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PubMed2000

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes.

Examining the correspondence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples' infant feeding attitudes This report focuses on the comparison of infant feeding attitudes within breastfeeding (n = 126) and bottle-feeding (n = 101) couples and their socio-demographic details. The findings from this study reinforce the view that socio-demographic factors are associated with the mothers' choice of feeding method. However, this study highlights the influence of maternal and of paternal knowledge and attitudes which distinguish between breastfeeding and bottle-feeding couples. Fathers of bottle-feeding babies were found to have limited knowledge of health benefits of breastfeeding to both mothers and infants. However, bottle-feeding mothers, when compared with their partners, were more supportive towards bottle feeding and less negative towards breastfeeding. Fathers of breastfeeding babies, compared with their partners were found to be less aware of the benefits of breastfeeding. Furthermore, breastfeeding mothers when compared with their partners were more supportive towards breastfeeding. Fathers of both bottle and breast feeding babies were also found to be more embarrassed than their partners about mothers in general breastfeeding in front of nonfamily members. It seems that bottle-feeding mothers and all fathers could be better prepared in many aspects of breastfeeding by the nursing professions to allay the many misconceptions and the social embarrassment associated with breastfeeding, by providing appropriate information and support.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Induction of CYP3A by ethanol in multiple in vitro and in vivo models.

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) is responsible for the metabolism of numerous therapeutic agents. The content of CYP3A seems to be affected by ethanol ingestion. Because ethanol is used widely, its potential interaction with CYP3A is of great interest. The effects of ethanol on CYP3A content and activity were assessed in different in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS: Rats fed either the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diet or an ethanol and liquid diet via the intragastric tube feeding method were used. Additionally, HepG2 cell lines that constitutively and stably express human CYP3A4 were constructed to study ethanol interactions with CYP3A4. RESULTS: In all models tested, ethanol induced CYP3A activity and content, as assessed by the metabolism of fentanyl, a sensitive and specific CYP3A substrate, and Western blot analysis, respectively. In the CYP3A4-expressing HepG2 cell line, incubation with ethanol caused a dose-dependent increase in CYP3A4 activity. Ethanol also increased messenger RNA levels of CYP3A4. In the HepG2-CYP3A4 line, incubation with cycloheximide caused a decrease in fentanyl metabolism secondary to a decrease in CYP3A4 levels; this decrease was prevented by coincubation of cycloheximide with ethanol. CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol induced CYP3A activity and content both in vitro and in vivo. There may be multiple mechanisms of induction of CYP3A4 by ethanol, including stabilization of messenger RNA and protein. Ethanol-induced increases in both the protein level and activity of CYP3A4 may play a role that might be of pathophysiological or clinical significance.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Individual feeding specialisation in shorebirds: population consequences and conservation implications.

Individual feeding specialisation in shorebirds is reviewed, and the possilble mechanisms involved in such specialisations. Any specialisation can he seen as an individual strategy, and the optimum strategy for any given individual will be conditional upon its specific priorities and constraints. Some specialisations are related to social status and some to individual skills. Some are also probably frequency-dependent. However, most shorebird specialisations are constrained to a large extent by individual morphology, particularly bill morphology. For example, larger birds are able to handle larger prey, and birds with longer bills are able to feed on more deeply buried prey. Sex differences in bill length are uncommon in the Charardriidae, which are surface peckers, but are common in the Scolopacidae, which feed by probing in soft substrates. Sex differences in bill morphology are frequently associated with sex differences in feeding specialisation. There is evidence that different feeding specialisations are associated with different payoffs, in which case the probability of failing to reproduce or of dying will not be distributed equally throughout the population. I consider the population consequences of such feeding specialisations, particularly the different risks and benefits associated with different habitats or diets. I also consider the way in which individuals may differ in their response to habitat loss or change. I suggest that population models designed to predict the effect of habitat loss or change on shorebirds should have the ability to investigate the differential response of certain sections of the population, particularly different ages or sexes, that specialise in different diets or feeding methods.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

The nasal loop provides an alternative to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in high-risk dysphagic stroke patients.

INTRODUCTION: In the management of dysphagic stroke patients, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs) are frequently sited early due to the failure of nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding, with NGTs becoming displaced in over 58% of cases. PEG insertion is a procedure with significant mortality and morbidity. We adapted a novel technique of securing NGTs (a nasal loop) which is non-invasive, allows successful NG feeding and may avoid the need for PEG placement. AIMS: To show that nasal loops result in improved delivery of enteral nutrition. To compare the outcome and complication rate of nasal loop fed patients with those undergoing PEG feeding. METHODS: A 6 month prospective audit of dysphagic stroke patients who were referred for PEG. All patients who were referred with failed NG feeding within 28 days of presentation were offered a nasal loop. Patients who were 28 days post-stroke had a PEG placed if appropriate. The daily feed intake was monitored before and after nasal loop placement. Complication rates and patient outcomes were documented at 2 week and 3 month follow-up. RESULTS: Nasal loop group: 14 patients had a nasal loop for a median of 15 days. The median daily feed provided was 0% before nasal loop and 100% after. Four patients went on to recover normal swallowing, 4 patients died and 6 later proceeded to PEG. PEG group: Seven patients proceeded direct to PEG, 1 died and 6 were alive and PEG fed at 3 months. There were 6 complications from PEG insertion. No patients recovered normal swallowing. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal loops are safe, well tolerated, and effective at delivering full enteral nutrition. Nasal loops allow time for patients who may recover normal swallowing to do so, and thus avoid a PEG. Nasal loops avoid unnecessary PEG insertion in those with a poor prognosis who will not ultimately survive their initial stroke.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lactation and the labor market: breastfeeding, labor market changes, and public policy in the United States.

Public health authorities in the United States actively promote breast-feeding, with target goals for increased beast-feeding rates by the year 2000. In recent decades, however, there has been an increase in the number of American mothers with infants who are in the labor market. Drawing together research examining the intersection of breast-feeding and women's involvement in paid employment, as well as various labor market analyses, this study explores how national recommendations advocating increased breast-feeding among new mothers in paid work are reconciled with economic pressures to return to the labor force in the early postpartum period. This analysis highlights those employment-related factors that constrain the practice of breast-feeding, thereby impeding "choice" over infant feeding method for many mothers. Finally, there is an attempt to explore various employer and public policies and strategies potentially supportive of breast-feeding among mothers in paid employment.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.

BACKGROUND: In Caenorhabditis elegans, injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in the specific inactivation of genes containing homologous sequences, a technique termed RNA-mediated interference (RNAi). It has previously been shown that RNAi can also be achieved by feeding worms Escherichia coli expressing dsRNA corresponding to a specific gene; this mode of dsRNA introduction is conventionally considered to be less efficient than direct injection, however, and has therefore seen limited use, even though it is considerably less labor-intensive. RESULTS: Here we present an optimized feeding method that results in phenotypes at least as strong as those produced by direct injection of dsRNA for embryonic lethal genes, and stronger for genes with post-embryonic phenotypes. In addition, the interference effect generated by feeding can be titrated to uncover a series of hypomorphic phenotypes informative about the functions of a given gene. Using this method, we screened 86 random genes on consecutive cosmids and identified functions for 13 new genes. These included two genes producing an uncoordinated phenotype (a previously uncharacterized POU homeodomain gene, ceh-6, and a gene encoding a MADS-box protein) and one gene encoding a novel protein that results in a high-incidence-of-males phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: RNAi by feeding can provide significant information about the functions of an individual gene beyond that provided by injection. Moreover, it can be used for special applications for which injection or the use of mutants is sometimes impracticable (for example, titration, biochemistry and large-scale screening). Thus, RNAi by feeding should make possible new experimental approaches for the use of genomic sequence information.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Infant feeding practices of Anglo American and Asian Indian American mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare infant feeding practices of Anglo-American (AA) (n = 25) and Asian-Indian American (AIA) mothers (n = 25) residing in the southeastern United States. METHODS: Feeding practices (breast-feeding, formula-feeding, introduction of solid foods) were assessed at infant ages one, three, six, nine and twelve months for a total of 250 interviews conducted in the home. Mothers' sources of information about infant feeding practices and dietary intakes of their infants were collected (24-hour recalls). RESULTS: Compared to their AIA counterparts, AA mothers breast-fed for significantly longer durations and introduced formula and solid foods into the infants' diet at a later age (p<0.05). Throughout the first year, AA mothers relied primarily upon health professionals for infant feeding information compared to AIA mothers, who sought information primarily from the family network during the first six months and relied more on health professionals during the second six months of the infant's life. Throughout the first twelve months, infants of both groups exceeded 100% of the RDA for energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C. CONCLUSION: Health professionals, including nutrition educators, should educate AIA mothers about and encourage AA mothers to follow current feeding recommendations and guidelines about breast-feeding, formula-feeding and introducing solid foods.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome of intensive oral motor and behavioural interventions for feeding difficulties in three children with Goldenhar Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The facial anomalies and surgeries associated with Goldenhar Syndrome often lead to feeding problems. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the outcome of Goldenhar Syndrome children admitted to the day patient paediatric feeding programme. SUBJECTS: Three children with Goldenhar Syndrome and feeding difficulties participated, mean age 3 years. Average length of stay was 8 weeks. Upon admission all were dependent on tube feedings. METHODS: The children received four therapeutic sessions daily. The sessions included oral motor interventions, behavioural techniques and a structured meal. Data regarding children's feeding were collected at admission and discharge. RESULTS: The patients had 52% acceptance of food/drink at admission and 88.7% at discharge. Expels were 30% at admission and 14% at discharge. Mouth clean was 9.3% at admission and 97% at discharge. Total inappropriate feeding behaviours averaged 83% at admission and 27.3% at discharge. Children averaged 3.4 g per meal at admission and 105.4 g at discharge. Two children were completely weaned from tube feedings by discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the hypothesis that combining oral motor and behavioural interventions offer effective treatment for children with Goldenhar Syndrome. Many children with Goldenhar Syndrome are reliant on tube feedings and this regimen allows them to eat orally, thereby improving their nutrition and quality of life.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1998

A system for studying vector competence of mosquitoes for Japanese encephalitis virus.

A method to infect mosquitoes with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and to demonstrate virus transmission after an extrinsic incubation period is described. Using per oral feeding method infection rate as high as 90% could be achieved. Demonstration of transmission of the virus was achieved by allowing the infected mosquitoes to probe a suitable serum medium and testing the probed serum for virus. Both infection and transmission were demonstrated by using insect-bioassay.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Enzymes for animal feeding from Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial wastes from penicillin manufacture.

AIMS: Several enzymes from mycelial wastes of Penicillium chrysogenum fungal cultures from penicillin manufacture were studied as supplements for animal feeding. METHODS AND RESULTS: Proteins were precipitated with tannic acid, acetone, ethanol or polyethyleneglycol 6000. The levels of the enzyme activities found in the different precipitates were similar. The activities of invertase, beta-1,3-glucanase, lipase and tannase were higher and those of amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease and xylanase were lower. Precipitation with tannic acid was selected as an easy and simple method. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: An enzymatic precipitate from these P. chrysogenum wastes, comparable to a commercial enzymatic additive used in animal feeding, was obtained.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

The growth of healthy Australian infants in relation to infant feeding and social group.

A joint survey of infant-feeding practices and infant growth was carried out in Western Australia and Tasmania in 1984-1985. Birthweights and growth from birth to one year of age were similar in both States and to the international growth references. Infants who were never breast-fed or who were breast-fed for only a short time gained significantly more weight over the year (most of it after the age of three months) than did infants who were breast-fed for six months or longer. Infants from families of a lower socioeconomic group gained more weight after six months of age than did those infants from higher socioeconomic families. Analysis showed that the growth differences between the social groups was a result of differences in feeding practices. Linear growth was similar among infants of all social groups, irrespective of the feeding method.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1990

Nutritional care for patients with Crohn's disease.

Protein calorie malnutrition, in addition to deficits of other nutrients, occurs frequently among patients with Crohn's disease. In most instances the mechanisms by which these deficits occur are multifactorial. The most appropriate method to assess nutritional status includes a nutritionally oriented medical history and physical examination combined with a measurement of serum albumin. If the gut can be used safely, enteral nutrition is the preferred feeding method for Crohn's disease patients needing nutritional support. The advantages of enteral nutrition are stimulatory effects on gastrointestinal structure and function and reduced cost when compared to parenteral feeding. If the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used safely, parenteral nutrition is recommended. The presence of Crohn's disease among prepubertal children produces serious growth failure which can be reduced or arrested by appropriate nutritional interventions. Significant numbers of Crohn's disease patients ar now receiving both enteral and parenteral nutrition in the home setting.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Breast-feeding and the onset of rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: In a recent study we demonstrated that the postpartum period, particularly after the first pregnancy, is a time of increased risk for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study was undertaken to investigate whether this risk might be explained by breast-feeding. METHODS: Through a nationwide media campaign, we identified 187 women who had developed RA within 12 months of a pregnancy, and we compared their breast-feeding histories with those of 149 similarly aged women chosen from the patient registers of a nationwide group of general practitioners. RESULTS: In all, 88 of the women with RA developed the disease after their first pregnancy. Eighty-one percent of these 88 women had breast-fed. This was higher than the breast-feeding prevalence of 50% in the 129 controls whose first pregnancy had resulted in a live birth (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval 2.5-11.4). There was a smaller increased risk of breast-feeding after a second pregnancy in the RA cases (OR 2.0) and no increase after a third pregnancy (OR 0.6). The increase in risk was greatest in those cases whose disease was erosive and who were rheumatoid factor positive. CONCLUSION: In a small group of susceptible women, exposure to breast-feeding after the first pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in risk for RA development. We postulate that this may reflect hormonal influences, specifically the high level of the proinflammatory hormone prolactin.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Bilateral vocal fold paresis after endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy for Zenker's diverticulum.

BACKGROUND: Zenker's diverticulum may be treated with a variety of surgical techniques. Endoscopic methods, specifically endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy, have gained increasing acceptance because of shorter operative times, decreased morbidity, with shorter hospital stays and time to resumption of oral feedings. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report the occurrence of bilateral vocal fold paresis after endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy for Zenker's diverticulum, previously unreported in the literature. This complication likely resulted from traction on the recurrent laryngeal nerves secondary to unfavorable patient anatomy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy is a safe and effective treatment method for Zenker's diverticulum and remains our procedure of choice for most patients. However, inability to safely expose the diverticulum endoscopically results in a significant abandonment rate for attempted procedures and may result in significant postoperative complications.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Artificial feeding and successful reproduction in Ornithodoros moubata moubata (Murray, 1877) (Acarina: Argasidae).

The increasing demand for laboratory-reared argasid and ixodid ticks for research and control purposes makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tick feeding methods without using live animals as hosts. The in vitro maintenance technique, described in this paper, has been used successfully for rearing Ornithodoros moubata moubata by feeding all nymphal and adult instars through Parafilm 'M' sealing film on heparinized bovine blood (fresh standard). The technique is based on a specially designed tick feeding apparatus with a capacity to feed 2000 first nymphal instars (N 1) or up to 200 adults at one time. For different 1-month-old instars feeding rates were between 80-100%. Using this feeding technique the subsequent egg production of female ticks was remarkably high, producing an average of 210.2 eggs per tick with a hatch rate of 96.72%. There was no overall difference in the reproductive capacity of 1-month-old female O. M. moubata fed on heparinized and haemolyzed bovine blood (kept deep-frozen), heparinized rat blood and defibrinated ovine blood when compared with those fed on heparinized bovine blood (fresh standard).

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Changes in gastric emptying in early postnatal life.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of gastric emptying in very premature infants and to determine whether there are changes with postnatal age and the ability to tolerate feedings. METHODS: Sequential ultrasound measurements of the gastric antral cross-sectional area were obtained in 32 infants (mean gestational age, 26 +/- 1 weeks) before and after feeding for 2 hours. Studies were carried out after initiation of feedings, when full feedings were received, and at 32 weeks. Infants classified as feeding intolerant (n = 9) were also studied when feedings were restarted. Gastric emptying was assessed by the time taken for antral cross-sectional area to reach maximal value and to decrease to half the maximal increment (half-antral clearance). RESULTS: Delayed antral distention was observed at the time of the initial study in both feeding-tolerant (8 of 23) and feeding-intolerant (8 of 9) infants; however, there were significant differences in times for maximal antral distention (p < 0.002) and half-antral clearance (p < 0.006) between the feeding-tolerant and feeding-intolerant infants. By the time of full feedings, the feeding-intolerant infants showed immediate gastric emptying but still had a longer half-antral clearance time (p < 0.01). By 32 weeks, all infants had immediate antral distention and a more mature curvilinear pattern of gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of these different patterns of gastric emptying in very premature infants may lead to the development of more rational feeding strategies.

Aorta, Abdominal↗

PubMed1995

Oxygen saturations during breast and bottle feedings in infants with congenital heart disease.

Bottle feeding is commonly advised for infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) based on the belief that breast feeding is too difficult for them. However, studies of preterm infants have shown that greater cardiorespiratory effort occurs during bottle feeding than during breast feeding. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a relationship between feeding method (breast vs. bottle) and oxygen saturations (SaO2) in infants with CHD. In a correlational design, pulse oximetry measured SaO2 during one breast and one bottle feeding in each of 7 infants with CHD. SaO2 during breast feeding is significantly different from SaO2 during bottle feeding (F = 59.72, p < .0001). SaO2 during breast feeding is higher on average and less variable (M = 96.3%, SD = 2.2) than SaO2 during bottle feedings (M = 92.5%, SD = 6.9), indicating that there is less cardiorespiratory stress with breast feeding. None of the infants desaturated (SaO2 < 90%) during breast feedings, whereas four infants desaturated during bottle feedings.

Bottle Feeding↗

PubMed2004

Postpartum maternal moods and infant size predict performance on a national high school entrance examination.

BACKGROUND: In an earlier series of studies, we documented the effects of feeding practices and postnatal maternal mood on the growth and development of 226 Barbadian children during the first few months of life. In this report, we extend our earlier studies by examining predictive relationships between infant size, feeding practices and postpartum maternal moods and scores on a national high school examination, the Common Entrance Examination (CEE), at 11 to 12 years of age. METHODS: Feeding practices, anthropometry, and maternal moods, using Zung depression and anxiety scales and a morale scale, were assessed at 7 weeks (n = 158), 3 months (n = 168), and 6 months (n = 209) postpartum. Background variables including sociodemographic and home environmental factors were also assessed during infancy. CEE scores on 169 of the children in the original study were obtained from the Ministry of Education of Barbados. RESULTS: In our sample of 86 boys and 83 girls, we found that reduced infant lengths and weights at 3 and 6 months of age were predictive of lower CEE, especially math scores. Children who were smaller at these early ages had significantly lower scores on the examination than did larger children. Postpartum maternal moods, including reports of despair and anxiety, were also found to be significant predictors of lower CEE scores, especially English scores. However, breast-feeding and other feeding practices were not directly associated with the CEE scores. Background variables, which significantly predicted lower CEE scores, included young maternal age at the time of her first pregnancy, more children in the home, less maternal education, and fewer home conveniences. Significant associations between infant anthropometry, maternal moods and CEE scores were all significant even when these background variables were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have important implications for developing interventions early in life to improve academic test scores and future opportunities available to children in this setting.

Achievement↗