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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A re-examination of the experimental design for nursing research.

This paper will present a case for the re-examination of the experimental design for contemporary nursing research. It is an attempt to re-dress the academic 'romance' with the new found orientation towards exploratory descriptive research. To make the case, there is a need to make explicit some of the erroneous assumptions regarding the philosophical origins of the experimental design. By ignoring the contribution of the experimental design, there is the risk of overlooking certain areas of potential nursing knowledge. This is particularly pertinent in the current political climate, where the need to provide cost-effective outcomes is reliant upon the principles of causality and certainty inherent in experimental designs.

Causality↗
PubMed2004

The Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures - Surgical (ASERNIP-S) assesses new surgeries.

The Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures - Surgical (ASERNIP-S) is a programme of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS). We provide assessments of new and emerging surgical techniques, establish and facilitate clinical and research audits or trials, and produce clinical practice guidelines. We use horizon scanning to identify new techniques. ASERNIP-S conducts systematic literature reviews and accelerated systematic literature reviews on the safety and effectiveness of new surgical techniques before they are widely accepted into the health care system. The RACS recently endorsed two new ASERNIP-S systematic reviews and three accelerated systematic reviews.

Australia↗
PubMed1996

Sore throat management in general practice.

This paper discusses primary care management of sore throat in the context of recent national 'consensus' guidelines from the Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin. The guidelines advise taking a throat swab, using typical clinical features where swabs are not available, and suggest that antibiotics shorten the duration of symptoms and prevent complications. Systematic reviews and individual studies indicate that the evidence for prescribing antibiotics for most presentations of sore throat in general practice is marginal, and the benefits are probably outweighed by the likely costs of antibiotics. Using clinical scorecards or symptom clusters to identify individuals who would benefit from treatment is insensitive with low predictive value, although inexpensive. Using throat swabs as a gold standard for diagnosis is inappropriate since they are neither very specific nor sensitive, and will greatly increase costs of management. The relative lack of evidence for the efficacy of antibiotics and for the use of throat swabs from primary care research, and also an unbalanced perspective of dangers and complications related predominantly to a secondary care setting, underlines the problem of achieving valid consensus guidelines. Guidelines not firmly based on evidence appropriate to the intended setting are more likely to be received sceptically and hinder getting research into practice.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Abdominal incisions from creation to closure.

Many of the techniques involved in creating and closing a surgical incision are based on tradition. Over the last several decades, randomized studies have addressed some of the steps in this process. Animal data and human data often have conflicting results. Randomized trials in human subjects indicate: 1) The incision can be made with one, rather than two, scalpels. 2) There is no advantage to using a laser rather than a scalpel when creating the incision. 3) Subcutaneous Penrose drains carried through the incision increase the infection rate. Closed suction drains in the subcutaneous space are rarely indicated. 4) The surgeon does not need to close peritoneum. 5) Time can be saved by closing the fascia in a continuous rather than interrupted fashion without causing an increase in postoperative wound separation or hernia formation. 6) Closing Camper's fascia after a cesarean delivery reduces the incidence of wound separation. 7) The cosmetic appearance of an incision is not improved by closing skin in a subcuticular rather than interrupted fashion.

Drainage↗
PubMed2026

Assessment of blinding in pharmacotherapy and noninvasive neuromodulation randomized controlled trials for neuropathic pain in adults.

In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), study participants and research personnel are often blinded to minimize biases related to knowing treatment allocation. To determine if blinding was effective, participants may be asked which treatment they believe they received ("treatment guess"). This descriptive review characterized blinding assessment (BA) reporting in pharmacotherapy and neuromodulation neuropathic pain RCTs. Of 288 papers, 36 (12.5%) reported a BA. One paper reported the results of 2 studies, so in total 37 studies with a BA were assessed. Of these, 19 were crossover, 17 parallel, and 1 partial crossover in design. All 37 studies assessed participant blinding, and 10 also assessed investigator blinding. Approximately 27% included an "unsure" answer option for treatment guess, and 38% asked the reason for the guess. There were no clear patterns in BA reporting across time nor based on treatment type. Seventeen trials provided sufficient data to calculate Bang Blinding Index (BI) to determine blinding success. Participants remained blinded (BI = 0 &#xb1; 0.2) in 10/17 placebo and 10/17 treatment arms, 6 placebo and 5 treatment arms had a BI > 0.2 suggesting possible unblinding, whereas 1 placebo and 2 treatment arms had a BI < -0.2 suggesting misinformed guessing. Overall, we found that BAs are done in a minority of published neuropathic pain trials and with variable methodology. Given the importance of minimizing risk of bias because of treatment unblinding, future studies should consider including BAs, and further consensus building is necessary to determine if and how BAs should be conducted and interpreted in analgesic clinical trials.

Bias↗
PubMed1996

Adrenaline, cardiac arrest, and evidence based medicine.

In this article we review the evidence supporting the clinical application of adrenaline in cardiopulmonary arrest, and summarize the receptor effects of catecholamines and the basic principles producing perfusion during CPR. Animal and human studies show that in cardiac arrest, adrenaline has positive haemodynamic effects, increasing systemic pressures, myocardial perfusion, and cerebrally directed flow. The problems extrapolating from animal to human data are highlighted. Studies showing improvements in short term survival outcomes with high dose regimens have not been confirmed by other large prospective randomised trials. There is no evidence that high doses of adrenaline improve survival to hospital discharge. Most studies comparing adrenaline with placebo have been non-randomised and uncontrolled, with major methodological problems. Conclusions are difficult, but if anything adrenaline is associated with poorer outcomes.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and preterm birth: evidence from the literature.

We review below the evidence from the literature about the relationships between bacterial vaginosis, its treatment and pregnancy outcome. The literature indicates that there is a well-defined association between the presence of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy and the risk of premature membrane rupture and preterm birth. Less definite is the role of the treatment of such pathology in reducing the frequency of preterm birth and/or premature rupture of membranes. The results of the controlled clinical trials are not entirely consistent. Of the most studied therapies, clindamycin seems to have shown favourable results most consistently but the published data are limited to trials including just a few hundred subjects. Only the availability of further data from controlled clinical trials will clarify the role of such treatment for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2026

Impact of Physical Environment of Pediatric Inpatient Wards on Children: A Systematic Literature Review.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to examine empirical studies published between 2003 and 2025 to identify elements of physical environments influencing health outcomes and experiences of children and families.BackgroundIn the past 40 years, research has shown that the physical environment influences the health and well-being of patients in the healthcare environment. However, similar research in the context of "pediatric inpatient wards" remains underexplored.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to identify relevant articles. All extracted articles underwent a three-step screening process using PRISMA. A total of 30 eligible articles were used for the analysis. The protocol is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023408997).ResultsKey findings reveal positive and negative impacts of identified elements. Positive-effect elements include play spaces, space for parents, natural light, connections with nature, and so on, which promote comfort, healing, and emotional resilience. Conversely, negative-effect elements, such as noise, artificial lighting, uncomfortable temperature, and so on, contribute to stress and disrupted sleep. Mixed effects were observed for elements like art and television, which underscore the complexity of designing environments that address the diverse needs of different age groups and genders.ConclusionsThe review findings highlight significant knowledge gaps. The study also tries to bridge existing gaps between research and practice by systematically identifying environmental elements, offering actionable insights to architects, designers, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Future research must adopt rigorous, culturally inclusive approaches to advance the field of pediatric healthcare design and ensure equitable care across diverse sociocultural contexts.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

A Digital Tool for Clinical Evidence-Driven Guideline Development by Studying Properties of Trial Eligible and Ineligible Populations: Development and Usability Study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guideline development preferentially relies on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs are gold-standard methods to evaluate the efficacy of treatments with the highest internal validity but limited external validity, in the sense that their findings may not always be applicable to or generalizable to clinical populations or population characteristics. The external validity of RCTs for the clinical population is constrained by the lack of tailored epidemiological data analysis designed for this purpose due to data governance, consistency of disease or condition definitions, and reduplicated effort in analysis code. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a digital tool that characterizes the overall population and differences between clinical trial eligible and ineligible populations from the clinical populations of a disease or condition regarding demography (eg, age, gender, ethnicity), comorbidity, coprescription, hospitalization, and mortality. Currently, the process is complex, onerous, and time-consuming, whereas a real-time tool may be used to rapidly inform a guideline developer's judgment about the applicability of evidence. METHODS: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence-particularly the gout guideline development group-and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network guideline developers were consulted to gather their requirements and evidential data needs when developing guidelines. An R Shiny (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) tool was designed and developed using electronic primary health care data linked with hospitalization and mortality data built upon an optimized data architecture. Disclosure control mechanisms were built into the tool to ensure data confidentiality. The tool was deployed within a Trusted Research Environment, allowing only trusted preapproved researchers to conduct analysis. RESULTS: The tool supports 128 chronic health conditions as index conditions and 161 conditions as comorbidities (33 in addition to the 128 index conditions). It enables 2 types of analyses via the graphic interface: overall population and stratified by user-defined eligibility criteria. The analyses produce an overview of statistical tables (eg, age, gender) of the index condition population and, within the overview groupings, produce details on, for example, electronic frailty index, comorbidities, and coprescriptions. The disclosure control mechanism is integral to the tool, limiting tabular counts to meet local governance needs. An exemplary result for gout as an index condition is presented to demonstrate the tool's functionality. Guideline developers from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network provided positive feedback on the tool. CONCLUSIONS: The tool is a proof-of-concept, and the user feedback has demonstrated that this is a step toward computer-interpretable guideline development. Using the digital tool can potentially improve evidence-driven guideline development through the availability of real-world data in real time.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of traumatic incomplete spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The therapeutic efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for traumatic incomplete spinal cord injury remains a subject of debate. To comprehensively evaluate the impact of hyperbaric oxygen on motor function, sensory function, and activities of daily living in patients with traumatic incomplete spinal cord injury, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a comprehensive search across PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and major Chinese databases for randomized controlled trials published through June 2025. A total of 15 randomized controlled trials were included. The pooled results indicated that hyperbaric oxygen therapy significantly improved the American Spinal Injury Association motor score (mean difference = 10.30, 95% confidence interval: 7.70-12.90), the total American Spinal Injury Association sensory score (mean difference = 29.29, 95% confidence interval: 18.82-39.75), the American Spinal Injury Association light touch score (mean difference = 9.84, 95% confidence interval: 6.15-13.53), and the American Spinal Injury Association pinprick score (mean difference = 8.75, 95% confidence interval: 4.40-13.11). Furthermore, hyperbaric oxygen therapy was associated with significant enhancements in the Barthel Index (mean difference = 16.60, 95% confidence interval: 10.51-22.68) and the Functional Independence Measure (mean difference = 17.41, 95% confidence interval: 10.83-23.98). In conclusion, adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to improve motor function, sensory function, and activities of daily living in patients with traumatic incomplete spinal cord injury compared to conventional treatments alone. However, due to methodological limitations and potential publication bias in the included studies, these findings should be interpreted with caution, and further high-quality, multi-center randomized controlled trials are warranted.

Humans↗