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PubMedDate not supplied

New color vision tests to evaluate faulty color recognition.

PURPOSE: To develop and assess new color vision tests to be used in evaluating faulty color recognition. METHODS: We developed new color vision tests to evaluate faulty color recognition. The two types of color vision tests, designed to assess faulty color recognition in color vision deficiencies, are based on principles that are different from those of the conventional color vision tests. In the first test plate, the subject is asked to choose either a red, green, or gray line from among 10 lines that are randomly colored red, green, gray, yellow, or blue. The score is the difference between the number of correct answers and the number of incorrect answers. In the second test plate, the subject is asked to identify a total of 10 red azalea blossoms, which are dispersed among numerous green leaves. Seventy-five persons with congenital color deficiencies and 20 subjects with normal color vision were examined using these new test plates. RESULTS: The scores differed significantly between dichromats and anomalous trichromats, and between anomalous trichromats and subjects with normal color vision. CONCLUSIONS: The new tests are easy to use, sensitive, and have good reproducibility for use in discriminating subjects with color vision anomalies. These tests reveal the faulty color recognition that occurs unconsciously in persons with color deficiencies, and are useful in judging the quantification of color vision required in their daily life and occupations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Projected color slides as a method for mass screening test for color vision deficiency (a preliminary study).

This article compared the efficiency of the mass screening test with projected color slides in detecting color-blindness with the authentic classic method of Ishihara. The study was conducted in a randomly selected lecture room with 104 students aged between 19-25 years (median 21). Using Ishihara projected slides, performed mass screening test. Re-testing was done individually with printed Ishihara plates. Six male and one female with color-blindness were detected. The frequency of color-blindness was 13.6% among males, with a total incidence of 6.7%. The results of two testing methods were compared statistically. Sensitivities and specificities of both tests were 100%. Using projected slides of Ishihara plates instead of the authentic method is an effective and timesaving method for detecting color-blindness. This method can be suggested as a mass-screening test and might be beneficial in detecting color-blindness in large populations such as students, soldiers, and so on.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

A suitable study to evaluate colour vision requirements for firefighters?

A recent paper by Rees (Occup. Med. 1994; 44: 253-256) has proposed a study to evaluate the performance of both clinical and trade tests on firefighter recruits. The paper suggests that a new trade test using painted gas cylinders and/or the BOC cylinder identification chart may be appropriate in the selection of firefighter recruits. Evaluation of pass/fail standards on these tests would be achieved by comparing the results with those obtained from the Ishihara test, the City University test and the Holmes-Wright lantern test. In this paper, we argue that the proposed battery of tests does not allow an accurate evaluation of the new trade tests. Indeed,the new trade tests are likely to result in a false sense of obvious fairness' that ultimately be an unsound means of assessing the colour vision requirements of firefighter recruits.

Color Perception Tests↗

PubMed1994

Colour vision screening in glaucoma: the Tritan Album and other simple tests.

Results from simple colour vision tests used for the detection of the Type III colour vision deficiency in glaucoma and ocular hypertension are presented. We assessed 49 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, 16 ocular hypertensives, 54 age matched normals and 50 young normal observers using six established tests and the recently introduced Tritan Album. This test was introduced specifically for acquired colour vision deficiencies. Results show in general that individual tests have low sensitivity and poor screening efficiency. The best screening efficiency was achieved by the City University Colour Vision Test and the AO HRR plate test, no acquired tritan defects were identified by the Farnsworth F2 plate, and the Tritan Album had very low sensitivity (the lowest excluding the F2 plate). Best results were obtained from a combination of City University and HRR test scores and this combination could provide useful additional data on colour vision in a glaucoma screening programme.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Acquired colour vision deficiency in patients receiving digoxin maintenance therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Disturbances of colour vision are a frequently reported sign of digoxin toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of acquired colour vision deficiency in elderly hospitalised patients receiving maintenance digoxin therapy. METHODS: 30 patients (mean age 81.3 (SD 6.1) years) receiving digoxin were tested using a battery of colour vision tests (Ishihara, AO Hardy Rand Rittler plates, City tritan test, Lanthony tritan album, and the Farnsworth D15). These were compared to an age matched control group. Serum digoxin concentrations were determined from venous blood samples. RESULTS: Slight to moderate red-green impairment was found in approximately 20-30% of patients taking digitalis, and approximately 20% showed a severe tritan deficiency. There was no correlation between colour vision impairment and serum digoxin level. CONCLUSIONS: Formal colour vision testing of elderly patients taking digitalis showed a high incidence of colour deficiency, suggesting that impairment of retinal function can occur even at therapeutic drug levels. As a result, colour vision testing in this population would have limited value for the detection of drug toxicity.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Colour vision testing in pre-school-aged children.

84 children aged from 2 to 6 years were tested with three different pseudo-isochromatic plates: Velhagen Pflügertrident test, Lanthony Tritan Album and Ishihara test. The Velhagen test was correctly interpreted by all of the 6- and 5-year olds, by 80% of the 4-year olds and by 20% of the 3-year olds. The Lanthony Tritan Album was well performed by all of the 6-, 5- and 4-year olds, and by 80% of the 3-year olds. The Ishihara test was acceptably performed by all of the 6- and 5-year olds, by 90% of the 4-year olds and by 40% of the 3-year olds. None of the 2-year olds could understand any of these tests. In the Ishihara test, the winding lines in the plates No. 30 and 32 were difficult for children; the incomplete interpreting of them must be accepted for a correct answer.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1981

Deuteranomalous color matching in the deuteranopic eye.

Two observers were classified as deuteranopes by standard tests including two-degree anomaloscope matches. Color matching similar to the Rayleigh type was then carried out for a 10-degree field size at retinal illuminance ranging from 1 to more than 3000 trolands (td). The results show that at the larger field size and higher levels of retinal illuminance, a third independent color-mediating mechanism with the sensitivity of the deuteranomalous cone is participating in the color match. The results also confirm participation of a different third mechanism with rod sensitivity at levels below about 100 td. There is a range of transition between the two as the level increases above 100 td. Therefore large-field color matching in these deuteranopes is trichromatic at the levels tested, not dichromatic, and a third cone system is found to operate at typical photopic light levels under static viewing conditions in a dichromatic eye.

Color Perception Tests↗

PubMed1999

Blue-on-yellow perimetry in the complete type of congenital stationary night blindness.

PURPOSE: To resolve the discrepancy between nonrecordable full-field short wavelength cone electroretinograms (S-cone ERGs) and the presence of normal color vision in patients with the complete type of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1). METHODS: Conventional white-on-white (W-W) perimetry, blue-on-yellow (B-Y) perimetry, and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test were performed in five patients with CSNB1. Diagnosis of CSNB1 was made by clinical and electrophysiological examinations. Twelve normal, age-matched control subjects and an additional 7 normal, highly myopic subjects were tested. RESULTS: Color vision was normal in all the CSNB1 patients by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. B-Y perimetry demonstrated that blue cone sensitivity in CSNB1 was normal in the fixation area, but the mean sensitivities of the entire 60 degrees field, the central 0 degrees-to-15 degrees, and 15 degrees-to-30 degrees ring were significantly decreased compared with the normal and myopic subjects. The sensitivity difference between 15 degrees-to-30 degrees and 0 degrees-to-15 degrees in B-Y perimetry increased significantly in CSNB1 compared with both normal and myopic control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our perimetric results demonstrated that the S-cone function in CSNB1 is preserved only in the fovea and becomes abnormal toward the peripheral retina. This accounts for the normal color vision that tests mainly foveal function and the nonrecordable S-cone ERGs that arise mainly from peripheral retina.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Clinical and genetic features of Hungarian achromatopsia patients.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features and molecular genetic findings in a collection of Hungarian achromatopsia patients. METHODS: Twelve patients with congenital achromatopsia from nine Hungarian families were analyzed in this study. The patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination including detailed full-field electroretinography and color vision testing. In two patients, dark adaptation and spectral luminosity tests were also performed. PCR/RFLP analysis and DNA sequencing was applied for mutation screening of CNGA3 and CNGB3. Heterologous minigene expression was used to evaluate transcript splicing of a new intronic mutation in CNGB3. RESULTS: Mutations in CNGA3 were present in four families and mutations in CNGB3 in the remaining five families, including mutations known from Western European patient samples and two new CNGB3 mutations: c.112C>T/Gln38X and c.1663-5T>G. Heterologous expression in COS7 cells shows that the latter induces a splicing defect through the activation of a cryptic splice site 4 bases upstream of the genuine splice site. The patients presented with a clinical picture typical for congenital achromatopsia and there was no significant difference in the phenotype of subjects with either CNGA3 or CNGB3 mutations based on standard ophthalmological examination. However, we assume residual cone function in a subject homozygous for the Phe547Leu mutation in CNGA3 based on prior detailed psychophysical testing (i.e., dark adaptation and spectral luminosity). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in CNGA3 and CNGB3 account for achromatopsia in Hungarian patients including known mutations and a few new CNGB3 mutations. While standard ophthalmological examination revealed a phenotype of complete achromatopsia, we show that thorough psychophysical testing can help to identify subjects with some minute cone function.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized color-vision test based upon postreceptoral channel sensitivities.

An automated, computerized color-vision test was designed to diagnose congenital red-green color-vision defects. The observer viewed a yellow appearing CRT screen. The principle was to measure increment thresholds for three different chromaticities, the background yellow, a red, and a green chromaticity. Spatial and temporal parameters were chosen to favor parvocellular pathway mediation of thresholds. Thresholds for the three test stimuli were estimated by four-alternative forced-choice (4AFC), randomly interleaved staircases. Four 1.5-deg, 4.2 cd/m2 square pedestals were arranged as a 2 x 2 matrix around the center of the display with 15-minute separations. A trial incremented all four squares by 1.0 cd/m2 for 133 ms. One randomly chosen square included an extra increment of a test chromaticity. The observer identified the different appearing square using the cursor. Administration time was approximately 5 minutes. Normal trichromats showed clear Sloan notch as defined by log (deltaY/deltaR), whereas red-green color defectives generally showed little or no Sloan notch, indicating that their thresholds were mediated by their luminance system, not by the chromatic system. Data from 107 normal trichromats showed a mean Sloan notch of 0.654 (SD = 0.123). Among 16 color-vision defectives tested (2 protanopes, 1 protanomal, 6 deuteranopes, & 7 deuteranomals), the Sloan notch was between -0.062 and 0.353 for deutans and was < -0.10 for protans. A sufficient number of color-defective observers have not yet been tested to determine whether the test can reliably discriminate between protans and deutans. Nevertheless, the current data show that the test can work as a quick diagnostic procedure (functional trichromatism or dichromatism) of red-green color-vision defect.

Automation↗

PubMed1988

A new perimetric color vision analyzer.

A new apparatus was developed for mapping the extrafoveal color vision, the perimetric color vision analyzer. A yellow test object with varying degrees of saturation is presented on a cathode ray tube color display in a random sequence at one of 10 points around the fixation spot. The background is a mosaic pattern consisting of gray spots of the same size and shape as the test object, with various luminances. Background patterns with or without a test object are presented alternately. The subject is instructed to press a key when he detects a yellow object in the background pattern. The luminance of the test object is in the same range as the background gray spots. Since the luminance of background spots is changed synchronously at random when the test object appears, the subject can detect the test object only by the difference in color saturation. The results show the color contrast sensitivity at every designated point in the central visual field. The clinical application of the perimetric color vision analyzer revealed extrafoveal color defects which could not be evaluated with conventional color vision tests. It also showed that in some chorioretinal and optic nerve disorders the topographic pattern of color contrast sensitivity disagrees with that of luminance contrast sensitivity measured with automated static perimetry.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A new colour vision arrangement test to detect functional changes in diabetic macular oedema.

AIM: A study was undertaken to investigate the correlation between colour discrimination tests and the presence of macular oedema in patients with type I diabetes to find a sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of early functional changes. METHODS: The study was performed in 39 type I diabetic patients, 10 with and 29 without macular oedema. The examination included biomicroscopy, fundus photography of the macula, videofluorescein angiography, the LogMAR visual acuity chart, Farnsworth-Lanthony desaturated D-15 test, and the new Mollon-Reffin "Minimalist" test for colour vision deficiencies version 6.0. RESULTS: A highly significant correlation was found between the tritan value of the Mollon test and the presence of clinically significant macular oedema (p<0.0015), with a high sensitivity (88.9%) and specificity (93.3%). The DD-15 test was not significant (p=0.345) and showed low sensitivity for the presence of macular oedema (36%). All variables concerning the grading of macular oedema showed a highly significant association with the tritan values of the Mollon test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the Mollon-Reffin "Minimalist" test version 6.0 is the best colour discrimination test for detecting macular oedema, with higher specificity and sensitivity than the other methods used in the study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

A new screening method for detecting colour vision deficiencies.

Diagnostic colour vision examinations are generally administered with the anomaloscope. But this instrument requires a lot of time and experience for the tests as well as for the interpretation of the results. In practical use, it will be sufficient in most cases to know whether normal colour vision is present or not, and it is not necessary to use sophisticated devices. So it was considered desirable during the TCU conference on colour vision defects held in London in March 1973 [1] to have a testing method for practical use which is both accurate and time saving. At the time when this demand was brought up, a new colour vision test was being developed by Rodenstock [2]. It enables semi-skilled personnel to perform the test independently of ambient light condition in only 20-30 sec and to effect a classification of the type of colour vision at the same time [3].

Color Perception Tests↗

PubMed1983

Pseudoisochromatic plate design--Macbeth or tungsten illumination?

Three sets of pseudoisochromatic plates were evaluated by photometry and colorimetry. The luminance contrast between the figure and background was measured and compared with a contrast detection threshold. The chromaticity coordinates of the figure and background were evaluated on the basis of how closely they approached a dichromatic line of confusion. The separation of the coordinates of the figure and background are a measure of the severity of the defect for which the plate tests. The plates were evaluated under both Macbeth (C) and tungsten (A) illuminants; two sets of plates were found to be better designed for tungsten illumination.

Color Perception Tests↗

PubMed2005

AcrySof Natural SN60AT versus AcrySof SA60AT intraocular lens in patients with color vision defects.

PURPOSE: To determine whether implantation of the AcrySof Natural intraocular lens (IOL) worsened the severity of existing color deficit in congenital partial red-green color deficient individuals (CPRG). METHODS: A prospective controlled randomized double-masked analysis of 30 consecutive patients with CPRG defect and bilateral cataracts received a Natural IOL (test group) in 1 eye and a single-piece AcrySof IOL (control group) in the other eye. Patients were tested unilaterally to detect CPRG defect using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates and the Farnsworth D-15 test. Plates 1 to 21 measured the Ishihara error score; plates 22 to 25 indicated severity of defect based on clarity of both numerals as partial mild/moderate (both visible), partial severe defect (only 1 visible). The D-15 test is based on number of diametrical crossings on the circular diagram; severity is graded as mild (1 crossing), moderate (2 crossings), or severe (>2 crossings). Tests were performed before and after IOL implantation at 1, 3, and 6 months. At mean follow-up of 6.13 months +/- 1.2 (SD), analysis of variance test judged the difference in error scores and cross tabulation represented change in number of diametrical crossings. RESULTS: The mean age was 62.3 +/- 8.5 years. All patients were men. Before IOL implantation, all patients had moderate CPRG defect on both tests. The Ishihara error score in the test and control groups did not reveal statistically significant differences (P = .505 and P = .119, respectively). With D-15, none of the patients in the test or control group showed >2 crossings. CONCLUSION: The implantation of AcrySof Natural IOL did not worsen the preexisting severity of color defect in CPRG individuals.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision in diabetic school children.

The color vision of 64 diabetic school children was studied. Acquired color vision defects due to diabetes could not be found in any of the children. Two of the children had a congenital red-green color vision defect. In the examination, three different pseudoisochromatic plate tests (Isihara, Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2, and Lanthony Tritan Album) were used as well as the Nagel anomaloscope and three different cap arrangement tests (Panel D 15, Lanthony Desaturated Panel, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue). The plate tests and the anomaloscope examination were fast, reliable, and well accepted by the children. The cap arrangement tests took more time, and many of the children neither liked nor properly performed these tests. Twelve color dependent glucose strip tests for diabetes care at home were also studied. A few of the youngest school children made mistakes in interpreting the colors of these strips, although their color vision was normal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Fourier analysis and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

A mathematical method based on Fourier analysis devised for the assessment of score charts for the Farnsworth--Munsell 100-Hue test is described. The method facilitates the analysis of features of the shape of the score chart in an objective and quantitative manner. The calculations are easily performed by a microcomputer.

Color Perception Tests↗

PubMed1996

A new colour vision test for clinical use.

Several tests are available for assessing colour vision but they can be expensive, complicated or too time consuming to perform. We have produced a new plate test based on pseudoisochromatic principles. The test, using an error score, examines both the red-green and blue-yellow axes, with four levels of difficulty for each axis. Results from a pilot study show that error scores from congenital red-green blind subjects are significantly higher than those of age-matched controls (p < 0.01) only when using the red-green plates and not the blue-yellow plates. In optic neuritis patients, error scores using both the red-green and blue-yellow plates were significantly higher than those of controls throughout the 6 month follow-up. The test, including scoring, takes 6 minutes to complete. These preliminary results suggest that the new test is effective for screening congenital red-green blindness and monitoring colour vision defects in acquired diseases such as optic neuritis.

Adult↗