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PubMedDate not supplied

[Quantitative study and typization of aerobic bacteria in the conjunctival sacs of healthy eyes].

We carried out a qualitative and quantitative bacteriological research into the conjunctives of 220 subjects in good health mostly women (180) exempt from recent or previous eyes diseases. In order to gather conjunctival bacteria we employed with a few variations Hadley's et al. (1973 [12]) method. Among the calculated bacterial flora we found as the most numerous ones Staphylococcus epidermidis (mean valor 1960/ml), then Streptococci (480/ml), Micrococci (465/ml), Diphteroides (360/ml), Enterococci (77/ml) and numerous (700/ml) Gram-positives Cocci like Sarcina, Micrococcus tetragenes, Diplococcus, and very rarely bacterial genera Gram-negatives or Iphomycetes, also numerically inferior as regards the researches of other Authors, because owen study is carried by into eyes exempt from diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Synthesis and biological activities of 2,4-diamino-5-chloro-6-substituted quinazolines].

Title compounds were synthesized by condensation of 5-chloro-2,4,6-triaminoquinazoline (8) with various substituted benzaldehydes to produce the corresponding Schiff bases, followed by reduction with NaBH4, II and III were obtained by formylation or nitrosation of I respectively. Primary screening for suppressive therapeutic effects against P. berghei in mice showed that eight of the twelve compounds produced 100% suppression when administered orally at dose of 20 mg/kg. The results against L1210 Leukemia cell and B16 melanoma cell in vitro exhibited potent inhibition. Among them four compounds were more active than MTX and SIPI 759. Further work is in process. Antibacterial tests in vitro showed that a number of compounds possessed moderate activities against Diplococcus pneumoniae.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Meningococcal sepsis and DIC in childhood: a report of a clinical case].

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent complication of meningococcal sepsis in children. The clinical course variability, the severity of manifestations and the need of an early diagnosis for appropriate treatment, guides us to report a case of meningococcal sepsis and DIC. The patient, male, prematurely born, 11 months years old, presented himself with high fever of sudden onset, malaise, diarrhea, diffuse skin rash with abdominal petechiae, and no clinical evidence of meningitidis. Initial hematochemical findings, peripheral leukocytosis, quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma coagulation factors, liquoral hypocellularity together with the development of signs of meningeal irritation (stiff neck and back) were considered diagnostic clues for meningococcal sepsis associated with DIC. A gram-negative diplococcus was cultured from liquor. Primary goals of the treatment of this life-threatening clinical picture were the elimination of the bacterial component, the correction of clotting disorders and careful control of shock and metabolic acidosis often related with DIC. The patient then received a wide spectrum Cephalosporin, fresh frozen plasma, appropriate electrolyte solutions and eventually heparin, which led to a complete control and resolution of symptomatology.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1978

Spontaneous infectious diseases of marmosets.

The various species of marmosets are susceptible to a wide variety of infectious agents of which only a few have been fully characterized. Little is known concerning spontaneous disease in their natural habitat, and often deaths in the laboratory go unexplained. In captivity, Herpesvirus-T infection appears to be the most important viral infection, but serious disease may also follow infection with measles virus (rubeola) and an unidentified paramyxovirus. Bacterial diseases are multiple, but rarely occur as epizootics. Various species of Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella, and Diplococcus are among the more frequent pathogens. Mycoses and parasitic infections are also numerous, but most do not result in major losses.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Studies on stimulation and properties of antiglobulin antibodies. II. Antiglobulin antibodies against homologous globulins and antigens of thermally denatured autologous sera in the sera of rabbits immunized with various antigens.

Sera of 48 rabbits after long-term immunization with suspensions of Diplococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella friedländeri, Proteus OX19 and solution of bovine albumin were examined for antibodies reacting with homologous gamma-globulins and antigens of thermally denatured autologous sera. Appearance of antibodies of this type was related to duration of immunization, but not related to the type of antigen used. The experimental results were explained as a result of altered antigenic properties of antibodies following reaction with homologous antigen.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1975

[Clinical effects of lividomycin on respiratory tract infections, primarily wet cases of bronchiectasis (author's transl)].

Patients with various respiratory infections, primarily wet cases of bronchiectasis, were treated with lividomycin (LVDM) at a dose of 1 g/day for about a week. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Of the 15 patients with refractory bronchiectasis who had previously been treated with various other antibiotics, 11 patients (73.3%) responded to LVDM. Although there was no patient who responded to LVDM excellently, good cures were achieved in 5 pateints and fair cures in 6 patients. 2. In bronchiectasis patients having infections in association with pulmonary tuberculosis (mixed infections), LVDM did not show any remarkable effects, excepting that fair cures were achieved in 3 patients. 3. In the 7 patients with acute bronchopneumonia, excellent, good and fair cures were achieved in 1, 5 and 1 patient, respectively. Although LVDM was effective in all of the patients with the said infection, the number of the patients responded excellently was meager and the onset of action seemed to be somewhat slow. 4. In one patient with lobar pneumonia, LVDM was not effective. 5. The MIC values of LVDM for clinically isolated various organisms are summarized below: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50 mcg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.13 to 6.25 mcg/ml, Haemophilis influenzae 1.56 to 6.25 mcg/ml, Diplococcus pneumoniae 50 mcg/ml, alpha-Streptococcus 50 to 100 mcg/ml, beta-Streptococcus 100 mcg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus 1.56 mcg/ml. 6. In spite of the fact that a majority of the patients participated in this study were the aged, LVDM's side effects were limited to an increase of BUN (one patient) and eruption (one patient). Any noticeable changes in hepatic and renal function, hearing acuity, etc. were not observed. As indicated above, LVDM was effective against, respiratory infections as well as infections of the urinary tract on which a considerable number of research has already been reported. Thus, it is considered to be worthwhile to use LVDM for the treatment of respiratory infections.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Chemotherapy of purulent meningitis in children (author's transl)].

Purulent meningitis in patients admitted to the pediatric department of Kyoto University Hospital and affiliated institutions from 1951 through 1973 were studied with emphasis on the kinds of the causative organisms and the susceptibility of these organisms to antibiotics. The findings in this study have served to help select antibiotics most likely to be effective against this disease. The overall incidence of purulent meningitis was 0.68%. This figure decreased little throughout the period. As for the frequency of causative organisms, Neisseria meningitidis led the list, and Diplococcus pneumoniae ranked just behind. Haemophilus influenzae was rare. The frequency of N. meningitidis, however, decreased sharply in spite of the essentially unchanged overall incidence of this disease. The probable reason for the poor prognosis of this disease in spite of the remarkable strides in chemotherapy is the decreased frequency of N. meningitidis and the inversely increased organisms that are resistant to usual chemotherapy. The therapeutic effectiveness of cefazolin against this disease was studied in 15 children including eight newborns and four infants. The daily per kg bodyweight dose was 50 mg or less in four, 50 approximately 100 mg in five, and more than 100 mg in the remaining six. The route of administration was either intramuscular or intravenous. No deaths occurred. The rate of effectiveness was as high as 80%. Residual symptoms were recorded in six and, in as many as five of them, the cause was a-tributable to the delayed detection of the disease. Neither side effects nor aberrent laboratory findings attributable to large doses of cefazolin were recorded. Diffusibility of cefazolin into the CSF was studied in nine subjects. The CSF concentration of this antibiotic was shown to be somewhat lower than that of ampicillin or cephaloridine and to account on an average for 13% of the mean peak serum level. This relatively low diffusibility will be offset by its high serum concentration and safe large-dose therapy. These findings have clearly shown that the therapeutic effectiveness of cefazolin is as high as that of ampicillin, and that this excellent effectiveness holds true even when the causative organism happens to be Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, etc. that are resistant to ampicillin. The authors have furthermore scrutinized much literature on the frequency of the causative organisms, emergence of resistant strains, and the diffusibility of antibiotics into the CSF, and arrived at the conclusion that cefazolin is a promising antibiotic of choice for the treatment of purulent meningitis in newborn. The daily dose is preferably 150 mg/kg or more given in three divided intravenous doses. Meanwhile ampicillin proved to be useful as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of purulent meningitis in infants and children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

Cephalexin monohydrate suspension. Treatment of otitis media.

Cephalexin monohydrate suspension was used in the treatment of 97 children with otitis media. Pretreatment middle-ear exudate specimens in pure or mixed culture yielded Diplococcus pneumoniae in 47 cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 26, Neisseria catarrhalis in 20, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci in 13, and Staphylococcus aureus in one. The usual dosage was 100 mg/kg/day given orally in divided doses for 10 to 12 days. After 48 hours of treatment, follow-up cultures showed that therapy had been successful in 90 children; 81 remained clinically and bacteriologically free of disease for at least three weeks following therapy. Of the seven children for whom therapy failed, H influenzae persisted in five and D pneumoniae in two. Acceptance of the drug was entirely satisfactory with no important side effects encountered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Epiglycanin-immunoreactive glycoproteins in mouse fetal tissues and fetal cells in culture.

Fetal tissues from time-pregnant female A/J mice of 16- and 19-day pregnancies and from neonates 1 day after birth, as well as from fetal cells in culture, absorbed significant amounts of anti-epiglycanin antibody. Detergent-solubilized glycoproteins, with epiglycanin activity, from fetal tissues and cells were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the protein bands electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose gel. After the antigens were labeled with rabbit anti-epiglycanin antiserum and [125I]epiglycanin, autoradiography revealed two major bands containing the antigenic determinant at Mr 90,000 and 82,000. Bands of similar molecular weights, but with no demonstrated immunologic cross-reactivity, were observed by fluorography, if intact cells prior to solubilization were labeled by galactose oxidase followed by sodium borotritiide. Immunoreactive epiglycanin activity could be destroyed by Pronase, endo-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase (Diplococcus pneumoniae), or periodate oxidation. Activity was enhanced with neuraminidase. The spleen, liver, or erythrocytes from adult A/J mice did not possess the antigen, but incubation of adult spleen or liver with neuraminidase (Vibrio cholerae) exposed the epitope.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Presence of an O-glycosidically linked hexasaccharide in fetuin.

Examination by gel filtration, thin layer and anion exchange chromatography of the O-linked carbohydrate units released from fetuin by alkaline borohydride treatment indicated the presence in this glycoprotein of an acidic glucosamine-containing hexasaccharide in addition to the previously described tetra- and trisaccharides. The structure of the hexasaccharide was determined to be NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3[NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4GlNAc beta 1----6]GalNAc, on the basis of exoglycosidase digestion, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis as well as hydrazine-nitrous acid fragmentation. The latter procedure when carried out on the reduced asialohexasaccharide yielded Gal----2-deoxygalactitol and Gal----anhydromannose which were shown to be derived, respectively, from Gal----N-acetylgalactosaminitol and Gal----GlcNAc sequences. Reductive amination of the Gal----anhydromannose disaccharide with [14C] methylamine permitted identification of its linkage as 1----4. While Diplococcus pneumoniae endo-alpha-DN-acetylgalactosaminidase acting on asialofetuin released the sialic acid-free tetra- and trisaccharides (Gal beta 1----3GalNAc), this enzyme did not cleave the peptide attachment of the asialohexasaccharide (Gal beta 1----3 [Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6] GalNAc). The number of O-linked hexa-, tetra-, and trisaccharides per fetuin molecule was determined to be 0.2, 0.7, and 2.1, respectively, on the basis of galactosaminitol analyses. The absence of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine-containing tetra- or pentasaccharides in fetuin suggest that the attachment of this sugar is a rate-limiting step; furthermore, the limited occurrence of the hexasaccharide may indicate that the addition of sialic acid to Gal beta 1----3GalNAc to form the NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal linkage precludes action of the GlcNAc transferase to form the branch point on the GalNAc residue.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Branhamella catarrhalis infections.

Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis is responsible for a significant number of bronchopulmonary infections in adults, as well as otitis media and sinusitis in children. This gram-negative diplococcus is indistinguishable from Neisseria gonorrhoeae on gram-stained smear. Many strains of the organism produce beta-lactamase and are resistant to the penicillins and other beta-lactam antibiotics. When B. catarrhalis is the probable pathogen, a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic is the initial drug of choice in both adults and children.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

An integrated osteopathic treatment approach in acute otitis media.

Ear pain is a common patient complaint in the practice of the primary care physician. Acute otitis media can affect a person of any age, although it is more often seen in children than in adults. The disease is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Diplococcus pneumoniae) or Haemophilus influenzae. The differential diagnosis and subsequent treatment of otitis media is approximately the same for children and adults. First-line therapy usually consists of an antibiotic regimen of amoxicillin in combination with autoinflation exercises. In the case presented, a pharmacologic regimen was combined with osteopathic manipulation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

Thiamphenicol in treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.

17 infants and children with pyogenic meningitis (14 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 1 Neisseria meningitidis) were treated with thiamphenicol, 100 mg/kg body weight/day in 4 doses i.v., as single drug. In the H. influenzae group 10 patients were cured, 4 had relapses of meningitis, 3 with documented subdural effusions. This group is compared with 14 children matched for age, initial leucocyte and CSF cell count treated with ampicillin: all of these were cured, 1 had a subdural effusion. Thiamphenicol concentrations were determined in the serum and CSF 2 h after administration. The mean serum levels were between 10-12 mcg/ml, the mean CSF levels varied from 5.4 mcg/ml at the beginning to 1-1.9 mcg/ml at the end of meningitis. The MIC of H. influenzae was 0.6-12 mcg/ml. A significant, acute, and dose related bone marrow toxicity of thiamphenicol could be documented, but was always rapidly fully reversible. We conclude that thiamphenicol cannot replace chloramphenicol in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis as single systemic antibiotic. Special indications for thiamphenicol in this disease are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Infectious pneumonias: a review.

Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E. coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia. Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia. Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses. In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered. Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts. Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray. Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1979

Bacterial allergy in allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma.

Nineteen patients suffering from allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma were studied for bacterial allergy with Staphylococcus aureus, Kelbsiella pneumoniae and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Allergy skin tests, provocative tests and the Migratory Inhibition Factor were employed. The correlation indicates to the authors that bacterial allergy is more important than bacterial "infection" as a cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma in many instances. This is often overlooked by practicing allergists.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1987

Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Although pneumococcal vaccine has been recommended for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its efficacy in this population has not been shown. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine was carried out in 189 men and women aged 40 to 89 years with a clinical diagnosis of COPD and a forced expiratory volume in 1 second of less than 1.5 L. Of the 189, 92 received the vaccine and 97 received saline placebo. In a randomly chosen subsample of those who received the vaccine the mean titres of specific IgG antibody to selected pneumococcal polysaccharide serotypes increased two- to threefold by 4 weeks after vaccination. Over a 2-year period the rates of death, hospital admissions and emergency visits and the mean length of hospital stay were not significantly different in the two groups. Although a protective effect of 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine could not be shown, the small size of the sample and the relatively low follow-up rates preclude firm conclusions about efficacy from these data alone. The elevated antibody levels before vaccination in some of the patients, suggesting prior infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae, may partly explain the findings.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1984)].

Bacterial isolates from patients with pulmonary infections have been collected over the last 4 years in collaboration with investigators at 14 hospitals in various parts of Japan to study isolation frequency of pathogens from patients and drug susceptibilities of these isolates. Possible causative pathogens mainly isolated from sputum of patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected during a period from September 1984 to March 1985. We first determined types of respiratory diseases and found that, between 1981 and 1983, 57.9 approximately 64.5% of the examined diseases were chronic respiratory infections such as chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, and that these infections including diffuse panbronchiolitis accounted for 63.1% in 1984. Bacterial pneumonia was found to be 24.8% in 1981, but it was 11.0% in 1983 and 15.1% in 1984. These results seemed to reflect decreases in the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia in young population. We then investigated the correlations between these infections and isolates and found that distributions of causative organisms of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis during the 4 years were similar while the detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus from bacterial pneumonia increased in 1982 and 1983, and that of Gram-positive organisms such as Enterococcus faecalis rose in 1984. Branhamella catarrhalis was considered to be a non-pathogenic organism normally harbored in the upper respiratory tract. Recently, however, respiratory infections caused by this organism have been reported by some investigators. In our research also, this Gram-negative diplococcus was isolated as a causative organism of respiratory infections as 6 strains were found in 1983 and 29 strains in 1984, hence an increase was observed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Antibacterial effect of Ankerplast Spray].

The diffusion test yielded no satisfactory results. In the tube test, both the spray and the solvent (in a dilution of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively) proved to be bacteriostatically active against enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These germs were killed within 30 minutes in the test for bactericidal activity, whereas the reference substance (1% phenol) required 1--2 hours, except against the last-named germ. Even the copolymer exerted a bactericidal effect, it is true, but only within 8 or 24 hours. The following results were obtained from the spray test with agar plate cultures: Streptococcus viridans species, streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escheria coli, and Proteus were killed, whereas others survived under the plastic film for up to 9 days. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had grown through the film within 7 days. In vivo experiments demonstrated a very potent antibacterial activity on the skin under the spray film.

Acetates↗