor blockage by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a common strategy to inhibit viral infection; however, no drug candidate acting by this mechanism has reached the market so far. Analysis of the experimental and clinical data on a receptor-blocking mAb, mAb 1A6, against human rhinovirus (HRV) major receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) reveals that insufficient avidity of the mAb is probably the key factor to blame for its unsatisfactory clinical efficacy. In this article, we have summarized the recently published work from Perlan Therapeutics, Inc. and others that involves creation of multivalent Fab fusion proteins against the HRV major receptor ICAM-1. The multivalent Fab fusion proteins have exhibited much improved avidities over conventional mAbs, as well as superior HRV inhibition in vitro. This work has led to a promising drug candidate, CFY196, for prevention and treatment of HRV infections. Multivalent recombinant Fab fusion proteins may herald a new generation of potent antiviral receptor blockers and other therapeutic molecules.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2002

A defective type 1 response to rhinovirus in atopic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most frequent precipitants of the common cold and asthma exacerbations, but little is known about the immune response to these viruses and its potential implications in the pathogenesis of asthma. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with atopic asthma and normal subjects were exposed to live or inactivated RV preparations. Levels of interferon (IFN)gamma and interleukins IL-12, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were evaluated in the culture supernatants with specific immunoassays. RESULTS: Exposure of PBMC to RVs induced the production of IFNgamma, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-13. Cells from asthmatic subjects produced significantly lower levels of IFNgamma and IL-12 and higher levels of IL-10 than normal subjects. IL-4 was induced only in the asthmatic group, while the IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio was more than three times lower in the asthmatic group. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence suggests that the immune response to RVs is not uniquely of a type 1 phenotype, as previously suggested. The type 1 response is defective in atopic asthmatic individuals, with a shift towards a type 2 phenotype in a way similar, but not identical, to their aberrant response to allergens. A defective type 1 immune response to RVs may be implicated in the pathogenesis of virus induced exacerbations of asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Influence of inoculation site of combined oil-adjuvanted vaccine on the antibody response in chickens.

Inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines for ND, IB, and IC serotypes A and C (OILVAX NB2AC) have been marketed from 1993. In the outdoors, various inoculation sites have been used in chickens because to make the inoculation procedure easier. We examined whether differences would be obtained in the antibody response according to the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation into the back of the neck for OILVAX use, and the thigh, lower thigh, breast and shoulder muscle for the possible application of the inoculation outdoors. The clear order was not found in the NDV-HI titer, IBV-SN titer against Nerima or TM-86 among the inoculation sites used during the examination period. The IC serotypes A and C HI titers did vary among the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation produced the highest antibody titer, and high antibody titers were observed in the order of lower thigh muscle > or = thigh muscle > breast muscle > or = shoulder muscle inoculation.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1968

[Rhinoviruses].

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Animals↗
PubMed1969

[Common cold].

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Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1995

Studies on photoinactivation by various phthalocyanines of a free or replicating non-enveloped virus.

The non-enveloped picornaviruses, which are particularly resistant to physicochemical inactivation, include the aetiological agents of poliomyelitis, hepatitis A and E and infectious common cold (rhinovirus). In this work we used human rhinovirus type 5 (RV-5) cultivated in VERO cells to study the photoinactivating effects of several phthalocyanines and naphthobenzoporphyrazines. Free RV-5 was photoinactivated by aluminium trisulphonated naphthobenzoporphyrazine at 5 x 10(-8) M concentration. This photosensitizer was also active on replicating virus when the infected VERO cells were treated with 5 x 10(-6) M concentration followed by a very short illumination period. On the other hand, the ZnPc(3-MeO-Py)4 phthalocyanine, which possesses four positive charges, does not photoinactivate free rhinovirus, but this molecule protects VERO cells against RV-5 infection when added to the cultures before virus inoculation, in the presence or absence of subsequent illumination, and may therefore be considered as an antiviral agent in itself.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Vaccines for the prevention of respiratory viral infections: problems and current status.

Acute respiratory virus infections cause the majority of lower respiratory tract illnesses and hospitalisations of infants and the elderly. The emergence of new respiratory viruses and a high probability that influenza will cause further pandemics highlights the necessity for developing better preventative strategies. Although there is a clear and pressing need for vaccines to prevent respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza and human metapneumovirus, progress has been extremely slow. This review presents the current status of vaccine development for respiratory viral diseases and outlines novel approaches for the future.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Measurements of the prevalence of viral infections.

Viral diseases exert their major impact through morbidity, impairment of personal health, loss of time at work and school, and cost of medical care. Relatively few of the known viruses cause a significant number of deaths; influenza, childhood viral pneumonia, and hepatitis are the only viral diseases causing more than 1,000 deaths per year. Data based on the National Health Interview Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics show that the common cold annually causes 35.6 acute illnesses per 100 persons. The data reported by the National Therapeutic Disease Index (on the basis of visits by patients to a sample of 1,500 private physicians) show that influenza and other acute respiratory conditions account for about one-third of all visits to physicians. Nearly all viruses first infect humans in infancy and childhood, with a relatively low fatality rate but with frequent episodes of illness.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2002

Respiratory viral infections in adults.

Respiratory viral infections in adults cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk patients. The impact of influenza virus, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus in immunocompromised cancer patients and in asthma and chronic bronchitis patients has been documented in recent publications. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Newer rapid diagnostic tests and the use of polymerase chain reaction technology have provided better understanding of the causes and epidemiology of acute respiratory illness in adults. The approved neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza viruses and the nonapproved capsid inhibitors of rhinoviruses may be useful in treating high-risk individuals. The inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to benefit healthy adults and to be safe in asthmatic adults and children.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Increase of post-infection cold agglutinins after infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, varicella-zoster and rubella virus].

Cold agglutinins (CA) are observed during acute infections as transiently occurring postinfection autoantibodies directed against erythrocyte antigens. Distinct infectious agents induce CA of distinct specificity. A common association is the infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the production of CA with anti-I specificity. In infections with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and rubella virus (RV) a few cases of CA appearance are reported, all of them showing specificity for the Pr antigens. We examined the frequency of CA with the anti-Pr specificity in patients suffering from acute infections with VZV and RV (table 1). The known association of anti-I in about 70% of the cases with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is confirmed by our results. The occurrence of CA in infections with VZV and RV is a rare event. Based on published data, the specificity of these CA apparently is anti-Pr. Three of 5 anti-Pr examples were found in newborns with rubella embryopathy. Possibly, anti-Pr can be observed more frequently in these patients compared to adults.

Adult↗