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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Overview: For crying out loud--dangers and opportunities of communicating in the public domain.

Communication often extends into the public domain, inviting "eavesdropping" and other forms of exploitation by other species. Conflict is frequently the result, although interspecific communication can be mutually beneficial even when interests conflict fundamentally, such as between predator and prey. However, the most complex communication systems are likely to involve species with mutual rather than with conflicting interests. When interests do conflict, exploitation of the communication systems of others may impose high costs on signalers and select for signals that are less exploitable. Other costs of communication in the public domain arise from "mistakes" (e.g., mating with the wrong species) and select for more species-specific signal structure. The articles in this section illustrate the complexity of interspecific communication and yield important insights into the dynamic nature of communication systems.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Our chimpanzee mind.

Some might consider the title of this piece preposterous. Bishop Wilberforce would no doubt have shaken his fist at it, just as he disputed Huxley's championing of darwinian continuity. But the title of this essay is no more outrageous than one entitled 'The chimpanzee's bird brain', for there has been extensive evolutionary conservation of many neural and psychological functions across species. We share with chimpanzees some--but not all--mental functions, some of which are shared with other species as well. As the publication of the chimpanzee genome reveals, we also share a good deal of our DNA. Unfortunately, we are virtually in the dark when it comes to understanding how genes build minds. If comparative genomics is to enlighten our understanding of human origins, it must be accompanied by an equally rich description of animal psychology, both in terms of its underlying neural signatures and the evolutionary processes that led to convergence and divergence with other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Surviving the proving ground: lessons in change from NP pioneers.

Increasing competition, health care complexity, threats to quality, and rapidly changing environments confront nurse practitioners (NPs) as they enter the new millennium. If NPs are to strengthen their positions as health care providers and continue to make a lasting contribution, they must exhibit proficiency in creating and managing change. Lessons gleaned from those who pioneered the NP role can provide the wisdom needed to address contemporary role challenges. The purpose of this study was to identify the strategies employed by NP pioneers who contributed to role survival and growth. This article provides a discussion of the change strategies utilized by NP pioneers and highlights their relevance to current practice issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

An evolutionary analysis of the relationship between spite and altruism.

We investigate the selective pressures on a social trait when evolution occurs in a population of constant size. We show that any social trait that is spiteful simultaneously qualifies as altruistic. In other words, any trait that reduces the fitness of less related individuals necessarily increases that of related ones. Our analysis demonstrates that the distinction between "Hamiltonian spite" and "Wilsonian spite" is not justified on the basis of fitness effects. We illustrate this general result with an explicit model for the evolution of a social act that reduces the recipient's survival ("harming trait"). This model shows that the evolution of harming is favoured if local demes are of small size and migration is low (philopatry). Further, deme size and migration rate determine whether harming evolves as a selfish strategy by increasing the fitness of the actor, or as a spiteful/altruistic strategy through its positive effect on the fitness of close kin.

Altruism↗
PubMed2004

Strategies and impacts of new drug introduction: hemophilia treatment.

This study examines the impact of the manufacturers' pricing strategy on the growing spending in the drug industry in the case of hemophilia treatment. Testable hypotheses of non-competitive pricing policies are posited to examine whether drug companies manipulate the prices of new drugs at each stage of market adoption. Then, we empirically examine our hypotheses using data from a regional hemophilia drug-purchasing consortium over an eight-year period. The key finding confirms that the pharmaceutical companies engage in non-competitive pricing behavior to maximize their profit given the limited competition in the market. The implications of the findings are considered.

Drug Approval↗