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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A ribozyme targeted to cleave the polymerase gene sequences of different foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes.

Vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has dramatically reduced the number of disease outbreaks. Nevertheless, there are still many outbreaks in different regions around the world. In an effort to find new ways to control the disease, ribozymes able to cleave FMDV were designed and tested. In this work we tested the ability of FRZ4, a ribozyme targeted to the viral polymerase gene, to cleave polymerase sequences of several FMDV. Homology analysis was used to choose target sequences which consist of two conserved GUC which lie 15 bases apart and, their flanking sequences. These were the basis for the FRZ4 ribozyme gene sequence that contains two catalytic domains. We show that polymerase sequences from A, Asia 1, C and two different O1 Israeli isolates could be specifically cleaved by FRZ4. It is suggested that FRZ4 can cleave polymerase gene sequences from any FMDV serotype.

Aphthovirus↗
PubMed1987

Surface structure and RNA-protein interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The surface structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and the interaction of the individual capsid proteins with the virus RNA have been examined using modification reagents. By measuring the extent of modification of the lysine residues of intact and disrupted virus particles and the 12S protein subunit with Bolton & Hunter reagent it was found that 54% of the residues of VP1, 15% of the residues of VP2 and 37% of the residues of VP3, equivalent to five, two and four lysine residues respectively, are on the surface of the intact virus particle. Polypeptide VP4 was not modified in intact virus particles, indicating that it has no lysine residues on the surface of the virus. Modification with sodium metabisulphite, which causes a specific transamination reaction between cytidylic acid residues in ssRNA and closely associated basic amino acids, cross-linked all four structural proteins to the virus RNA. Both fragments of VP1, produced by treatment of the virus particle with trypsin, are also cross-linked to the RNA. These observations have been combined with the evidence that the immunogenic activity of VP1 may be contained in two discontinuous sites, at amino acids 141 to 160 and 200 to 213, in proposing a model for the arrangement of this polypeptide in the virus particle.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1969

Electrophoretic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific ribonucleic acid.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) was analyzed by electrophoresis on 0.5% agarose gels. Four classes of RNA were resolved as a function of mobility in agarose: two classes of slowly migrating multistranded RNA, the infectious viral RNA with intermediate mobility, and a minor fast-moving class of lower-molecular-weight single-stranded RNA. The major RNA species were infectious viral RNA and the slowest migrating class of multistranded RNA. The latter RNA was polydisperse when analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, it was partially ribonuclease resistant, and it was the predominant RNA species labeled during the initial period of (3)H-uridine triphosphate incorporation in the cell-free system. Heat treatment studies indicated that part of the slowest-moving RNA was degraded at 60 C and almost complete degradation was detected at 100 C. It was concluded that this RNA is the replicative intermediate in viral RNA synthesis. The second class of multistranded RNA contained both a ribonuclease-resistant RNA and a second RNA peak which was detected only after heat treatment at temperatures above 75 C. Fractions of FMDV-specific RNA isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation were analyzed by agarose-gel electrophoresis. Infectious viral RNA was detected only in the 37S zone and was the major species of RNA in this part of the gradient. The ribonuclease-resistant RNA (the 20S zone) contained about equal amounts of multistranded RNA (both classes) and the low-molecular-weight single-stranded RNA. All sucrose gradient fractions between 20 and 40S were found to contain the replicative intermediate, although the major portion was detected in the 20 to 25S region.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Towards the development of a new foot and mouth disease vaccine.

The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is a picornavirus with a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome of about 8000 nucleotides. There are seven main serotypes of the virus and a large number of subtypes. Virus harvested from cultured cells, and chemically inactivated, forms the basis of modern vaccines. The present vaccines have successfully controlled virus outbreaks in endemically infected areas but are unstable and require refrigeration. Early studies have shown that the ability to stimulate neutralizing antibodies resides in only one of the four capsid proteins, VPl. Although a number of groups have attempted to produce subunit vaccines from VPl using genetic engineering techniques, VPl may not be sufficiently immunogenic for effective vaccination. More encouraging are the results that have been reported for synthetic peptides corresponding to defined regions of the VPl protein. Further development of these immunogens will be needed to produce a new vaccine that can compete in cost and effectiveness with the present FMD vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus specific bovine antibody fragments from phage display libraries.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important veterinary pathogen which can cause widespread epidemics. Due to the high antigenic variability of FMDV, it is important to undertake mutation analysis under immunological pressure. To study the bovine antibody response at a molecular level, phage display technology was used to produce bovine anti-FMDV Fabs. CH1-VH chains with FMDV specific binding could be isolated after selection from a library made from vaccinated cattle. Though their involvement in the bovine immune response remains to be ascertained, it is planned to express the five different selected VH domains in bacterial or insect systems as sequence homologies with integrin beta6 chain could shed light on the basis of FMDV type receptor specificities.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

Six of the seven serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (i.e. all but Asia 1) are prevalent in Africa although there are marked regional differences in distribution. Three of these serotypes are unique to Africa, namely the three South African Territories (SAT) serotypes. Serotype C may also now be confined to Africa because it has not been reported elsewhere recently. In southern Africa at least, the SAT serotypes have an intimate and probably ancient association with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) that is instrumental in their maintenance. Within each of the six prevalent serotypes, with the possible exception of C, there are a number of different lineages with more or less defined distributions (i.e. topotypes) that in some cases are sufficiently immunologically different from one another to require specific vaccines to ensure efficient control. This immunological diversity in prevalent serotypes and topotypes, in addition to uncontrolled animal movement in most parts of the continent, render FMD difficult to control in present circumstances. This fact, together with poorly developed intercontinental trade in animals and animal products has resulted in the control of FMD being afforded a low priority in most parts of the continent, although the northern and southern regions of the continent are an exception. As a consequence, eradication of FMD from Africa as a whole is not a prospect within the foreseeable future. In southern Africa, the use of fencing and other means to strictly control the movement of wildlife and livestock as well as judicious application of vaccine has resulted in countries of the region being able to access beef and other livestock markets in Europe and elsewhere in the developed world. Significant marketing of livestock and livestock products from Africa outside the continent is unlikely to be achieved unless similar approaches can be developed for other regions of Africa. This will result in continuing under-exploitation of a valuable resource in the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, with increasing marginalisation of human populations living there.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1999

Localization of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA by in situ hybridization within bovine tissues.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cloven hooved animals. In cattle, both acute and long-term persistent infections occur. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus, has been shown, using virus isolation procedures, to replicate in the pharynx and soft palate of cattle. In this study, in situ hybridization has been used to detect FMDV RNA within the cells of tissues removed from infected bovines. A digoxigenin-labelled anti-sense RNA probe was prepared corresponding to a region of the FMDV genome encoding part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D). The efficacy and specificity of this probe for in situ hybridisation was determined using virus-infected cells in tissue culture. Strong cytoplasmic staining was only detected in FMDV-infected cells. Various tissue samples were collected from FMDV-infected cattle between 5 and 17 days post-infection. Viral RNA was detected by in situ hybridisation within cells of the soft palate, tonsil and pharynx up to 17 days post-infection. This technique is useful for the study of FMDV localization in cattle both during and after the acute clinical phase of disease and may assist in identifying specific sites of virus persistence.

Animals↗
PubMed1959

Densitygradient centrifugation with infectious ribonucleic acid of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The sedimentation constant of an infectious component in ribonucleic acid preparations from foot-and-mouth disease virus has been determined by density-gradient centrifugation. A sedimentation constant of 37 Svedberg units (S(t)) was obtained. On the assumption that the relation between the molecular weight and the sedimentation constant found by Gierer is applicable to our system as well, a value of 3.1 x 10(6) was calculated for the molecular weight of the infectious component.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/SKR/2000.

Molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/SKR/2000, one of PanAsia strain, were performed from FMDV infected cattle. From the poly (C) tract of the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) to the 3' NTR including 14 base pairs (bp) of poly (A) tail, 7813 bp sequences comprising approximately 95% of the whole genome were obtained by reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR). The deduced amino acid sequences of the structural and nonstructural proteins (NSP) of the O/SKR/2000 virus were analyzed for the sequence similarity among type O strains. Comparison between FMDV O/SKR/2000 and other strains indicates that overall the number of amino acids appears to be conserved without any deletion in either NSP or capsid proteins, thus, suggesting that O/SKR/2000 evolved with minor difference from preexisting strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Use of molecular assay in diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus A 16.

Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common illness in children and is usually caused by coxsackievirus A 16 and enterovirus 71. It has been noted that enterovirus 71 infection is more severe with significantly greater frequency of serious complications and fatality than coxsackievirus A 16. Therefore, it is important to develop a rapid and specific assay for discriminating coxsackievirus A 16 and enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks. In this study we designed two sets of RT-PCR primers specific for coxsackievirus A 16 and enterovirus 71. One hundred and eighty-nine viruses were evaluated for this molecular diagnosis assay. Among 110 enterovirus 71 strains, the enterovirus 71 specific primers gave clear signal for 107 clinical enterovirus 71 isolates and three reference enterovirus 71 strains. None of coxsackievirus A 16, other enteroviruses or non-enteroviruses show signal for enterovirus 71-specific primers. On the other hand, among 28 coxsackievirus A 16 strains, the coxsackievirus A 16-specific primers detect 27 clinical isolates and one reference strain but show no cross-reaction with other viruses. The molecular assay developed in this study provides a sensitive and specific way to distinguish coxsackievirus A 16 and enterovirus 71 induced hand, foot and mouth disease, which will be a useful rapid diagnostic method in future outbreaks.

Enterovirus↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.

The risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the UK. The probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the Met Office, Bracknell. In general, the probability of infection per animal and per holding decreased as their distance from the pyre increased. In the case of two of the pyres, a holding under the pyre plumes became infected on a date consistent with when the pyre was lit. However, by calculating their estimated probability of infection from the pyres it was concluded that it was unlikely that in either case the pyre was the source of infection.

Animals↗