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PubMed2006

[Domestic violence against women and the role of the obstetrician/gynecologist].

Domestic violence against women is a worldwide phenomenon affecting women of all age groups and socio-economic backgrounds. It may take the form of mental, as well as physical or sexual abuse. Pregnant women are not excluded from being abused. The physical and mental health of women who suffer domestic violence is compromised in comparison with women who are not subjected to violence. These women are reluctant to report their problem to physicians and they, in turn, do not sufficiently investigate the possibility of exposure to domestic violence with their patients. In Israel there is comprehensive protective legislation concerning domestic violence against women and a developed welfare system managed by social workers. Nevertheless, the efforts to protect and help these women will remain futile without early recognition, identification and referral of such women by the attending physicians. Among physicians, the obstetrician/gynecologists have a unique role, since on many occasions they serve as the primary care physicians of women who suffer from domestic violence. They are therefore able to recognize and offer help to these women.

Battered Women↗

PubMed1991

[Intracranial allometry and craniologic changes during domestication of silver foxes].

Skull proportions and pattern of intracranial allometry in farm foxes of bred domesticated populations are compared. Changes in skull measurements and bivariate allometry are observed in domesticated males, which in this respect become closer to domesticated females. The changes in the allometry pattern in the domesticated population points to deep modifications of regulatory ontogenetic processes which underlie the allometric growth. However, morphological changes in domesticated foxes cannot be only accounted for by allometry.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Relative hypertrophy of the right ventricle in silver foxes selected for domestication behavior].

Silver foxes selected for domestication behavior were found to have relative hypertrophy of the right heart ventricle, which was 21% as enlarged in males and 18% as enlarged in females as compared with non-domesticated animals. It was established by stereological methods that hypertrophy occurs mainly at the expense of an increase in the absolute and relative content of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes, with the absolute total volume of the mitochondria being equal both in domesticated and non-domesticated animals. It was shown by means of dissociated cell counts that in both animal groups, the absolute number of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei in the right ventricles is approximately similar. It is suggested that there is a relationship between right heart ventricle hypertrophy in domesticated foxes and variation in the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A volumetric comparison of brains between greylag geese (Anser anser L.) and domestic geese.

Volumes of brain and brain subdivisions in greylag and domestic geese are determined by cytoarchitectonical methods in order to confirm the reduction in brain weight of 16.13% due to domestication which was described in an earlier study. Olfactory structures, nucleus basalis and the 'piriform' corticoid layer are found to be particular different in shape and position compared to other birds, especially the pigeon. The volumes of brain parts in relation to the total brain are very similar in both: greylag geese and domestic geese. The extent of changes in brain parts due to domestication varies. The decrease of the prosencephalon by 18.8% is double the size of the rhombencephalon (9%). Remarkable are the reduction values of the tectum opticum (21.8%), the tractus opticus (37.3%), the hyperstriatum ventrale (26.1%), the archistriatum (22.4%), and the hippocampus (31%). Changes in brain size are compared with observations found in other domesticated birds. Evolutional, functional and environmental connexions are discussed as well.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Study of polymorphism and divergence of genomic DNA at the species and population levels (using DNA of domestic sheep and wild rams as an example)].

Genetic divergence in repetitive sequences of nuclear DNA of wild and domestic sheep was studied by general restriction endonuclease mapping (i.e., the taxonoprint method). The PCR RAPD method with one and two arbitrary primers was also used to analyze the nuclear DNA polymorphism in some other regions. The taxonoprint method, performed using six endonucleases, showed specificity and virtually complete similarity in the patterns of repetitive DNA sequences of two wild forms, argali and mouflon, and five domestic sheep breeds. Central Asian breeds, Kazakh fine-fleeced, karakul, ghissar, and eadeelbay, and an English breed, Lincoln, were examined. The results confirm the opinion that wild and domestic sheep may be considered one polytypic species. The PCR-RAPD method, both with one and two arbitrary primers, revealed a closer similarity of all the sheep breeds examined when argali, rather than with mouflon, was used. These results indicate that the domestication area of sheep was much broader than was earlier presumed. Otherwise, hybridizations of domestic and wild forms could occasionally occur in the area of their coexistence. The amplification patterns of PCR-RAPD products are the most promising population genetic markers.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The melatonin content of the tissues of relatively wild and domesticated silver foxes Vulpes fulvus].

Pineal, plasma and retina melatonin content and its diurnal dynamics have been studied in adult relatively wild and domesticated female silver foxes. Diurnal cyclicity of melatonin concentration in these tissues was observed with a minimum during the day time, maximum in the middle of the night and intermediate level in the evening. Circadian melatonin dynamics was pronounced in non-domesticated as much as in domesticated females. However, since the pineal mass in domesticated animals is significantly smaller than in wild ones, the quantity of the hormone per 1 mg of the pineal tissue at night was much higher in the former. At the same time, plasma concentration of melatonin in both groups was the same. A possible cause of higher melatonin concentration in the pineal organ of domesticated foxes is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence: legal issues for health care practitioners and institutions.

If health care practitioners and institutions became familiar with legal options available to survivors of domestic violence, they could better facilitate their patients' access to potentially life-saving recourses. Such options include calling the police and obtaining civil protection orders and bringing custody, divorce, and support actions. Provider awareness of legal obligations and other legal considerations that arise when handling domestic violence cases is important for patient care and the practice of good risk management. Examples of such issues include domestic violence protocol requirements, documentation of abuse, and repercussions of mandatory reporting laws. Health care providers should work in collaboration with community domestic violence programs in educating staff on issues pertaining to domestic violence and in crafting policies that promote patient safety and autonomy.

Battered Women↗

PubMed1995

[Observational and experimental studies on relationship between domestic pigs and epidemic hemorrhagic fever investigation].

Observational and experimental studies on the relationship between domestic pigs and epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) were carried out during 1986 to 1994 with reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA), reverse passive hemagglutination inhibition (RPHI), horse-radish peroxidase-staphylococcal protein A (HRP-SPA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to understand the roles of domestic pigs played in the epidemic areas. Results showed domestic pigs could infect epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus (EHFV) naturally or experimentally, and EHFV could disseminate to many organs of the animals and caused transient pathologic changes in them. EHFV could duplicate within the animal bodies and be excreted out of the bodies with their excreta. Proportion of inapparent infection of EHF in people closely exposed to domestic pigs was significantly higher than in those without it. It indicated domestic pigs maybe played an important role in EHF as a reservoir host.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Presence of domestic pets and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children.

The allergens of domestic pets such as cats, dogs and birds, have been known to sensitive predisposed individuals. In Singapore, approximately 25% to 35% of our atopic populations are sensitised to cat, dog or bird feather allergens. It is not known, however, if the presence of such domestic pets would translate to higher rates of sensitisation, or more importantly, give rise to increased respiratory symptoms. This study evaluated the association between the presence of domestic pets at home and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among asthmatic children in Singapore. The parents of 1517 doctor-diagnosed asthmatic children were interviewed using the American Thoracic Society-Division of Lung Diseases respiratory questionnaire. More than 20% were found to have domestic pets (cats, dogs or birds) at home. Of these, those with exposure to passive smoke in the home were excluded. A total of 188 current pet owners (cats, dogs and birds) were demographically-matched for sex, race and socio-economic status (type of housing) to those without pets, past or current. Compared to those without pets, asthmatic children with pets at home had a higher prevalence of coughing with cold [relative risk (RR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.69]; wheezing with cold (RR 1.42; CI 1.07 to 1.90), wheezing with shortness of breath (RR 1.33; CI 1.00 to 1.82), exercise-induced wheezing (RR 1.68; CI 1.10 to 2.56); and increased phlegm production or congestion with cold (RR 1.38; CI 1.00 to 1.91). This study suggests that the presence of domestic pets increases the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. Those with predisposition to these allergens should avoid having these pets in the home or take specific precautions in avoiding their allergens.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Forensic dentistry. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of domestic violence: a guide for dentists.

Non-accidental trauma (NAT) is a leading cause of death and injury in America. Women and elderly persons are much more likely to be injured by a family member or by someone known to them than by any other individual. This aggressive, violent behavior directed against an individual within the home or family has been defined as "domestic violence." Intrafamily violence effects one in two American families and occurs in all segments of society. Studies have shown that unless intervention occurs, the violence tends to escalate often resulting in serious injury or death. Because greater than half of all domestic violence injuries occur in the head and neck area, the dentist is often the first to treat the domestic violence victim. Each member of the dental team must be a participant in the early recognition of domestic violence and other forms of non-accidental trauma. Intervention can only begin after the victim is recognized. While acknowledging the important role of the forensic odontologist in the diagnosis and documentation of intentionally inflicted injuries, the general dentist and the dental team play an equally important role in stopping domestic violence.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern California.

Wild and domestic animals from 3 geographic-climatologic areas in northern California were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. A total of 2,796 serum samples representing 37 species of wild mammals, 35 species of wild birds, and 5 species of domestic animals were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 1,174 wild mammal serums tested, 10.8% were positive, which compared with 14.7% of the 1,221 domestic mammal serums. Of 229 wild carnivores tested, 45% were seropositive, including 69% of 86 bobcats, 28% of 58 coyotes, 48% of 25 raccoons, 27% of 26 gray foxes, 22% of 32 striped skunks, a civet cat, and a mink. Serologic evidence of infection was found in 38% of 47 rural domestic cats, but none of the 7 dogs tested was seropositive. Of 160 murid rodents (rats and house mice) in rural habitats, 4% were seropositive, which compared with 2% of 399 cricetine rodents (mostly deer mice) collected from wilderness habitats. Seven percent of 56 wild Artiodactyla (deer and feral pigs) were seropositive, which compared with 15% of 1,048 domestic sheep tested. Of 401 birds tested, 3.5% had antibodies against T gondii. The highest prevalence of antibodies among birds was in crows (14%). Toxoplasma was isolated from 1 raven, by mouse inoculation. In general, the highest prevalence of seropositive carnivores, rodents, and sheep was in the coastal region below 100 ft elevation, where the weather is cool and damp for much of the year. In the central valley the highest prevalence among sheep was in areas under irrigation. The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in the mountain areas, where climatologic extremes prevail at various seasons of the year.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence: examining nurses' and doctors' management, attitudes and knowledge in an accident and emergency setting.

Despite the increasing awareness of the important role that Accident and Emergency (A&E) personnel have in the diagnosis and management of domestic violence victims, there is limited knowledge about the nurses' or doctors' knowledge of or attitudes to domestic violence in Australian health care settings. In addition nursing and medical staff still receive very little training in working with domestic violence victims. This study was conducted to examine the existing knowledge, attitudes to and management strategies for domestic violence victims among 111 nurses and doctors in two rural and two country hospitals. The findings indicate that A&E staff recognise the importance of their role in the identification and management of domestic violence victims. Despite this they do not have all the skills necessary to deal effectively with the problem or to be able to access local resources for assistance. Education programs should focus on direct questioning techniques, and recognition of risk factors and protocols to provide guidelines for police involvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Specific language impairment and child care by a domestic helper: a case-control study in Chinese children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between child care by domestic helper and specific language impairment (SLI). DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: A Child Assessment Center in Hong Kong that receives referrals from primary and secondary care settings. PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed medical records of all new referrals younger than 5 years during a 4-year period (1999-2003) and compared children with SLI (cases) with those referred with other behavioral problems and assessed to have normal language and overall development (controls) using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale. Specific language impairment was defined as a language quotient more than 1 SD below the mean and below the general developmental quotient in children with normal general developmental quotient but without neurological or other organic diseases. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-six children were included (237 cases and 259 controls). The mean ages of cases and controls were 2.51 and 2.89 years, respectively. Boys predominated (cases = 73.4%, controls = 60.2%). The odds ratio (OR) of SLI for children cared for by a full-time domestic helper was 1.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.77; P = .03), after adjusting for confounding sociodemographic variables. Male gender (OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.25-2.90), positive family history (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.55-4.73), fewer siblings (P = .01), and lower paternal occupational status (P = .01) were also risk factors for an SLI. Childcare by a domestic helper was associated with a higher severity of an SLI in ordinal regression analysis (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS: Childcare by a domestic helper is associated with increasing risk and severity of an SLI. Further studies are required to confirm the association and to evaluate whether avoidance of childcare by a domestic helper could be recommended for children with an SLI or prone to develop an SLI.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Toxicity of two type II ribosome-inactivating proteins (cinnamomin and ricin) to domestic silkworm larvae.

Cinnamomin and ricin are two type II ribosome-inactivating proteins. They exhibited a different toxicity to domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae by oral feeding bioassay. The LC50 of ricin to the silkworm larvae at third instar was much lower than that of cinnamomin. When the isolated 80S ribosome from domestic silkworm pupae was treated separately with the reduced cinnamomin or the reduced ricin, a specific RNA fragment (R-fragment) was produced as characterized by 8 M urea-denatured polyacrylamide gel (3.5%) electrophoresis. The purified A-chains of both cinnamomin and ricin showed a slightly different RNA N-glycosidase activity to the domestic silkworm pupal ribosome. It was proposed that the difference of their toxicity to domestic silkworm larvae was not related to their A-chains but to the properties of their B-chains. It was also found that the vomit obtained from the midgut of domestic silkworm larvae could hydrolyze these two proteins apparently to a similar extent.

Algal Proteins↗

PubMed1997

Issues in the linkage of alcohol and domestic violence services.

It is well established that alcohol is a risk factor for male against female domestic violence. Some evidence also suggests that some women victims of domestic violence develop substance abuse problems in response to their victimization. Although interpretations vary regarding the exact nature of the relationship of substance abuse and domestic violence offending and victimization, there is evidence that linking substance abuse and domestic violence services could have a positive impact on batterer cessation and victim support services. Currently, however, service linkage for the two problems is rare. There are major barriers to linkage of substance abuse and domestic violence services, including philosophical differences of treatment perspective between program types and structural impediments that make linkage difficult. The chapter discusses the barriers to linkage, examines potentially useful linkage models, and suggests the next steps to examine the feasibility of linking services for the two problems.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1991

Comparison of arachidonate metabolism by alveolar macrophages from bighorn and domestic sheep.

We have defined the metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) secreted by alveolar macrophages (AMs) of bighorn sheep and domestic sheep in response to three agents: calcium ionophore A23187, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and opsonized zymosan. Cells were labeled with [3H]AA prior to stimulation and 11 tritiated metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), were detected and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromotography and radiometry. Zymosan stimulation resulted in the release of significantly elevated quantities (P less than 0.05), of LTB4, [5(S), 12(R)-dihydroxy-6,14-cis-8,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid], 5-HETE, [5(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid], and the nonenzymatic isomers of LTB4, [LTB I, 5(S),12(R)-6-trans-LTB4] and LTB II, [5(S), 12(S)-6-trans-LTB4], from domestic sheep AM when compared to bighorn sheep AM. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation released significantly elevated quantities (P less than 0.04), of TXB2, (thromboxane B2), HHT, [12(S)-12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecaenoic acid], LTB I, LTB II, and 15-HETE, [15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid] from domestic sheep AMs when compared to bighorn sheep AMs. However, after A23187 challenge, only 15-HETE was significantly elevated (P less than 0.04) in domestic sheep AMs when compared to bighorn sheep AMs. These clear differences in AA metabolism of AMs obtained from bighorn and domestic sheep in response to three different agonists suggest not only different control mechanisms for lung metabolism of AA in the two species, but also suggest that differences in the metabolites released may lead to quite different regulation of lung defense mechanisms in the two sheep species.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Protein, calcium, iron, and amino acid content of selected wild and domesticated cultivars of finger millet.

Two wild and eight domesticated cultivars of finger millet were analyzed to determine their proximate composition and calcium, iron, and amino acid content. Wide variations were observed in the protein (mean values ranged from 7.5 to 11.7%), calcium (376 to 515 mg/100 g), and iron (3.7 to 6.8 mg/100 g) content of the wild and domesticated cultivars. A wild progenitor of finger millet, E coracana subsp. africana was significantly higher in protein than four of the six domesticated accessions analyzed. The calcium and iron content of the wild progenitor was also significantly greater than that of two domesticated cultivars. The wild species was also found to be higher in lysine and five other essential amino acids. These results indicate that the nutritional value of finger millet may be significantly improved by selective crossbreeding of the cereal's wild and domesticated cultivars.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMed2005

Evidence of the domestication history of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from genetic diversity of the sad2 locus.

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 34 alleles of 2.5 kb sized stearoyl-ACP desaturase II (sad2), obtained from 30 accessions of cultivated and pale flax (Linum spp.), to elucidate the history of flax domestication. The analysis supports a single domestication origin for extant cultivated flax. The phylogenetic evidence indicates that flax was first domesticated for oil, rather than fibre. The genetic diversity of the sad2 locus in cultivated flax is low when compared to that of the pale flax assayed. An absolute archaeological date could be applied to the synonymous substitution rate of sad2 in cultivated flax, yielding a high estimate of 1.60-1.71x10(-7) substitutions/site/year. The occurrence of nonsynonymous substitutions at conserved positions of the third exon in alleles from cultivated flax suggests that the locus may have been subjected to an artificial selection pressure. The elevated synonymous substitution rate is also compatible with a population expansion of flax since domestication, followed by a population decline in historic times. These findings provide new insight into flax domestication and are significant for the continuous exploration of the flax germplasm for utilization.

Crops, Agricultural↗