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PubMed1983

Effect of maternal nutritional status on immunological substances in human colostrum and milk.

Substances in colostrum and breast milk confer significant disease resistance to the breast-fed infant. The influence of maternal nutritional status on both immunological and nonimmunological milk factors was studied in a group of 23 Colombian women during the first 2 months of lactation. Maternal malnutrition was characterized by significantly lower weight/height ratio, creatinine/height index, total serum proteins, serum albumin, and serum IgG and IgA. The colostrum of malnourished mothers contained only one-third the normal concentration of immunoglobulin G and less than half the normal level of albumin. Significant reductions in colostrum levels of IgA and the fourth component of complement (C4) were also observed in the malnourished group. No differences were observed in colostral concentrations of lysozyme, C3 complement, or IgM. Titers of antibody in milk directed against respiratory syncytial virus were not influenced by maternal nutritional status. The differences noted above tended to disappear in mature milk, concomitant with improvement in the nutritional status of malnourished mothers during the first several weeks postpartum. We conclude that the protective qualities of colostrum and milk may be significantly influenced by maternal nutritional status.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Vitamin K in colostrum and mature human milk over the lactation period--a cross-sectional study.

Vitamin K was quantitated in the milk of four groups of 15 mothers from 1 d to 6 mo postpartum in a cross-sectional study. Concentrations were 7.52 +/- 5.90 and 6.36 +/- 5.32 nmol/L (3.39 +/- 2.66 and 2.87 +/- 2.40 micrograms/L) in colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Differences between colostrum and mature milk or among samples of mature milk collected at 1, 3, and 6 mo were not statistically significant. Because of significantly increased volumes of milk over the lactation period, approximately twice as much vitamin K was delivered in mature milk as in colostrum. Within normal ranges, concentrations of vitamin K in milk were not predicted by dietary intake of vegetables or fat. Vitamin K was correlated with fat in colostrum and was localized in the lipid core of the milk fat globule but was not associated with membranes. Vitamin K in human milk is insufficient to meet recommended intakes for infants aged less than 6 mo. Population and clinical studies are needed to assess the vitamin K status of exclusively breast-fed infants and to evaluate current recommendations.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of human colostrum. I. Oxidative metabolism and kinetics of killing of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) were isolated from the colostrum of 57 women. Colostral cells were identified by fluorescent microscopy after supravital staining with acridine orange. Numerous intracellular fat globules within colostral PMNLs were shown by Oil Red O stain and electron microscopy. Oxidative metabolic activity during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles was significantly greater in blood PMNLs compared with colostral PMNLs. The total uptake and killing of [methyl-3H]thymidine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by blood PMNLs were significantly greater than by colostral PMNLs. Similar defects were produced in blood PMNLs incubated with the lipid fraction of colostrum, but not in those incubated with the aqueous fraction. Surface Fc receptors of colostral PMNLs and blood PMNLs incubated with colostral lipid were significantly reduced in number compared with those of control PMNLs or PMNLs preincubated with the aqueous fraction of colostrum. The metabolic and phagocytic defects of PMNLs from human colostrum appear to be related to colostral substances that alter PMNL surface structure and subsequent function.

Cell Count↗

PubMed1993

Colostrum protein digestion in newborn lambs.

The efficiency of colostral protein digestion was studied in nine newborn lambs fed one meal of bovine colostrum 3 h after birth. The results were compared with those obtained in two unfed lambs and four lambs fed bovine milk. The protein and peptide composition [immunoglobulins G1 and (IgG1), beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, caseins and peptides resulting from casein hydrolysis] of digesta, gastrointestinal tissues, blood and urine were determined in samples taken 0.75 or 4 h after feeding. The amounts of ingested proteins in lambs fed colostrum were much higher than in those fed the milk diet, and their abomasal emptying was faster. alpha-Lactalbumin was highly degraded by abomasal and intestinal proteases, whereas beta-lactoglobulin and in particular the immunoglobulins were less sensitive. The gastric emptying of caseins was delayed in and the kinetics of appearance of peptides originating from casein hydrolysis was comparable to that observed in lambs fed milk and in 1-mo-old preruminant calves. Thirty-five percent of dietary amino acids ingested as colostrum were available within 4 h for amino acid metabolism; this percentage was 54% in the milk-fed lambs. In the lambs fed colostrum, these amino acids were provided by beta-lactoglobulin, casein and IgG1 (0.52, 0.43 and 0.30 g/kg body wt, respectively), whereas in milk-fed animals casein and beta-lactoglobulin were the most important sources of these amino acids (0.40 and 0.20 g/kg, respectively).

Abomasum↗

PubMed2006

Concentrations of Fe, K, Na, Ca, P, Zn and Mg in maternal colostrum and mature milk.

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of Fe, K, Na, Ca, P, Zn and Mg in colostrum and mature milk (2 months) from nursing mothers, and the correlation between the concentration of these micronutrients and newborn weight, maternal age, gestational age GA, inter-pregnancy interval, and gestational weight gain. Thirty one women donated milk on the 2nd postpartum day and on the 2nd month of lactation. Micronutrients were analysed by atomic emission spectrophotometry. The concentrations (mean+/-SD) of Fe (0.12+/-0.08; 0.09+/-0.5 mg/100 ml), Zn (0.93+/-0.36; 0.15+/-0.06 mg/100 ml), K (62.8+/-11.5; 46.2+/-0.84 mg/100 ml) and Na (33.3+/-12.3; 20.5+/-15.6 mg/100 ml) decreased from colostrum to mature milk, whereas Ca (21.4+/-5.8; 25.0+/-3.1 mg/100 ml) and P (11.12+/-2.8; 13.7+/-2.0 mg/100 ml) increased. Correlations were observed between Zn and Ca concentrations and GA (r=-0.41, p=0.042; r=0.48, p=0.014, respectively), between Ca and K and inter-pregnancy interval (r=0.56, p=0.001; r=0.38, p=0.033, respectively), and between Mg and P and maternal age (r=0.49, p=0.005; r=0.37, p=0.042, respectively). The Zn concentration in colostrum showed a negative correlation with gestational weight gain (r=-0.49, p=0.006), and Na concentration showed a negative correlation with newborn weight (r=-0.38, p=0.036). The concentration of micronutrients in colostrum and mature milk (2 months) suffers alterations, including a decrease in Fe, Zn, K and Na and an increase in Ca and P, probably in order to satisfy the requirements of the nursing infant. Micronutrients are influenced by birth weight, maternal age, gestational weight gain, GA and inter-pregnancy interval.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Survival of rotavirus antibody activity derived from bovine colostrum after passage through the human gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and young children. Several studies have shown that hyperimmune bovine colostrum, derived from cows immunized with rotavirus, can prevent rotavirus diarrhea when given passively. The objective of this study was to determine whether colostral antibody activity survived transit through the gut by measuring the level of rotavirus antibody activity in the feces. METHODS: Hyperimmune colostrum containing different levels of rotavirus antibody was administered to 105 children attending nine Adelaide childcare centres. Subjects were asked to drink 100 ml of whole milk supplemented with colostrum 3 times a day, for a period of 6 days. Stool samples were collected from the subjects before, during, and after consumption of the study product. Rotavirus activity was determined using a novel virus reduction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a virus neutralization assay. RESULTS: Rotavirus antibody activity was detected in 521 (86%) of 602 fecal specimens obtained during the study using the virus reduction ELISA. The antibody activity was detected as early as 8 hours after ingestion of hyperimmune colostrum and up to 72 hours after consumption had ceased. There was a strong relation (r = 0.81) between the titer of rotavirus antibody administered to subjects and the level of antibody activity detected in the feces. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that antirotavirus activity survived passage through the gut. Therefore, passive immunotherapy may be used to prevent or treat infectious diseases that affect the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2002

Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide growth factor with mitogenic effects on intestinal epithelial crypt cells occurs naturally in high concentrations in colostrum. The hypothesis for this study was that colostrum rich in IGF-1 could promote small bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. METHODS: Twenty-four piglets, aged 7 days, underwent 75% small bowel resection and were fed 525 kJ x kg(-1) x d(-1) (125 kcal) of colostrum-based formula (Rs(+)) or placebo formula (Rs(-)). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) accounted for 35% of the protein and was compensated with casein and whey protein in the control feed. The piglets were weighed daily and killed 28 days after surgery. Bowel samples were taken at surgery and at death. RESULTS: Relative body-weight increase did not differ between the Rs(+) and Rs(-) group (84% +/- 9% vs. 90% +/- 12%, P = 0.83). There was a significant relative increase in crypt depth in the Rs - compared with the Rs + group (201% +/- 15% vs. 147% +/- 17%, P = 0.02) and total protein (mg/cm bowel) (482 +/- 51 vs. 278 +/- 46, P = 0.008). Increase in villus length, DNA/RNA content, and mitotic index did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Colostrum supplement rich in IGF-1 has no benefits over protein-enriched feed with respect to growth and bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Oligosaccharides in colostrum of Italian and Burkinabe women.

Human milk contains a large number of compounds to provide nutrition and defense for the newborn. Among these, oligosaccharides are present in concentrations up to 12 g/L, and their composition varies during lactation. Colostrum from 53 Burkinabe women were collected at the maternity department of St Camille Medical Centre in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso, West Africa). Colostrum from 50 Italian women were collected at the maternity department of St Bambino Hospital in Catania (Catania, East Sicily, Italy). All mothers spontaneously delivered at term. Italian mothers received an injection of the ergot derivative ergotamine after delivery. Ergotamine, notoriously, delays breastfeeding initiation up to 2 to 3 days. Chromatographic separation of colostrum from both Burkinabe and Italian women showed a progressive appearance of oligosaccharides in the first 3 days. Burkinabe women showed high concentrations of 2-fucosyllactose and lower concentrations of lacto-N-fucopentaose I. By contrast, Italian women showed inverted behaviour. A comparable percentage of the secretor genotype for the Lewis blood group phenotype in both Burkinabe and Italian women was found. According to the different ethnicity, different milk oligosaccharide profiles were documented in the present study. 2-Fucosyllactose in milk should be biologically significant for Burkinabe infants because of the high levels found in their mothers' colostrum after the second day of lactation.

Burkina Faso↗

PubMed1991

Human colostrum contains an activity that inhibits the production of IL-2.

The effect of human colostrum on T cell immune function was investigated. Colostrum inhibited the proliferation of human T cells activated by allogeneic, concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Colostrum also inhibited the production of IL-2 by Con A-activated human peripheral blood T cells and by Con A-activated Jurkat cells, a human T lymphoma line. Similarly, human colostrum inhibited the production of IL-2 by EL4 cells, a murine thymoma line, when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate. The inhibitory activity was not cytotoxic and could not be neutralized by antibody to transforming human growth factor beta.

Cell Survival↗

PubMed1997

Fatty acid compositions of colostrum, cord blood, maternal blood and major infant formulas in Japan.

Lipid profiles in colostrum, cord blood, maternal blood and major infant formulas in Japan were analyzed. In the first part of the study, colostrum obtained from 36 normal delivery women and six kinds of infant formulas provided by three major milk companies were analyzed for their fatty acid composition using capillary gas-lipid chromatography. Although enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the percent composition of DHA in the six infant formulas (0.15-0.21%) was significantly lower than that in the colostrum (1.1 +/- 0.54). Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were present in the colostrum but not detectable in the infant formulas. It is recommended that although the exact amount of specific fatty acids needed in the infant diet was not completely known, to be as close as possible to natural breast milk, the level of DHA, EPA and AA should be raised in the infant formulas. In the second part of the study, 19 pairs of maternal and cord blood were analyzed for their lipid profile. All samples were from normal vaginal delivery. The measurement of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids was performed with commercially available enzymatic methods on an automated discrete random access analyzer. Total fatty acid was determined as described in the first part of the study. The results were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. No correlation could be found between maternal and fetal concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids or total fatty acids. Correlation could be found in non-esterified fatty acids, in palmitic acids, and oleic acid levels. It was concluded that the lipid transport and metabolism in the fetal-placenta unit is complex and further delicate investigation is required.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The effect of colostrum-derived antibody on neo-natal transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection.

Two groups of 6 newborn goat kids were artificially fed colostrum containing antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) virus, obtained from clinically affected does. Kids in group A were fed the colostrum from birth until 7 days of age, while kids in group B were fed colostrum from 1 to 3 days after birth for 7 days. Kids were fed cow's milk at all other times. Serum antibody resulting from the consumption of colostrum, detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests, lasted for up to 8 weeks in group A, but none was detected in group B. Four kids from each group became infected with CAE virus as demonstrated by the emergence of active immunity and by virus isolation procedures. It appeared that uptake of colostral antibody by group A did not prevent viral transmission, interfere with development of active immunity, or modify the outcome of the CAE virus infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Antibodies to Bordetella pertussis in human colostrum and their protective activity against aerosol infection of mice.

Colostrum samples from Indonesian mothers were assayed for antibodies which agglutinate Bordetella pertussis and for antibodies to the filamentous hemagglutinin and the lymphocytosis-promoting factor of B. pertussis. Agglutinins were assayed by a microtiter method, and 36 of 58 samples tested (62%) had titers above 1:10 (range, less than 1:10 to 1:160). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected anti-filamentous hemagglutinin in 39 of 60 samples (65%) and anti-lymphocytosis-promoting factor in 26 of 60 samples assayed (43%). A total of 52 samples (87%) were positive for at least one of these antibodies. Pooled colostrum samples were separated by affinity chromatography into fractions enriched secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) or IgG and examined for their ability to passively protect suckling mice from aerosol challenge with B. pertussis. Samples (160 micrograms of protein) were given intraperitoneally 90 min before challenge. Death, rate of gain in body weight, and leukocytosis were used as indicators of illness. Colostrum containing anti-lymphocytosis-promoting factor or agglutinins was protective, whereas colostrum lacking these but containing anti-filamentous hemagglutinin gave little protection. The sIgA-enriched and IgG-enriched fractions appeared to be equal in their ability to protect against respiratory challenge with B. pertussis.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1980

Antimicrobial activity of colostrum after administering killed Escherichia coli O111 vaccine orally to expectant mothers.

An attempt was made to see if it was possible to produce antimicrobial activity in colostrum after killed Escherichia coli O111 vaccine had been given orally to expectant mothers. The colostral samples were used in vitro for the inhibition test immediately after the start of lactation. The colostrum from 7 of the 47 vaccine-treated mothers inhibited the growth of E. coli O111 compared with only one colostrum from 101 controls. No complication has occurred either in the vaccine-treated mothers or their suckling babies. The association between the presence of antimicrobial activity in the colostrum and the time of vaccine application was insignificant.

Bacterial Vaccines↗

PubMed1974

Appearance of specific colostrum antibodies after clinical infection with Salmonella typhimurium.

Colostrum and serum antibodies to Salmonella typhimurium have been found in three patients after clinical gastrointestinal infection during pregnancy. High levels of colostrum IgA agglutinins were directed specifically against both the flagellar and somatic antigens of the infective organism. The levels of colostrum agglutinating activity exceeded those found in the patients sera, while control colostrum gave negative results.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1995

Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity.

The effect of human colostrum on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and on natural killer (NK) cell activity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated in 50 healthy women. At concentrations as low as 0.5%, human colostrum stimulated IL-2 production; at a higher concentration (10%), IL-2 secretion was inhibited. A time and dose dependent inhibitory effect of colostrum on NK cytotoxicity was also observed. This inhibition could be reversed by the addition of human recombinant IL-2 (hrIL-2). The stimulation of IL-2 production induced by human colostrum might compensate for its inhibitory effect on NK cell activity. These findings suggest an additional mechanism by which breast feeding may affect the neonatal immune system.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1986

Making the most of colostrum at lambing.

Lambs require between 180 and 210 ml colostrum/kg bodyweight during the first 18 hours after birth in order to provide sufficient fuel for heat production. Colostrum intakes of this order would usually provide enough immunoglobulins for protection against infections. Ewes which are well fed during late pregnancy produce more colostrum than their lambs need, those with singletons having enough for a second lamb, but in most underfed ewes the lamb's requirements for colostrum exceed the ewe's production. Colostrum can be readily obtained and stored for subsequent use. The yields are increased markedly when hand milking is preceded by an oxytocin injection, the intravenous dose being 5 iu and the suggested intramuscular dose being 10 to 15 iu. There is little practical benefit in milking ewes more than three times during the first 18 hours after birth.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Farm investigations of anaemia in lambs caused by feeding cow colostrum.

The deaths on nine farms of lambs which had been fed cow colostrum as a substitute for ewe colostrum were investigated. Of 105 lambs which received cow colostrum, 65 (61.9 per cent) showed clinical signs of anaemia and 42 (40 per cent) died. The signs of anaemia usually appeared when the lambs were between eight and 12 days old. The most significant post mortem finding was the appearance of the bone marrow which was cream or grey rather than the normal bright red. The types of treatment which were given are summarised. Whey from samples of the colostrum fed to the lambs was tested for its effect on sheep red blood cells. Haemolysis or agglutination of the red cells occurred with some, though not all, of the samples which caused anaemia.

Anemia↗

PubMed1979

The effect of human colostrum on neutrophil function.

Strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized in human colostrum via heat stable opsonins and the classic complement pathway, but colostrum lacked capacity to opsonize E. coli via the alternative pathway. There was no bacteriostatic activity against serum sensitive E. coli strains, although specific antibodies against the strains were present. Neutrophils suspended in colostrum had normal chemotaxis and this was not altered by treating the colostrum with HCl.

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte↗