SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “FOWLS, DOMESTIC”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Plasma iodothyronines in the domestic fowl: newly hatched to early adult stages, with special reference to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3).

Circulating concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured in chicks before, during, and after hatching, up to 9 weeks of age. T4 decreased prior to hatching, rose after emergence, and was variable in the immature domestic fowl. T3 increased prior to emergence, decreased until 5 days after hatching, and increased again by 1 week of age, after which the levels declined. Plasma rT3 declined prior to hatching, remained low until 5 days after emergence, and then increased, again, to 0.14-0.19 ng/ml between 1-9 weeks of age.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Modeling the anxiety-depression continuum hypothesis in domestic fowl chicks.

Anxiety and depression are currently classified as separate clinical syndromes despite considerable similarities in their symptoms, pathophysiological substrates and response to treatment interventions. An alternative hypothesis views anxiety and depression along a temporal continuum, a construct that the current research attempts to model in a preclinical setting. In experiment 1, socially raised domestic fowl chicks separated from conspecifics demonstrated a pattern of distress vocalizations that sequentially models anxiety-like and depressive-like states. In addition, administration of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide and the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine provided pharmacological validation for the model in that they were capable of dissociating the anxiety-like and depressive-like states. In experiment 2, corticosterone levels were quantified across the isolation test session to provide convergent validity to the model. These findings fit well with the human clinical literature on the anxiety-depression continuum perspective, and suggest the consideration of a nosology that emphasizes the inter-relatedness of these clinical states rather than their boundaries.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in domestic fowls: DNA alkylation and potential target sites for carcinogenicity.

The metabolism and reaction with DNA of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) were investigated in chickens. These nitrosamines have been identified in a typical diet consumed in northern Chinese provinces with a high incidence of oesophageal cancer in both, humans and domestic fowls. Following i.m. or oral administration of the 14C-methyl labeled nitroso compounds (16.5 mumol/kg) less than 10% of the total radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2 within 24 hr. DNA alkylation in chicken tissues was generally low, with highest values in liver (approximately 30 mumol N7-methylguanine/mol guanine) and kidney. In the gastrointestinal tract, concentrations of methylpurines were close to the limit of detection. After oral administration of NMBzA the reaction with DNA was more extensive, in particular in the diverticulum (crop), where N7-methylguanine and 0(6)-methylguanine amounted to 32 and 3.5 mumol/mol guanine, respectively. These values are more than 10-fold lower than those produced by a similar dose in rats, i.e. a species in which NMBzA induces a high incidence of oesophageal carcinomas. The low capacity of the chicken mucosa to bioactivate NDMA and NMBzA argues against these nitrosamines as agents responsible for oesophageal cancer in high risk areas.

Alkylation↗

PubMed1984

Involvement of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.

The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor ligand, 3H-WB4101, and the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor ligand, 3H-para-aminoclonidine, were utilized at a 1.0 nM incubation concentration to determine relative alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding by cell membranes from selected tissues within the brain, ovary and oviduct of the domestic fowl. Significant specific alpha 1-adrenergic binding was observed in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, pineal, cerebrum and cerebellum but only the cerebrum had significant alpha 2-receptor binding. Significant levels of alpha 1-adrenergic binding were observed in the granulosa cells of the three largest ovarian follicles and in the postovulatory follicle. Significant specific alpha 2-adrenergic binding was measured in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and shell gland of the oviduct. The physiological implications of alpha-adrenergic receptors in these tissues are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

International system for standardized avian karyotypes (ISSAK): standardized banded karyotypes of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The chicken genetic map is becoming very detailed. The genetic and physical maps need to be integrated in more detail. It is important to have a consensus banded karotype to permit this integration. An international committee met to develop a karyotype for the eight largest chromosomes and the Z and W chromosomes of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). This map is presented in this report.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The occurrence of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in domestic fowl.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) results from an inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine. The underlying cause of NDI is the failure of the collecting ducts to respond to antidiuretic hormone, however, the specific tubular defect is not well understood. In the present investigation an apparent case of NDI was studied in a strain of White Leghorn domestic fowl. In this strain, water intake of the males equaled 24.0% (controls 5.4%) of their body mass (BM) per day while that of the females equaled 51.4% (controls 11.7%) of their BM per day. Plasma osmolality (mosmol/kgH2O) of the NDI birds was significantly higher than that of controls (males 319 +/- 1.7 vs. 311 +/- 1.2; females 323 +/- 1.5 vs. 310 +/- 2.2). Urine osmolality of NDI birds was substantially lower than that of controls (males 90 +/- 6.2 vs. 524 +/- 4.0; females 70 +/- 4.7 vs. no value). In response to water deprivation, plasma osmolality of the NDI birds increased more markedly than that of the control animals (males 357 +/- 2.5 vs. 331 +/- 1.2; females 375 +/- 6.0 vs. 348 +/- 1.4 at 48 h of water deprivation). Basal plasma antidiuretic hormone (plasma arginine vasotocin, PAVT) levels in male NDI birds (9.9 +/- 0.7 microU/ml) and in female NDI birds (7.0 +/- 0.5 microU/ml) were nearly sixfold or nearly threefold higher, respectively, than in control birds. In response to water deprivation, PAVT of both NDI and control birds increased to similar levels, although the absolute increases in PAVT levels were substantially less in NDI birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Immunological release of histamine and slow-reacting substance in domestic fowl.

Immunological release of histamine from the whole blood of the sensitized chickens was demonstrated. Compound 48/80 (a potent histamine releaser) released histamine from isolated chicken lung. The sensitizing antigens (bovine albumin or horse plasma) did not release histamine from the lung. Bovine albumin and horse plasma released slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis only from the lungs of adult domestic fowl and not from ileum or lungs of immature chickens.

Albumins↗

PubMed2001

Development of a raceway method to assess aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors.

The requirement for assessing the effects of stressor combinations in improving the welfare of animals has not been widely recognised. Knowledge of the effects of concurrent stressors is needed to improve environments such as transport, where animals are presented with many simultaneous challenges. However, no method for measuring the effects of different stressors with a common unit is currently available. A locomotor passive avoidance method was developed as a common currency measure of the aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors, using vibrational and thermal stressors as an exemplar. Juvenile fowl, fasted overnight, were trained to run a raceway into a goal-box for small food rewards (FR1). When running consistently, the reinforcement schedule was superimposed with a FR5 treatment schedule (60 min confinement in the goal-box with either a control of no other stressors [N] or concurrent vibration and thermal stressors [VT]). Subsequent latency to return to the goal-box was recorded as a measure of aversion. The factors affecting bird response were addressed in a series of experiments to optimise the method and clarify interpretation of results. Pre-feeding (20% ration 2 h prior to testing) did not affect response, but increasing the number of treatment presentations facilitated learning and increased method sensitivity. Treatment responses were consistent across experiments; overall VT was avoided (P<0.001), but N was not. However, there was large individual variation in response to VT. A final experiment indicated that, given a visual discriminatory cue, birds were capable of learning the required association between entering the goal-box and receiving the treatment, suggesting that the delay responses were due to aversion rather than the immediate impact of treatment on ability to respond. Further work is required to test the singular stressors, but the method retains common currency potential for assessing aversion to multiple stressors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Pulmonary macrophages in birds (barn owl, Tyto tyto alba), domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica), quail (Coturnix coturnix), and pigeons (Columbia livia).

BACKGROUND: Birds have a limited number of resident macrophages in the normal steady-state respiratory tract. The discovery of phagocytes in lavages of lung from birds contrasts with findings that phagocytes are seldom seen in investigations in situ. An electron microscopic study was performed in the respiratory units, the parabronchi, and air capillaries in particular in several adult bird species to localize the seat of respiratory macrophages. METHODS: Lung tissue of barn owl, domestic fowl, quail, and town and homing pigeons was subjected to standard processing for light and electron microscopy after immersion fixation, intratracheal instillation, and intravascular perfusion. RESULTS: Clusters of macrophages were predominantly housed in the loose connective tissue at the floor of atria at the entrance to the infundibula and gas-exchange tissue proper. Scattered solitary phagocytes were also found in connective tissue of air sacs, interatrial septa, and adventitia of inter- and intraparabronchial arteries and veins and in peribronchial lymphoid tissue. Phagocytized foreign particulate material mostly consists of hard, dense, crystalline formations surrounded by a limiting membrane. The transport of small airborne particles occurs via the squamous atrial epithelium to the underlying macrophages. The macrophages are often accompanied by mast cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that avian respiratory macrophages are predominantly located in atrial connective tissue compartments and do not seem to migrate to the airway surfaces.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Somatostatin immunoneutralization overcomes the inhibitory effects of quipazine and pargyline on growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl.

The inhibitory effects of pargyline and quipazine on chicken growth hormone secretion were overcome by passive immunoneutralization of endogenous somatostatin (SRIF)-14 or SRIF-28(1-14)-like immunoreactivity. Administration of the specific antisera to control birds pretreated with 0.9% NaCl elevated the basal plasma GH concentrations. These results suggest that peptides with SRIF-14 or SRIF-28(1-14)-like immunoreactivity tonically inhibit GH secretion and are at least partially responsible for the inhibitory effects of pargyline and quipazine on GH release in immature domestic fowl.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Development, direction, and damage limitation: social learning in domestic fowl.

This review highlights two areas of particular interest in the study of social learning in fowl. First, the role of social learning in the development of feeding and foraging behavior in young chicks and older birds is described. The role of the hen as a demonstrator and possible teacher is considered, and the subsequent social influence of brood mates and other companions on food avoidance and food preference learning is discussed. Second, the way in which work on domestic fowl has contributed to an understanding of the importance of directed social learning is examined. The well-characterized hierarchical social organization of small chicken flocks has been used to design studies which demonstrate that the probability of social transmission is strongly influenced by social relationships between birds. The practical implications of understanding the role of social learning in the spread of injurious behaviors in this economically important species are briefly considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Codeine analgesic and morphine hyperalgesic effects on thermal nociception in domestic fowl.

The effects of codeine phosphate and morphine sulfate (2.5, 15.0, and 30 mg/ml/kg; IM) on latency of a jump response elicited by a noxious (61 degrees C) thermal stimulus were studied in White Leghorn cockerels at 15-16 days posthatch. Codeine induced a significant dose-dependent increase in jump response latency (analgesic effect), whereas morphine at each dose induced a significant decrease in jump response latency (hyperalgesic effect). Naloxone (5 mg/ml/kg) reversed the hyperalgesic effect of morphine (30 mg/ml/kg) and potentiated codeine analgesic effects. It is unlikely that codeine analgesic effects in domestic fowl reflect demethylation of codeine to morphine. These opposite codeine and morphine effects may reflect the interaction of these opiates at different populations of opioid receptors or at different substrates.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1988

Effect of fatty acid administration on plasma thyroid hormones in the domestic fowl.

In birds a severe stress is associated with a reduction in concentrations of plasma thyroxine. Studies in man and the rat have demonstrated that severe illness is associated with an increase in serum concentrations of free fatty acids, notably oleic acid, and that they are associated with a reduction in concentrations of serum thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3). Since stress is associated with increased fatty acids in birds, we have, in the present study, examined the role of oleic acid and another polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, on thyroid function tests (plasma thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and T3 resin uptake (RT3U) index) and on the thyroidal response to exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the domestic fowl. In the first study we observed that the iv administration of arachidonic (10 mg/kg) or oleic acid (15 mg/kg) to groups of 10-week-old cockerels (six per group) was associated with a significant reduction in concentrations of plasma T4, whereas there was little change in saline-injected controls. However, administration of fatty acids to chickens was not associated with a significant change in RT3U index or in the levels of plasma T3. In the second study, groups of animals (n = 6) were injected with bovine TSH (0.5 IU/kg, im) or saline 2.5 hr after the fatty acid injection and blood samples were obtained at -2.5 to 24 hr after the TSH injection. A similar progressive increase in serum T4 was observed for the three groups studied whereas there was little change in the concentrations of plasma T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Pharmacotoxicological aspects of nitrate and nitrite in domestic fowls.

1. The effects of nitrates and nitrites on growth, erythrocytic count, liver and kidney functions, humoral and cell mediated immune responses in cockerels were investigated. 2. Sodium nitrate (4.2 g/kg diet) and sodium nitrite (1.7 g/kg) retarded growth, caused methaemoglobinaemia and changes in erythrocytic count, serum concentrations of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, creatinine and urea. 3. Cockerels given nitrate or nitrite in the food had reduced haemagglutination responses after injection of sheep erythrocytes and a reduced delayed hypersensitivity reaction to purified protein derivative tuberculin following sensitisation to Bacille Calmette Guerin. 4. Nitrates and nitrites are environmental pollutants present in food and water and they may contribute to the aetiology of liver and kidney diseases and problems related to failure of immunity in domestic fowls.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1982

Effect of administering two prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin and aspirin) on egg production in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The injection of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (indomethacin) brought about a delayed oviposition time in birds of three breeds of layers, whereas the injection of 5 mg indomethacin had no effect. The daily ingestion of up to 400 mg aspirin or up to 10 mg indomethacin for three weeks, or 750 mg aspirin or 200 mg indomethacin for two weeks had no effect on egg production, oviposition time, egg-shell water conductance, oviducal prostaglandin synthetase activity or bird behaviour. Prostaglandin synthetase activity was demonstrable in both control and treated birds only in the tubular glands of the shell gland. These observations suggest that prostaglandins play a minor role in normal reproductive activity in the female domestic fowl.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1986

The effects of glucagon and insulin on plasma thyroid hormone levels in fed and fasted domestic fowls.

Glucagon injection (50 micrograms kg-1) produced a biphasic response in plasma thyroxine (T4) level in both fed and fasted chickens. An initial inhibition was followed by an increase to levels above control value. Glucagon reduced plasma triidothyronine (T3) possibly as a consequence of inhibition of peripheral monodeiodination. This inhibition persisted in fasted animals despite a glucagon induced hyperglycaemia. Insulin injection (4 IU kg-1) decreased plasma T4 concomitant with a profound hypoglycaemia. These effects were more pronounced in fasted birds. Insulin induced hypoglycaemia was associated with decreased plasma T3 probably as a consequence of reduced thyroidal T4 secretion and reduced peripheral monodeiodination. Glucagon and insulin may play direct or indirect roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and metabolism in the domestic fowl.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Serotoninergic inhibition of LH secretion in the domestic fowl.

Immature cockerels were injected with drugs known to affect serotoninergic activity. The receptor agonist quipazine as well as pargyline, an inhibitor of serotonin breakdown, both reduced plasma LH concentrations in a time-dependent fashion. The effect of pargyline was also dose-related. The serotonin precursor, tryptophan, reduced plasma LH levels. Tryptophan and pargyline were as effective in pubertal cockerels as in 3-week-old birds. Responses to quipazine were attenuated by the antagonist, methysergide, although another antagonist, cyproheptadine, also reduced plasma LH levels. Serotonin itself had no effect on plasma LH levels. Parachlorophenylalanine, which blocks serotonin synthesis, had no effect on plasma LH by itself, but attenuated the tryptophan-induced inhibition of LH. These data indicate that serotoninergic mechanisms inhibit secretion of LH in domestic fowl. This mechanism probably operates through the central nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of intraarticular opioid analgesia for the relief of articular pain in the domestic fowl.

An experimental paradigm, based on the microcrystalline sodium urate-induced arthritis pain model, was used to investigate the potential peripheral analgesic properties of a variety of opioid agonists. The response criteria were changes in behavioral profiles and pain-related behaviors over 60 min commencing 1 h after intraarticular injection. The testing system was used to determine the potential optimum dose of intraarticular application of morphine sulphate (1-3 mg), fentanyl citrate (0.5-3 mg), and buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.05-1 mg). None of the opioid analgesics used had any effect on pain behavior, and it was concluded that opioids with a high affinity for the mu receptor when injected intraarticularly were unlikely to be of use in the treatment or diagnosis of inflammatory arthritic pain in the strain of domestic fowl chosen.

Analgesia↗