PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Contraceptive Methods Chosen”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Religious affiliation and contraceptive usage: changing American patterns, 1955-82.

This paper presents national estimates of contraceptive usage patterns among white women from 1955-82 for the major religious populations in the United States. Drawing on several surveys, the data show that in 1955 differences in contraceptive use between white Protestants and Catholics were very large and corresponded to the higher fertility levels among Catholics. By 1982, all the major religious groups had experienced downward changes in expected family size and all used effective contraceptive methods, including sterilization, the pill, and the IUD. Despite some convergence in the patterns of contraceptive usage over time, significant differences in contraceptive use styles remain among Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and those of no religious affiliation after multivariate controls eliminated socioeconomic and sociodemographic differences among these subpopulations. The evidence points to the multiple contraceptive paths to similar levels of low fertility. A series of hypotheses are proposed to account for these different contraceptive use styles that relate to religious communities, peer pressure and social norms, differential sex roles, male-female communication patterns, and the differential use of physician-based versus other sources of contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of sexual self-concept in the use of contraceptives.

Sexual self-concept--defined as an individual's evaluation of his or her own sexual feelings and actions--is proposed as an important predictor of contraceptive behavior among teenagers, and a scale measuring the concept is described. In exploratory analyses among university students, sexual self-concept is found to be associated with frequency of contraceptive use and use at most recent intercourse. It is also associated with their choice of contraceptive--students who had used prescription methods at last coitus had significantly higher scores on the sexual self-concept scale than did those who had used nonprescription methods or no method. These findings, together with the finding from analysis among high school students that sexual self-concept appears to improve with age, suggest that younger teenagers may be poorer users of contraceptives because of a lower sexual self-concept. Counseling and sex education that address social and psychological issues may help improve adolescent contraceptive practice by addressing teenagers' views of their own sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What do women use when they stop using the pill?

Current use of oral contraceptives among currently married women aged 15-44 declined from 25 percent to 13 percent between 1973 and 1982, while ever-use increased from 60 percent to 80 percent. By 1982, the pill appeared to be used mainly to delay first pregnancies, secondarily to space subsequent conceptions, and only rarely as a means of ending childbearing. Most women who had stopped using the pill by 1982 had done so on their own initiative: Only about one-third had been advised by a doctor to discontinue use. Virtually all former users gave some physical problem connected with pill use as a reason for quitting the method. At the time they quit, former users had been taking the pill for an average of 3.2 years. The decline in current use of the pill during the 1970s coincided with a marked increase in contraceptive sterilization, but was not the result of a direct switching from the pill to sterilization by individual women. Only 21 percent of women who quit the pill chose sterilization as their next method. The majority--60 percent--switched to nonpermanent methods, the condom being the most popular in all age-groups; the proportions selecting the condom as their next method ranged from 20 percent of 15-19-year-olds to 12 percent of 30-44-year-olds. Nineteen percent of former pill users did not adopt any method after discontinuing the pill.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Young women's reproductive health survey.

A survey of reproductive health issues was conducted on 15 year old Hutt Valley secondary school girls by means of a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. The prevalence of sexual intercourse in the sample was 29%. Sixteen percent of the sexually active respondents used no method of contraception. Knowledge of reproductive health facts and contraception was poor both amongst sexually experienced and inexperienced respondents. Twenty-six percent relied on peers for this information, with mothers, teachers and books being other important sources cited. Respondents requested more information on sexually transmitted diseases, contraception and sexual relationships. Most would like this information more readily accessible. Preferred sources of information mentioned were: parents, books, films/videos, family planning clinics and friends.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears in relation to the day of the menstrual cycle and the method of contraception.

The presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears was studied in a large series of women participating in a population screening program for cervical cancer, in relation to different time periods of the menstrual cycle and to the method of contraception practiced. In the total group of women studied, endometrial cells were present in an average of 12% of the cervical smears. In women who were menstruating cyclically, the percentage of cervical smears containing endometrial cells was not age dependent. Only in women over 52 years was a lower number of endometrium-positive cervical smears found: in postmenopausal women, 0.6% of smears were found to contain endometrial cells. In menstruating women, the frequency of endometrial cells in cervical smears was highest during the menses. After day four, through the proliferative phase, the percentages of cervical smears containing endometrial cells markedly decreased. During the secretory phase, an average of 2% of the smears contained endometrial cells; in the premenstrual phase (after day 25), the percentages of endometrial cell-positive smears rose again. When related to the method of contraception practiced, significant differences in the percentages of cervical smears with endometrial cells appeared. In women using oral hormonal contraceptives, the average numbers of smears containing endometrial cells for the whole cycle as well as for each period of the cycle were significantly lower. This phenomenon might be due to endometrial atrophy on the basis of prolonged use of oral hormonal contraceptives. In women wearing an intrauterine device, at any moment the frequencies of smears with endometrial cells present were significantly higher than the values found in women using any other method of contraception or not using contraceptives. The evaluation of cells originating from the endometrium requires considerable experience. The identification of endometrial cells can be made with greater confidence when the cytologist is aware of the exact date of the menstrual cycle and of the impact on the presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears caused by different methods of contraception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physician attitudes and family planning in Nigeria.

This study examines family planning attitudes and practices of 681 Nigerian physicians selected from cities in which large university teaching hospitals are located. About half of the physicians were practicing family planning; the method of choice was the IUD. Obstetrician/gynecologists and general practitioners were more likely to provide methods to their patients than were other types of physicians. The physicians were concerned about population growth and favored family planning, yet a substantial minority believed that family planning is foreign to the culture and that it promotes promiscuity. Physicians were reluctant to promote family planning on a wide scale; many disapproved of non-physicians providing oral contraceptives or IUDs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and the need for family planning in Puerto Rico.

In 1982, 69 percent of Puerto Rican women in union were practicing contraception. Forty-five percent relied on contraceptive sterilization (40 percent, female, and five percent, male), eight percent were using the pill, four percent each, the IUD and the condom, five percent relied on rhythm, and three percent were using other methods. Thus, sterilization is the dominant form of fertility regulation in Puerto Rico, and there is relatively little use of reversible methods for childspacing. Reliance on female sterilization peaks among women in union in the age-group 35-44 (54 percent), whereas pill use is highest among those aged 15-24 (approximately 23 percent). Overall, eight percent of all women aged 15-49 are at risk of unintended pregnancy because they are fecund, sexually active, not pregnant or seeking pregnancy and not using any kind of contraceptive method. However, among women in union, this risk ranges from nine percent among those aged 30-39 to 22 percent among women aged 15-19. Reliance on sterilization rather than reversible methods of contraception is strongly influenced by socio-demographic variables. Women with less than a high school education, the wives of blue-collar workers, women living outside of the major cities and those born in Puerto Rico depend upon sterilization more than do women with a college education, the wives of white-collar employees, women living in cities and those born outside of the country. These findings point to the need for improved availability of reversible family planning services, especially for young women, and those whose childbearing is incomplete.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive practice and fertility in Thailand: results of the Third Contraceptive Prevalence Survey.

The Third Contraceptive Prevalence Survey in Thailand was conducted in 1984. Results indicate a continuation of the rapid rise in contraceptive use among married couples that has been taking place over the past 15 years. Prevalence levels are approaching those common in economically advanced countries. Sterilization is now the most common method, although a fairly broad range of other methods is also widely used. Only modest levels of unmet need for contraception for either limiting family size or spacing children now exist. Fertility rates have fallen since the previous survey, done three years earlier, but to a lesser extent than would be expected from the increased use of contraceptives. Family size preferences are concentrated at small family sizes. A comparison between the Buddhist majority and Moslem minority, made possible through a special sample design, reveals substantial differences between the two groups. Contraceptive use is lower and fertility levels and preferences are higher among Moslems than among Buddhists.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of contraceptive history data in the Republic of Korea.

The consistency of retrospective and current status data on contraceptive use from a series of national fertility surveys carried out during the 1970s in Korea is investigated. Aggregate consistency is examined among random samples from the same cohort or cohorts of women interviewed in each survey. The results indicate that estimates of trends in contraceptive use from a retrospective history in one survey, or from cross-sectional estimates in a series of surveys, can each yield misleading findings. Data from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey (KNFS) appear to be more reliable than those from other surveys, possibly because an interval-by-interval contraceptive history was used, explicit definitions of contraceptive methods were given prior to taking the contraceptive history, and the KNFS involved longer interviewer training and, perhaps, less time pressure during interviews.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use, pregnancy and fertility patterns among single American women in their 20s.

Eighty-two percent of never-married American women aged 20-29 have had sexual intercourse; black women are somewhat more likely than white women to have had intercourse. In all, 53 percent of never-married women in this age-group had intercourse at least once in the four weeks preceding the 1983 National Survey of Unmarried Women. Black women are more likely than white women to have done so (62 percent compared with 51 percent). Nearly all of the women who ever had intercourse have used a contraceptive method at some time; 78 percent practiced contraception at the time of their most recent intercourse. A high proportion did not start using birth control until some time after first intercourse, however: On average, the delay between first coitus and first contraceptive use was eight months, and one-fifth of the respondents said that they began using a method only after their first pregnancy. Most of the women who did use a method at the time of first intercourse relied on the condom or withdrawal; in contrast, about two-thirds of white women and three-quarters of black women now rely on the pill, IUD or sterilization. Eighty-six percent of the women who had intercourse in the four weeks before the interview were current users--88 percent of the white women and 77 percent of the black women. Catholic women are no less likely than others to have ever had intercourse, to be currently sexually active or to be using contraceptives. However, Catholic women who receive communion at least once a week are less likely to be sexually active and substantially less likely to use medical contraceptive methods. Women who consider themselves very religious are less likely to be sexually active, but the sexually active among them are about as likely as others to use contraceptives. Better-educated women are much more likely than less-educated women to practice contraception, and women who work outside of the home are more likely than those who do not to use contraceptives. Thirty-three percent of unmarried 20-29-year-olds have had at least one pregnancy (about 40 percent of those who have ever had intercourse). Thirty-two percent of sexually active white women have been pregnant, compared with 70 percent of comparable black women. Furthermore, whereas 14 percent of white 20-29-year-olds have had an out-of-wedlock birth, 62 percent of black women have done so.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

Communication and contraceptive practices in adolescent couples.

This study presents a descriptive analysis of the content, frequency, and timing of couple communication regarding birth control among stable, sexually active adolescent couples, and the effect of communication on actual contraceptive practices. The sample consisted of 83 couples in which the female partner was 15-18 years old. All couples had been sexually active at least two months prior to the interview. The majority of couples had discussed birth control on at least one occasion, but discussions prior to first intercourse were atypical. Couples with good communication patterns were more likely to practice effective contraception. One-fourth of the respondents felt that contraception had not been adequately discussed, and these individuals were found to be most at risk to an unintended pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Contraceptive use before tubal sterilization.

A woman's decision to undergo tubal sterilization may be affected by her experience with temporary contraception. To examine this issue we analyzed data from the Collaborative Review of Sterilization, a multicenter, prospective study of the health effects of sterilization operations on women aged 15-44 years. Data on contraceptive use by a comparison group of nonsterilized women were drawn from a random, population-based sample of women aged 20-44 years who were controls in a large study of cancer and steroid hormone use. Sterilized women reported ever using a higher average number of contraceptive methods than did nonsterilized women. As compared with nonsterilized women, a higher percentage of sterilized women reported ever using contraceptives (99% versus 91%), especially two types, barrier and rhythm or withdrawal. Prior to selecting sterilization as a permanent contraceptive method, the sterilized women had more extensive experience with temporary contraceptives, particularly the less effective ones, than did the comparable nonsterilized women.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Development of a decision aid for women choosing a method of birth control.

The choice of a contraceptive method is complex and difficult. This study identifies issues for concern for women in selecting a birth control method, examines the accuracy of a self-administered questionnaire based upon these outcomes in predicting actual use, and in a preliminary fashion evaluates the usefulness of such an instrument as a decision aid. A questionnaire was designed to assess women's perceptions of the likelihood of each issue of concern for four birth control methods--oral contraceptives, intrauterine device (IUD), diaphragm, and foam or condoms--as well as the relative value of each issue. It was then tested among a convenience sample of 106 women. A weighted score was constructed by combining likelihood and value estimates for each contraceptive method. The method with the highest score was compared with actual contraceptive use and the intention to use such methods in the future. Positive predictive values were highest for pill use (83 percent) and lowest for IUD use (40 percent). While 65 percent of the sample were satisfied with their current method, 60 percent also found the questionnaire helpful. This attitude was most prevalent among younger, unmarried women. A decision aid for contraceptive decision making appears to be reasonably predictive of actual contraceptive use and helpful in thinking about the choice of a birth control method.

Adolescent↗