SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Exercise training”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Role of exercise training on pulpal blood flow in diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of exercise training on blood flow in diabetic dental pulp. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of control (CON), diabetes (STZ), and diabetes with exercise-trained (STZ + Ex) groups. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg.bw). The exercise training protocol consisted of treadmill running, 5 times/week with the velocity of 13-15 m/min for 30 min. At 12 weeks (wks) and 24 wks after the STZ injection, the laser Doppler flowmeter (Model ALF 21, USA) was used to measure pulpal blood flow (PBF) while the animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg.bw). The results showed that STZ rats developed hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, higher mean arterial blood pressure, higher heart weight, body weight loss, and lower of PBF in the intact right lower incisor. Exercise training has beneficial effect on physiological characteristics of diabetic condition including triglyceride level, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and heart weight. Interestingly, reduction of the PBF was restored in STZ + Ex rats. In conclusion, our observations indicate that exercise training can prevent the reduction in PBF of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Exercise training in asthma.

Asthma is a chronic disease that is often limiting the exercise capacity. Rehabilitation programs are recommended and widely applied in asthmatic patients, and exercise prescription is a keystone of these programs. The impairment of exercise performance in asthmatics, the role of exercise training in such patients, the mechanisms of its beneficial effects and the suggested programs are discussed in a review, accordingly to the current evidence and available data in scientific literature. Exercise performance is impaired in most asthmatics. There is no conclusive evidence that asthma may involve a ventilatory limitation to exercise. The lesser fitness in asthmatics seems mainly due to inactivity and sedentary lifestyle. Exercise induced asthma (EIA) is a significant problem, and the best approach to minimise its effects on exercise capacity is prevention. Exercise training has been proved to have health-related benefits and to improve the quality of life. There is substantial evidence that exercise training increases exercise performance and fitness in asthmatics. It is still unclear whether physical training improves pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness. Since asthma ranges widely, exercise prescription varies for each patient. The proper selection of the patients and the choice of exercise programs are the steps required. Accordingly with the severity of the disease, exercise strategies may range from sports activities to, when the disease is severe, inpatient hospital programs that overlap with COPD rehabilitation. Further research to clarify some aspects (effects on pulmonary function and EIA, outcomes, cost-benefit relationship) is necessary.

Asthma↗

PubMed1994

Effects of intensive exercise training on lipid levels in high risk post-MI patients.

One hundred and two patients participated in a 4 week programme of intensive exercise training early after myocardial infarction. Lipid levels were measured before and after exercise training. The mean exercise capacity increased by 49% (P = 0.0001). Twenty-one patients who continued smoking and 25 non-beta-blocked patients were considered to have an increased risk of recurrent cardiac events, as were patients with high initial lipid levels. In the smokers and non-beta-blocked patients total cholesterol decreased by 0.30 mmol.l-1 (P = 0.031) and 0.37 mmol.l-1 (P = 0.042) respectively and triglycerides by 0.28 mmol.l-1 (P = 0.058) and 0.13 mmol.l-1 (P = 0.11). Patients with high initial cholesterol and triglyceride levels had the largest cholesterol and triglyceride decrease, r = 0.43 (P = 0.0001) and r = 0.38 (P = 0.001) respectively. After adjusting for initial lipid levels, cholesterol (P = 0.036) as well as triglycerides (P = 0.034) decreased in patients without beta-blocker treatment whereas smoking no longer had an independent effect on lipid level decrease. HDL-cholesterol did not change in any group. Thus, after 4 weeks of exercise training lipid profiles were improved in patients with an increased risk of recurrent cardiac events. Beta-blocker treatment, however, seemed to hinder the beneficial effects of exercise training on lipid levels.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1994

Effect of growth hormone suppression on exercise training and growth responses in young rats.

Exercise training improves maximal oxygen uptake and endurance times in adult human beings and other animals. The mechanism of this improvement results in part from anabolic effects of exercise and may be mediated by growth hormone (GH). Little is known about the role of GH in the adaptation to exercise in younger, still-developing organisms. To examine this role, we began a 4-wk treadmill exercise training protocol in 14-d-old female rats. GH was suppressed by passive immunization with anti-GH releasing hormone antisera. There were four experimental groups: 1) GH-control (normal GH secretory capacity), untrained (n = 21); 2) GH-suppressed, untrained (n = 13); 3) GH-control, trained (n = 14); and 4) GH-suppressed; trained (n = 11). At the end of the training period, maximal oxygen uptake and treadmill endurance running time were measured. Serum GH and IGF-I were assessed using RIA, and whole hind limb musculature succinate dehydrogenase (an indicator of mitochondrial function) was measured with standard fluorometric technique. Body weight gain was markedly reduced in GH-suppressed rats (mean, 54% of GH-controls in untrained rats and 55% in trained; p < 0.05). No apparent effect of training on linear growth was observed. As expected, serum IGF-I was markedly reduced by GH suppression, but no exercise-induced increase occurred in IGF-I as a result of training in either the GH-control or GH-suppressed rats. In GH-control rats, maximal oxygen uptake and succinate dehydrogenase were 69% and 25% greater, respectively, in trained compared with untrained rats (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Dietary whey protein modulates liver glycogen level and glycoregulatory enzyme activities in exercise-trained rats.

This study compared the effects of dietary whey protein with dietary casein or soy protein on glycogen storage and glycoregulatory enzyme activities in the liver of sedentary and exercise-trained rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (ca. 130 g) were divided into one sedentary and three exercise-trained groups, with eight animals in each group. Casein was provided as the source of dietary protein in the sedentary group while the exercise-trained groups were fed casein, whey, or soy protein. Rats in the exercise-trained groups ran for 30 mins/day, 4 days/week on a motor-driven treadmill. In the exercise-trained rats, animals fed whey protein had higher liver glycogen content than animals in the other two diet groups. Glucokinase activity was significantly higher in rats fed whey protein compared to that in rats fed soy protein, while glucose 6-phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in animals on the whey protein diet compared with those the other two diets. Although 6-phospho-fructokinase activity was significantly lower in the whey protein group than in the soy protein group, we found that fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity was significantly higher in the whey group compared with either the casein or soy groups. Pyruvate kinase activity in rats fed the casein diet was significantly higher than in rats fed either the whey or soy protein diets. In addition, hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity and serum alanine level were also increased in the whey protein group compared with the casein or soy protein groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the whey protein diet in exercise-trained rats results in significantly higher levels of liver glycogen, because of the combined effects of regulation of rate limiting glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities and activation of glycogenesis from alanine via alanine amino-transferase.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess whether exercise training can enhance endothelium-dependent dilatation in healthy young men. BACKGROUND: Exercise has been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms for this benefit are unclear. Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherogenesis, and animal studies have shown that exercise training can enhance endothelial function. METHODS: We have examined the effect of a standardized, 10-week, aerobic and anaerobic exercise training program on arterial physiology in 25 healthy male military recruits, aged 17 to 24 (mean 20) years, of average fitness levels. Each subject was studied before starting, and after completing the exercise program. Baseline vascular reactivity was compared with that of 20 matched civilian controls. At each visit, the diameter of the right brachial artery was measured at rest, during reactive hyperemia (increased flow causing endothelium-dependent dilation) and after sublingual glyceryltrinitrate (GTN; an endothelium-independent dilator), using high-resolution external vascular ultrasound. RESULTS: At baseline, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and GTN-mediated dilatation were similar in the exercise and control groups (FMD 2.2+/-2.4% and 2.4+/-2.8%, respectively, p = 0.33; GTN 13.4+/-6.2 vs. 16.7+/-5.9, respectively, p = 0.53). In the military recruits, FMD improved from 2.2+/-2.4% to 3.9+/-2.5% (p = 0.01), with no change in the GTN-mediated dilation (13.4+/-6.2% vs. 13.9+/-5.8%, p = 0.31) following the exercise program. CONCLUSION: Exercise training enhances endothelium-dependent dilation in young men of average fitness. This may contribute to the benefit of regular exercise in preventing cardiovascular disease.

Administration, Sublingual↗

PubMed1998

Potential benefits of resistance exercise training on nutritional status in renal failure.

Resistance or strength exercise training may help reverse the malnutrition common among patients in chronic renal failure and delay the progression of renal disease. Resistance training is characterized by resisting, lifting, and lowering weights. It results in muscle mass accretion, improved physical function, and slowed progression of muscle wasting. Resistance exercise training for a period of 8 to 12 weeks results in significant increases in muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function in frail "healthy" elderly individuals as well as in specific patient populations. States of malnutrition leading to muscle wasting directly affect lean tissue mass and functional capacity. Even at dietary protein intake below the Recommended Dietary Allowances, resistance training appears to exert an anabolic effect by improving energy intake and protein use allowing nitrogen retention. The potential benefits of resistance exercise extend beyond this direct impact on protein metabolism. They include improvements in functional capacity such as gait, balance, mobility, strength, exercise tolerance, improved glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, and self-efficacy and self-esteem. Currently, the effects of resistance exercise in renal patients are unknown, although they are well shown in the case of other diseases. The potential benefits that resistance exercise training may have on muscle mass and function, nutritional status, hyperglycemia, disease progression, and the overall mental well-being of renal patients deserve further investigation. As an adjunct to current treatment modalities for chronic renal failure, resistance exercise may serve as a cost-effective, interdisciplinary, noninvasive approach to counteract malnutrition and improve the quality of life.

Exercise↗

PubMed1983

Diminished dietary thermogenesis in exercise-trained human subjects.

The influence of exercise-training on dietary-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was investigated in humans. The resting metabolic rate was identical in trained and non-trained subjects, but the response to a meal containing 1,636 kcal (6.9 MJ) was markedly lower in trained subjects. Mean dorsal skin temperature, as measured by thermography, was not influenced by training. A significant correlation was observed between postprandial RQ and DIT, which indicates that the reduced energy expenditure noted in trained subjects is related to a greater lipid oxidation. This sparing effect of exercise-training on energy utilization in the form of carbohydrate, is interpreted as adaptive in the sense that energy is preserved for the purpose of producing work.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The effect of exercise training on aerobic fitness, immune indices, and quality of life in HIV+ patients.

PURPOSE: Thirty four HIV+ patients participated in a 6-wk aerobic exercise training program to determine whether exercise improved aerobic fitness, immune indices, and quality of life. METHODS: Subjects were assigned to three groups: control (no regular aerobic exercise), moderate exercise, and heavy exercise training. At study entry and exit (in each subject) we evaluated aerobic function with a symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise test, immune indices with CD4 counts and Candida skin tests, viral replication with plasma HIV RNA measurements, and quality of life with a HIV+ population validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Aerobic fitness increased significantly in both exercise groups relative to the control group; immune indices changed very little among all three groups; however, the Candida skin tests (mm2) increased significantly in the moderate group; viral replication was essentially unchanged in all three groups; quality of life (QOL) markers improved in both exercising groups but not the control group. There were no opportunistic infections during the study. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training resulted in a substantial improvement in aerobic function while immune indices were essentially unchanged. Quality of life markers improved significantly with exercise. Exercise training is safe and effective in this patient group and should be promoted for HIV+ patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of isocapnic hyperventilation and walking exercise training at home in pulmonary rehabilitation.

Eighteen COPD patients enrolled in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation program were randomly assigned to perform either: 1) walking, or 2) ventilatory muscle exercise training (VMT) using a prototype, portable device for isocapnic hyperventilation training. Both groups performed exercise training at home. Twelve patients completed the study and follow-up evaluation (five VMT, seven walkers). Pulmonary function did not change in either group. For the VMT patients, there were modest increases in ventilatory muscle endurance and exercise performance. VO2max and VEmax increased significantly. For the walkers, only walking endurance time increased significantly. These results indicate that isocapnic hyperventilation exercise training can be performed successfully by COPD patients in an unsupervised home setting and can lead to improvement in both ventilatory muscle endurance and exercise performance. Walking exercise training did not improve ventilatory muscle endurance.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Exercise training improves insulin stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake independent of changes in perfusion in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 5-month exercise training program on skeletal muscle perfusion and insulin sensitivity at rest and during exercise in patients with idiopathic dilative cardiomyopathy (DCM). BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic heart failure are characterized by impaired insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. It is hypothesized that exercise training improves metabolism by enhancing perfusion in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Fifteen DCM patients (New York Heart Association I-III) on stable medical therapy participated in the study. Patients were divided to receive either supervised strength and aerobic training (n=9, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]=34 +/- 8%) for 5 months (3 times per week at an intensity of 70% of peak oxygen uptake [VO2]) or standard care (n=7, LVEF=36 +/- 6%) based on their living proximity to the exercise training site. Muscle blood flow, oxygen consumption, and glucose uptake were quantified using [15O]-water, [15O]-oxygen, [18F]FDG, and positron emission tomography (PET) during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia and 1-legged isometric exercise. PET studies were performed twice for each patient at the same individual workloads. RESULTS: Exercise training improved exercise capacity by 27% (P<.001). Whole body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake enhanced by 23% (P<.05) and muscle glucose uptake by 53% (P<.05) in the trained group but tended to decrease in the untrained group. When studied using identical workloads, muscle glucose uptake in exercising muscles was enhanced by 55% (P<.05), whereas no changes were observed in muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training counteracts the impaired insulin sensitivity caused by DCM. Training improves exercise capacity with a concomitant enhancement in whole body, resting, and exercising skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The improved insulin sensitivity is not explained by changes in muscle perfusion suggesting enhanced cellular glucose extraction.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Exercise training improves acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in type 2 diabetic rats, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats.

We investigated whether endothelium-derived relaxing (EDRF) and hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is impaired in type 2 diabetic rats (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat) and whether the exercise training improves impaired EDRF and EDHF. Diabetic rats were divided into the sedentary and exercise-trained groups at the age of 16 weeks. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were used as age-matched non-diabetic controls. EDRF as well as EDHF induced by acetylcholine in the presence of indomethacine and L-nitro N-arginine was significantly attenuated in the diabetic rats, and was further impaired with age. Exercise training significantly improved it. Both insulin resistance and abdominal fat accumulation were significantly greater in the diabetic rats, compared with the non-diabetic rats, but were decreased in exercise-trained rats. Urinary NO(2) secretion was decrease in the diabetic rats at each age, and it was improved by exercise training. The results of the study indicated that exercise training prevented impairment of EDHF, as well as EDRF in type 2 diabetic rats, presumably due to improvement of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and increase in the production of nitric oxide by exercise training.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1977

Functions of selected biochemical systems from the exercised-trained dog heart.

Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions were isolated from exercised-trained (E-T) and sedentary control dog hearts. Measurements of mitochondrial respiratory functions indicated no changes in energy-producing (ATP synthesis) capacity in mitochondria from E-T compared to control dog hearts. However, the ability of isolated mitochondria from E-T hearts to retain accumulated calcium was markedly decreased compared to controls. Inhibition of mitochondrial rates of calcium uptake with the inhibitor, ruthenium red, revealed fewer binding and/or transport sites in mitochondrial membranes from exercised-trained heart preparations. ATP-dependent binding (- oxalate) and uptake (+ oxalate) of calcium by SR preparations from E-T hearts were unchanged compared to controls. In contrast, significant differences in the rates of release of bound calcium were found in SR isolated from E-T hearts. Total myocardial protein, nucleic acids, and connective tissue levels were unchanged in E-T hearts compared to controls. The results suggest subtle changes are occurring in the energy-utilizing mechanism(s) involving calcium transport of the myocardial cell during exercise training. These changes may be related to alterations in the performance of the exercised-trained heart.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Isometric exercise training lowers resting blood pressure.

Both rhythmic and "resistive" (weight lifting) exercise training can produce modest decreases in resting blood pressure. The next logical point along an exercise continuum consisting of different proportions of rhythmic and isometric efforts is a strictly isometric effort. The purpose of these studies was to assess the effects of isometric, handgrip exercise training on resting blood pressure. To avoid the extreme pressor responses elicited by fatiguing isometric efforts, the isometric exercise training used in this study consisted of brief handgrip contractions separated by rest periods. Modest repeated rises in systolic and diastolic pressures therefore served as the putative stimuli for training adaptations in resting blood pressures. Human subjects in study 1 trained with four, 2-min isometric handgrip contractions with 3-min rests between contractions. The intensity of the contractions was equal to 30% of their maximal effort for each day. The bouts of isometric exercise were performed three times per week for 8 wk. Study 2 training consisted of four contractions of 50% of maximum effort held for a duration of 45 s with 1-min rests. These were performed 5 d.wk-1 for 5 wk. In Study 1, all eight trained subjects had a significant decline in both systolic and diastolic resting blood pressures, with group averages of 12.5 and 14.9 mm Hg, respectively. Seven matched control subjects who did not train had no change in resting pressures. In study 2, subjects were trained in their home or workplace and experienced significant mean declines in resting systolic and diastolic pressures of 9.5 and 8.9 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion increases with repeated weight training exercise.

This investigation examines the effect of progressive resistance weight training exercise on urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) excretions in untrained subjects. For 19 consecutive days, 11 males were fed a weight maintenance, lactovegetarian diet which contained the Recommended Dietary Allowance (0.8g.kg-1.d-1) for protein. No exercise was performed for the first 7 d of the study. Subjects were strength tested on day 8 and performed upper and lower body weight training exercises from days 9-19. Complete, 24-h urine collections were obtained from each subject on a daily basis. Samples were assayed for creatinine and 3-MH. Stable baseline 3-MH values were present during the pre-exercise control period. Significant increases in 3-MH occurred by study day 11, which was the third day of weight training exercise. This was true regardless of whether the data were expressed by daily excretions (microM.d-1; P less than 0.01), per unit of body weight (microM.kg-1.d-1; P less than 0.005), or per unit of creatinine excretion (microM.g Creat-1.d-1; P less than 0.001). Since urinary 3-MH is an index of actin and myosin catabolism, these data support the hypothesis that the rate of skeletal muscle degradation is increased during strength building exercises.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Myosin heavy chain composition in the rat diaphragm: effect of age and exercise training.

Increases in aerobic capacity in both young and senescent rats consequent to endurance exercise training are now known to occur not only in locomotor skeletal muscle but also in diaphragm. In the current study the effects of aging and exercise training on the myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition were determined in both the costal and crural diaphragm regions of female Fischer 344 rats. Exercise training [treadmill running at 75% maximal oxygen consumption (1 h/day, 5 day/wk, x 10 wk)] resulted in similar increases in plantaris muscle citrate synthase activity in both young (5 mo) and old (23 mo) trained animals (P < 0.05). Computerized densitometric image analysis of fast and slow MHC bands revealed the ratio of fast to slow MHC to be significantly higher (P < 0.005) in the crural compared with costal diaphragm region in both age groups. In addition, a significant age-related increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of slow MHC was observed in both diaphragm regions. However, exercise training failed to change the relative proportion of slow MHC in either the costal or crural region.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1991

Physiologic adaptations to prolonged high-intensity exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease.

Exercise training elicits numerous beneficial adaptations in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but until 10 yr ago these adaptations were generally believed to be peripheral adaptations rather than improvements in myocardial blood supply. However, animal models of CAD have been shown to elicit improvements in myocardial blood flow and left ventricular performance with prolonged, intense exercise training. More recently we have provided electrocardiographic, echocardiographic hemodynamic, and radionuclide evidence of central cardiovascular adaptations in patients with CAD after a year-long program of 1 h of exercise at 70-90% of VO2max 5 d.wk(-1). These training-induced adaptations are consistent with an improvement in myocardial oxygenation and concomitantly an enhanced left ventricular function in these patients. This program also resulted in improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile. We have also shown that these beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations are maintained during six additional years of training in patients with CAD. These results do not imply that all patients with CAD should initiate such an intense training program, but rather that, in selected patients undergoing a training stimulus well in excess of that conventionally prescribed for coronary patients, the training-induced adaptations may be substantially greater than previously believed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2001

The effect of low-intensity exercise training on fat metabolism of obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that fat metabolism is different in upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) obese women. The present study investigated whether the effect of low-intensity exercise training on fat metabolism is different in UB and LB obese premenopausal women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-one healthy, premenopausal women with either LB obesity (waist-to-hip ratio of < or =0.79; n = 8) or UB obesity (waist-to-hip ratio of > or =0.85; n = 13) participated in the present study. The UB obese women were matched and randomly divided in an exercise training group (UB) and a nonexercising control group (UB-C). Subjects in the UB and LB groups participated in a low-intensity exercise training program (40% VO2max) three times per week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, measurements of fat metabolism at rest and during exercise, body composition, and maximal aerobic capacity were performed. RESULTS: Exercise training did not change the respiratory exchange ratio at rest in the UB and LB groups. During exercise, relative fat oxidation increased in the UB group by 19% (p < 0.05), whereas no change in the LB and UB-C groups was found. Plasma free fatty acid oxidation did not change by exercise training, and nonplasma fatty acid oxidation tended to increase in the UB group compared with the UB-C group (p = 0.08). DISCUSSION: Low-intensity exercise training increased the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure during exercise but not at rest in UB obese women. Exercise training had no significant effect on fat metabolism in the LB obese women.

Adipose Tissue↗