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PubMed1975

Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibody in patients with cancer of various sites and control groups.

Sera collected from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC, 321 cases), cancer of the other sites (297 cases), diseases of the ear, nose and throat (64 cases) and neighborhood controls matched for age and sex (817 cases) were titrated for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique. High anti-EBV antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:640) were noted in 55% in patients with NPC but only less than 31% were noted for the other 3 groups. The differences in the distributions of anti-EBV antibodies are statistically significant. The geometric mean levels of the antibody titers were 1:342 for the patients with NPC but less than 1:178 for the other 3 control groups. The relative risks shows that more than 40 times higher risk for those with equal to or higher than 1:640 antibody titers than those with lower than 1:40. The patients with NPC also show for higher ridit scales than the other 3 groups. The etiology of NPC was discussed with our findings.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choosing a control group.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2005

[Examination of resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells to cisplatin by technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile].

OBJECTIVE: To study whether technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) can be used to examine the drug resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells and to explore the efficiency of gensenoside Rh2 in reversing the resistance of adenocarcinoma cells to cisplatin (DDP). METHODS: Human lung adenocarcinoma cells of the line A549 sensitive to DDP and drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells of the line A549DDP were cultured. DDP and gensenoside (Rh2) of different concentrations were added. Mthoxyisobutylisnitrile (MTT) method was used to test the inhibit concentration (IC) of DDP and Rh2 to the cells. The IC(50) of DDP to these 2 kinds of cells and its low-efficiency inhibition concentration (< or = IC(20)) to A549DDP cells, and the IC(5) of Rh2 to A549DDP cells were calculated. < or = IC20 was regarded as the low-efficiency concentration of DDP to A549DDP cells and IC(5) was regarded as the in-toxic concentration of Rh2 to A549DDP cells. A549DDP cells were divided into 4 groups: control group, added with normal saline; DDP group, added with DDP at the low-efficiency concentration; Rh2 group, added with in-toxic Rh2; and DDP + Rh2 group, added with DDP at the low-efficiency concentration and Rh2 at the in-toxic concentration. Cell apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Forty-seven hours after the stimulation by different drugs (99m)Tc-MIBI solution was added and 1 hour later the radioactivity of the cells was detected by gamma-counter. Twenty-four nude mice were divided into 4 equal groups: A549 group, inoculated with A549 cells and normal saline intraperitoneally; control group, inoculated with A549DPP cells and normal saline intraperitoneally; DDP group, inoculated with A549DDP cells and low-efficient DDP intraperitoneally; and Rh2 + DDP group, inoculated with A549DDP cells and low-efficient DDP and in-toxic Rh2intraperitoneally. The growth of tumor and survival of mice were observed. Before the inoculation of tumor cells, 4 mice were randomly selected to undergo single photons emission computed tomography (SPECT). Two months after the inoculation SPECT was performed on all mice. By the end of experiment all the mice were killed and their tumors underwent pathological examination. RESULTS: The IC(50) of DDP was 24 microM to A549 cells and 325 microM to A549DDP cells, with a resistance index of 13.54. When the concentration of Rh2 was < or = 10 microM there was no evident toxicity to A549DDP cells. The inhibition rate of 100 microM DDP to the A549DDP cells was 12%. After the cells were treated by 10 microM Rh2 and 100 microM DDP, the IC(50) of DDP to A549DDP cells was decreased to 94 microM; compared with the cells treated by 100 microM DDP alone, the reverse resistance of the latter was 3.5 times that of the former. Fluorescence microscopy showed that fluorescence was distributed uniformly in the nuclei of A549DD cells in the Rh2 group, DDP group, and the control group, and fluorescence were conglomerated like grain in the nuclei and apoptotic little substance appeared in the Rh2 + DDP group. The apoptotic rates of the control group, Rh2 group, DDP group, and DDP + Rh2 group were 6.1% +/- 1.0%, 5.9% +/- 1.1%, 8.2% +/- 1.0%, and 59.5% +/- 1.2% with a significant difference between the DDP + Rh2 group and control group (P < 0.01). There was no evident apoptotic apex in the control group, Rh2 group and DDP group, whereas there was distinct apoptotic apex in the Rh2 + DDP group. The radioactivity of (99m)Tc-MIBI could be incepted by the 4 groups. The radioactivity of the DDP + Rh2 group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05) and there were no significant difference in radioactivity between the other 3 groups and the control group (all P > 0.05). The radioactivity of the A549 cells was significantly higher than that of the A549DDP cells (P < 0.01). Dense (99m)Tc-MIBI image of tumor could be seen in the A549 group mice, control group mice, and DDP group mice, the latter 2 groups with lighter images. No tumor image was seen in the Rh2 + DDP group mice. The R or R' value in the A549 group mice was remarkably higher than those in the control group and DDP group mice (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: (99m)Tc-MIBI can be used to examine the resistance of lung adenocarcinoma A549DDP cells. Gensenoside Rh2 of in-toxic concentration can reverse the resistance of lung adenocarcinoma A549DDP cells to cisplatin.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

Choice of control groups in the appraisal of sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension.

1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in normotensive and hypertensive outpatients, but were significantly lower in laboratory control subjects. 2. Standing plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar in all three groups. 3. Urinary vanillyl mandelic acid, catecholamines and metanephrines were also similar in the normotensive and hypertensive groups. 4. Laboratory controls, possibly because of familiarity with the techniques of sphygmomanometry and blood sampling, may attain a 'basal' resting level of sympathetic nervous discharge more readily and rapidly than subjects who are unfamiliar with such procedures. 5. After orthostatic stimulation by standing for 2 min, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, as determined by pulse rate and plasma noradrenaline concentrations, was similar in the three groups, despite the lower starting values in the laboratory staff. 6. The absence of differences in plasma noradrenaline or urinary catecholamine and metabolite concentrations does not support the hypothesis of excessive sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertension.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research priorities for burn nursing. Report of the Wound Care and Infection Control Group.

This study was designed to identify research priorities in burn nursing. The Delphi technique of sequential questionnaires was used for data collection. Ninety-four participants completed four rounds of questionnaires. One hundred one research questions were identified and prioritized according to impact on the welfare of patients with burns and impact on the profession of burn nursing. Twenty-three of these research questions concerned issues of wound care or infection control. This group of questions was further analyzed to determine priority research issues. The five most highly ranked questions in the category of wound care/infection control with regard to impact on patient welfare concerned healing of donor sites and skin grafts, wound cleansing, and the effect of pressure garments on wound healing. Similarly, the five most highly ranked questions with regard to impact on the profession of burn nursing concerned the impact of combining patients with burns and patients without burns in the same unit, healing of donor sites and skin grafts, care of the patient with burns who also has acquired immune deficiency syndrome, infection control, and dressing of the burn wound.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Sexual risk attitudes and intentions of youth aged 12-14 years: survey comparisons of parent-teen prevention and control groups.

In this study, the authors compared differences in sexual risk attitudes and intentions for three groups of youth (experimental program, n = 90; attention control, n = 80; and nonparticipant control, n = 634) aged 12-14 years. Two student groups participated with their parents in programs focused on strengthening family interaction and prevention of sexual risks, HIV, and adolescent pregnancy. Surveys assessed students' attitudes and intentions regarding early sexual and other health-risk behaviors, family interactions, and perceived parental disapproval of risk behaviors. The authors used general linear modeling to compare results. The experimental prevention program differentiated the total scores of the 3 groups (p < .05). A similar result was obtained for student intentions to avoid sex (p < .01). Pairwise comparisons showed the experimental program group scored higher than the nonparticipant group on total scores (p < .01) and on students' intention to avoid sex (p < .01). The results suggest this novel educational program involving both parents and students offers a promising approach to HIV and teen pregnancy prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of control groups in mutagenicity studies: matching biological and statistical relevance.

The statistical test of the conventional hypothesis of "no treatment effect" is commonly used in the evaluation of mutagenicity experiments. Failing to reject the hypothesis often leads to the conclusion in favour of safety. The major drawback of this indirect approach is that what is controlled by a prespecified level alpha is the probability of erroneously concluding hazard (producer risk). However, the primary concern of safety assessment is the control of the consumer risk, i.e. limiting the probability of erroneously concluding that a product is safe. In order to restrict this risk, safety has to be formulated as the alternative, and hazard, i.e. the opposite, has to be formulated as the hypothesis. The direct safety approach is examined for the case when the corresponding threshold value is expressed either as a fraction of the population mean for the negative control, or as a fraction of the difference between the positive and negative controls.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed2000

Wound healing of animal and human body sport and traffic accident injuries using low-level laser therapy treatment: a randomized clinical study of seventy-four patients with control group.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The main objective of current animal and clinical studies was to assess the efficacy of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in rabbits and humans. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the initial part of our research we conducted a randomized controlled animal study, where we evaluated the effects of laser irradiation on the healing of surgical wounds on rabbits. The manner of the application of LLLT on the human body are analogous to those of similar physiologic structure in animal tissue, therefore, this study was continued on humans. Clinical study was performed on 74 patients with injuries to the following anatomic locations: ankle and knee, bilaterally, Achilles tendon; epicondylus; shoulder; wrist; interphalangeal joints of hands, unilaterally. All patients had had surgical procedure prior to LLLT. Two types of laser devices were used: infrared diode laser (GaAlAs) 830 nm continuous wave for treatment of trigger points (TPs) and HeNe 632.8 nm combined with diode laser 904-nm pulsed wave for scanning procedure. Both were applied as monotherapy during current clinical study. The results were observed and measured according to the following clinical parameters: redness, heat, pain, swelling and loss of function, and finally postponed to statistical analysis via chi2 test. RESULTS: After comparing the healing process between two groups of patients, we obtained the following results: wound healing was significantly accelerated (25%-35%) in the group of patients treated with LLLT. Pain relief and functional recovery of patients treated with LLLT were significantly improved comparing to untreated patients. CONCLUSION: In addition to accelerated wound healing, the main advantages of LLLT for postoperative sport- and traffic-related injuries include prevention of side effects of drugs, significantly accelerated functional recovery, earlier return to work, training and sport competition compared to the control group of patients, and cost benefit.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of human growth hormone on protein metabolism in the surgically stressed state].

The effects of human growth hormone (HGH) on protein metabolism were investigated. In the experimental study, thirty one male SD rats receiving TPN were divided into 2 groups (control group & HGH group). Cumulative nitrogen balance after burn in HGH group was significantly higher than in control group. (p less than 0.05) Rates of whole body protein turnover (Q), together with those of synthesis (S) and breakdown (B) were significantly higher in HGH group than in control group. (p less than 0.01) Nitrogen balance significantly correlated with urinary total catecholamine excretion in both groups. (p less than 0.01) The difference of correlations of nitrogen balance to urinary total catecholamine excretion between two groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) when compared by analysis of covariance. In the clinical study, 12 patients after sub-total esophagectomy receiving TPN were divided into 2 groups (control group & HGH group). Cumulative nitrogen balance after operation in HGH group was significantly higher than in control group. (p less than 0.01) Q,S, and B were higher in HGH group than in control group. Increase of S was statistically significant. (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that HGH may be greatly beneficial in improving protein metabolism in the surgically stressed state.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The protective effects of Tong-xin-luo on myocardium and microvasculature after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Tongxinluo on myocardium and microvasculature after reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: The research was performed on the patients with AMI whose initial ECG showed ST segment elevation and the patients received PCI or thrombolysis immediately after onset. These patients were classified randomly into two groups: control group in which the patients were given routine drug treatment (52 cases) and treatment group in which the patients were given routine drug plus Tongxinluo capsule (60 cases). We observed the abnormal movement of the ventricle wall in 2DE, and the change in LVEDV or LVEF on the 1st day, 7th day, 13th day, 3rd month, and 6th month after onset, which were compared with the result of DISA and SPECT for myocardial image. At the same time we also examined the blood NO and MDA levels on the 1st day, the 7th day and 13th day. RESULTS: (1) The recover rate for the abnormal movement of the ventricle segments in the treatment group were 11.86%, 18.12% and 18.79% respectively, which were higher than that of the control group (4.13%, 8.27% and 11.11% respectively) on the 1st week, the 2nd week, and the 1st month. At the 6th month the total recover rate for the abnormal movement of the ventricle segments of Tongxinluo group was 70.03%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (51.68%). The WMSI was also decreased more than that of the control group. (2) The LVEDV in Tongxinluo group increased by 9.42% one week after onset, which was close to that of the control group (9.59%). There was no significant change (9.40% and 9.42% respectively) after two weeks and one month in Tongxinluo group, whereas it was increased continuously in the control group (11.84% and 12.33%). LVEDV in Tongxinluo group was decrease obviously after three and six months (3.62% and 5.07% respectively), which was close to the original level, whereas the result of the control group remained on a higher level (13.70% and 11.72% respectively). (3) LVEF of the Tongxinluo group was 53.32% before treatment, which was comparable with that of the control group (P = 0.45). There was no significant difference between the two groups after treatment for 1 week, 2 week and 1 month (P = 0.11, P = 0.13, P = 0.18, respectively). LVEF for the two groups was 58.27% and 53.40% respectively after three months and there was a statistical significance (P < 0.01). LVEF for the two groups was 58.33% and 53.82% respectively after 6 months and the difference remained statistically significant (P < 0.05). (4) The 2DE WMSI for the Tongxinluo group was 1.7552 after 12 hours to 24 hours of the CVR and there was no significant difference compared with that of the control group (WMSI = 1.5380, P = 0.6945). After 6 months, the WMSI decreased to 1.3767 in the Tongxinluo group, which was statistically different from that of the control group (WMSI = 1.5380, P < 0.01). The myocardium acquire isotope score index of the Tongxinluo group was 0.6075 at 6 months, which was significantly different from that of the control group (0.8781). (5) Ultrasonic humerus artery examination in static status showed that there was no significant difference on the diameter of blood vessel and the speed of blood stream between Tongxinluo group and control group with. The diameter of the blood vessel after artery pressure in Tongxinluo group was expanded, which was significantly different from that in the static status (P < 0.001) and that in control group (P < 0.001). The diameter of blood vessel after administration of nitroglycerin in both groups was expanded, which was significantly different from that in the static status (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). However, Tongxinluo group was expand more obviously than that of the control group (P < 0.05). (6) The MDA level of the Tongxinluo group was decreased (all P < 0.05) and the NO level was increased (all P < 0.05) gradually from the 1st week to the 4th week; however, the MDA level of the control group was not decreased until the 4th week (P < 0.05), and the NO level of the control group was increased evidently at the 2nd week (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: (1) After reperfusion in AMI patients, administration of routine drug combined with Tongxinluo is more effective than routine drug alone in the reduction of infarction size. (2) In Tongxinluo group, the recover time and the total recover rate of the abnormal movement of the ventricle segments were higher than the control group, and the WMSI were significantly decreased than the control group. (3) The improvement degree and the recover time on LVEDV in Tongxinluo group was superior to control group. (4) The improvement of LVEF in time and in degree was superior to control group. (5) The blood concentration of the MDA was decreased significantly in Tongxinluo group, while the NO level was increased significantly, and the time was superior to control group significantly.

Diastole↗